续随子种子油提取工艺响应面法优化及成分分析

确定续随子种子油的最优提取工艺,并对其脂肪酸成分进行分析。通过比较索氏法、超声法、水酶法对续随子种子油的提取效率,选出最佳提取方法。在单因素试验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman 设计筛选索氏提取法中影响提取率的因素。以种子油提取率作为响应目标,对筛选出的因素通过中心复合设计(Central Composite Design)进行优化,确定索氏提取法的最优提取工艺。三种方法的最高得率分别为41.97%,36.38%,34.33%。提取溶剂、液料比、温度、时间为影响最明显的因素。确定了索氏提取法的最优提取工艺为：提取溶剂石油醚,液料比30:1(v:m),提取温度90℃,提取时间9 h。采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析种子油成分,共鉴定出8 种脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的99%以上。其中,不饱和脂肪酸以油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生酸等为主,其含量达到总脂肪酸90%以上。在此工艺条件下,续随子种子油得率理论值为54.353%,实测值为54.175%,与理论值相比,相对误差为0.120%。研究结果可为续随子种子油的提取工艺提供参考,为续随子的进一步开发利用建立基础。     

微波对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响及其脂肪酸分析

以毛酸浆种子为原料,研究索氏微波提取法对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响,并以甲酯化脂肪酸为标准品,采用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析,通过与标准品比对出峰时间确定试样脂肪酸成分,使用面积归一法确定试样中各脂肪酸含量。结果表明,与普通热风干燥相比,微波干燥法能够提高毛酸浆籽油的提取效率;利用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油进行脂肪酸分析,共检测出8种脂肪酸,分别为:肉豆蔻酸1.3%,棕榈酸10.3%,硬脂酸5.3%,油酸14.3%,亚油酸62.7%,亚麻酸4.0%,花生酸1.1%,二十二烷酸1.0%。其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量占81.0%,说明毛酸浆籽油具有较高的营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

蚕蛹油的碱炼工艺研究

以石油醚为溶剂提取获得蚕蛹毛油,碱炼法进行脱酸精炼、单因素试验和正交试验,分析了脱酸工艺中碱液浓度、碱炼温度、搅拌速度及碱炼时间等关键因素对酸价及得率的影响,确定了碱炼精制蚕蛹油最佳工艺,并对其进行了成分分析。结果表明,碱炼蚕蛹油最佳反应条件为NaOH水溶液浓度16°Bé,碱炼温度35~70℃,搅拌速度20 r/min,碱炼时间30 min,酸价值由17.40 mg KOH/g降到低于0.2 mg KOH/g,且保证得率大于65%。     

奶香风味香精成分分析研究

对奶香风味香精中奶味成分的提取方法和气质联用条件进行了探讨。通过试验确定同时蒸馏萃取法为最佳的奶味成分提取方法,以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析得出奶油和香基A、香基C的主要致香成分为己酸、辛酸、正癸酸、十二烷酸、十四酸、正十六酸、油酸、硬脂酸等中短链脂肪酸和酯类;香气不同,各化合物之间的组成及含量也不同,但含量最高的均为中短链脂肪酸。     

苹果籽油的亚临界流体萃取

采用亚临界萃取法提取苹果籽油,探究夹带剂比例、原料粒度、萃取温度、萃取时间等因素对苹果籽油得率的影响。通过响应面法对提取工艺进行优化,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定苹果籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,添加正己烷作为夹带剂,取正己烷与四氟乙烷的比例为75.4 g/kg,萃取温度40℃,原料粒度40目,萃取时间60 min;在此条件下,苹果籽油得率为19.36%,提取率达到86%。其不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90%以上,亚油酸含量约占脂肪酸总量的53%。     

糜子酸奶加工工艺及稳定性研究

以糜子作为主要原料设计一款谷物发酵酸奶,并对其进行理化性质和微生物指标检测,最后检验其稳定性,以期获得健康美味的新型酸奶产品。以糜子添加量、白砂糖添加量、发酵时间、发酵温度作为试验因素,以感官指标作为评定标准,进行单因素试验和正交试验,确定了最佳工艺条件和稳定剂复配方案;通过保水性测定、模拟运输条件及贮藏条件对产品进行稳定性测试。结果表明,该产品的最佳复配稳定剂配方为果胶添加量0.13%,琼脂添加量0.1%,酪蛋白酸钠添加量0.8%;最佳工艺配方为糜子添加量11%,白砂糖添加量6%,发酵时间6.5 h,发酵温度44℃。对糜子酸奶进行稳定性评价,从保水性、贮藏及模拟运输等方面说明糜子酸奶较对照组稳定性好,为进一步开发糜子酸奶保健产品提供参考依据。     

响应面优化超声波提取猴头菇多糖工艺的研究

以猴头菇子实体为原料,通过单因素试验,确定液料比、超声温度、超声时间3个因素对猴头菇多糖得率的影响,并进行响应面优化,确定了猴头菇多糖提取工艺的最佳条件为:液料比21:1,超声温度40℃,超声时间20min。在此条件下提取猴头菇多糖,可充分利用其原料,大大提高多糖得率,最终猴头菇多糖得率达4.852%。     

黑豆油水酶法提取工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

以黑豆为原料,探讨水酶法及超声波辅助水酶法提取黑豆油工艺条件,对酶解条件和超声波预处理条件进行研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定水酶法提取的最适条件为料液比1∶8(g∶mL),碱性蛋白酶用量2.0%,酶解pH值8.5,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间5h,在此条件下黑豆油提取率为89.2%。超声波辅助处理可有效提高黑豆油提取率,在超声功率420W下处理20 min可将黑豆油提取率提高至94.5%,比未经超声波预处理的高出5.3%。对黑豆油进行GC-MS分析,其主要脂肪酸有棕榈酸19.33%,亚油酸46.17%,油酸18.73%和硬脂酸7.18%等10种脂肪酸,其不饱和脂肪酸相对含量达68.34%。     

山核桃油提取工艺优化及脂肪酸组成分析

以山核桃为原料、正己烷为溶剂,研究超声波辅助提取山核桃油工艺条件。考察了提取时间、提取温度、料液比和超声波功率对山核桃油提取效果的影响。结果表明,提取山核桃油的优化工艺条件为提取时间40 min,提取温度35℃,料液比1∶7.8,超声功率370 W;在此条件下,山核桃油的平均得率达到67.63%。对提取所得山核桃油进行GC-MS分析可知,其主要不饱和脂肪酸有油酸(67.62%)、亚油酸(23.75%)、α-亚麻酸(1.53%)等。     

栀子苷减压提取工艺优化

以栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)为原料,对栀子苷减压提取工艺条件进行优化。在单因素试验基础上,通过四因素三水平正交试验优化,以栀子苷得率为指标,研究不同提取条件对栀子苷得率的影响,确定了栀子减压提取的最佳工艺参数为提取压力0.07 MPa,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶12 (g∶mL),提取次数2次,此条件下获得的栀子苷得率为2.59%。     

3种不同提取方式对红树莓籽油成分的影响

通过超声辅助乙醇提取法、超声辅助石油醚提取法和索氏石油醚提取法3种方法提取红树莓籽油,比较提取率、鉴定脂肪酸成分、测定抗氧化活性和总皂甙含量。结果表明:UAE-Et红树莓籽油的提取率最高,为18.55%,UAE-PE和SE-PE的提取率分别为10.18%和13.58%。GC-MS结果表明,3种提取方法共在红树莓籽油中鉴定出32种物质,其中不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸等)含量分别为82.71%(UAE-Et)、85.76%(UAE-PE)和88.83%(SE-PE),均超过80%;ω-6/ω-3脂肪酸比例为2.22∶1~2.32∶1。抗氧化活性研究表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油抗氧化活性最强,其IC 50(半抑制浓度)为4.36 mg·mL^-1。总皂甙含量测定结果表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油中总皂甙含量最高,为351.88 mg·g^-1,这与GC-MS吻合。     

超声波辅助溶剂法提取芦柑籽精油工艺优化

研究了超声波辅助溶剂法萃取芦柑籽精油的最佳工艺条件,并分析其理化性质及脂肪酸组成。结果表明,采用超声波功率130W、料液比（mg︰mL）1︰7、处理时间120s,所得精油提取率为40.49%,且各理化指标均符合要求;气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析表明芦柑籽精油含有亚油酸（36.0721%）、油酸（28.1571%）、棕榈酸（29.5704%）、硬脂酸（3.4877%）、亚麻酸（2.7126%）,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达66.9418%。     

油茶饼粕品质研究及残油提取工艺优化

为提高油茶饼粕的高效利用率,分析了油茶饼粕的主要化学成分,采用GC测定了残油的脂肪酸组成,并通过单因素试验和正交试验考察了料液比、提取时间和提取温度对饼粕中残油提取率的影响。研究结果表明：油茶饼粕残油主要由81.51%油酸、7.97%亚油酸和7.60%的棕榈酸组成;油茶饼粕残油提取的最佳工艺条件是：浸提温度为60℃,提取时间为5 h,料液比为1:9,残油提取率可达5.58%。     

不同溶剂提取燕麦油的脂肪酸分析及抗氧化性能研究

为进一步增加燕麦油的利用价值,用石油醚、正己烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醇五种溶剂分别提取燕麦油,精炼后测定其脂肪酸组成、DPPH·清除及还原力,同时与大豆油进行比较研究。提取结果显示,溶剂极性越强,对燕麦油提取率越高。GC-MS的结果表明,随着提取溶剂极性的提高,燕麦油中不饱和脂肪酸和反油酸的含量呈现降低趋势;且燕麦油中的亚油酸、反油酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸含量均明显低于大豆油,但其他多不饱和脂肪酸的种类和含量高于大豆油。燕麦油的DPPH·清除能力及还原力高于大豆油,且随着极性的增强,大致呈现上升趋势。     

Effect of 1,1-Dimethyl Piperidinium Chloride (Pix) on the Seed, Protein, Oil and Fatty Acids of Egyptian Cotton

Two field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 on the cotton cultivar, Giza 75 (Gossypiitm barbadense L.) to determine the effect of foliar application of Pix at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 ppm on cottonseed yield, seed index, protein and oil contents and fatty acid compositions of cottonseed oil. Pix was sprayed once at 90 days or twice at 90 and 110 days from sowing date.
Seed yield/plant or /ha, protein and oil yield/ha, and seed index increased due to the application of Pix compared to the control. The highest response occurred with 40 or 60 ppm Pix and with one application rather than two. The seed protein percentage increased due to Pix application, especially at 10 ppm. A slight increase in seed oil percentage was detected throughout Pix applications. The number of applications had no noticeable effect on seed protein and oil %. Application of Pix caused a general decrease in the saturated fatty acids (myristic, stearic, and palmitic), associated with an increase in the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). These results were confirmed bv the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids to total saturated (TU/TS). Ten ppm Pix gave the highest TU/TS. Generally, the saturated fatty acids decreased while the unsaturated fatty acids increased with one application rather than two. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated ones.     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。     

The accumulation pattern in developing seeds and its relation to fatty acid variation in soybean

Sixty soybean cultivars from Japan and the USA formed five maturity groups (IIb‐Vc) based on number of days from sowing to flowering and number of days from flowering to maturity. Highly significant intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were found in all the maturity groups, especially in IIc. Stearic and oleic acids showed a larger variation than palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Principal component analysis suggested that the total variation of fatty acid composition depended mainly on the desaturation levels from oleic to linoleic acid. Three cultivars exhibiting unique fatty acid composition, together with a standard cultivar, were examined for the contents of the five fatty acids, as well as crude oil at eight seed‐filling stages. For all four cultivars, it was found that crude oil content increased sigmoidally with advancing filling stage, and that the accumulation patterns of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were similar to that of crude oil. However, the accumulation pattern of stearic acid was different from that of crude oil and divided the cultivars into two distinct groups. For oleic acid, only the cultivar ‘Aburamame’ showed a rapid increase in proportion with advancing filling stage, although not differing markedly in accumulated content from the other cultivars. These results indicate that analysing the accumulation patterns of fatty acids could explain the latent genetic variation in fatty acid composition of soybean seeds.     

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Application on Yield and Fatty acid Composition of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Oil

The effects of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and fatty acid composition of mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) oil were studied in a field experiment. Significantly higher grain and oil yields were obtained with N and S application. Applications of nitrogen up to 60 kg ha⁻¹ and sulphur up to 40 kg ha⁻¹ favourably influenced the grain yield. Increasing levels of N decreased the oil content while application of sulphur improved the oil content. The contents of linoleic and linolenic acid were maximum (16.82 and 8.73%, respectively) with 60 kg N along with 40 kg S ha⁻¹. No use of fertilizers led to higher contents of undesirable fatty acids such as palmitic (hypercholesterimic) and erucic (do not have food value) acids.