马铃薯晚疫病发生特点与防治对策

通过对近年全国各地马铃薯晚疫病发生特点的分析,结合目前马铃薯生产上抗病品种应用情况和当前防治技术水平,提出了我国马铃薯晚疫病防治策略、技术措施和政策措施建议。     

马铃薯晚疫病的监测与防控技术

通过两年不同的栽培模式、不同品种马铃薯晚疫病的田间流行动态监测表明,病害的发生流行与田间温、湿度有关。春后随着气温的逐步回升和雨季的到来,晚疫病在3月下旬开始发病,4月下旬至5月上旬进入病害流行盛期。     

江汉平原马铃薯晚疫病发生特点与绿色防控

马铃薯是四大粮食作物之一,近年来省委、省政府对马铃薯产业发展十分重视。潜江市马铃薯产业发展迅速,种植面积逐年增加,达到2 667hm2。随着种植面积的不断增加,马铃薯晚疫病发生面积也迅速扩大,危害程度也逐年加剧,已成为制约潜江市马铃薯单产的瓶颈因子。     

会泽县马铃薯晚疫病流行规律监测研究

马铃薯晚疫病是会泽县马铃薯产区的主要病害,研究马铃薯晚疫病的发病规律和主要品种的抗病性,为指导马铃薯晚疫病的综合防治提供理论依据。研究结果表明,在会泽县马铃薯主要种植品种中,品种间抗病性有差异,其抗病性由强到弱依次为合作88号、会-2号、米拉。在7月上旬出现晚疫病中心病株,7月下旬平均病级为3级,平均病情指数达30左右,进入晚疫病发病高峰期。     

山区脱毒马铃薯原种晚疫病发生特点与防治

马铃薯是福泉市的重要农作物之一．常年种植面积在6667hm2,仅次于水稻和玉米。为培育出高产、优质、商品薯率高的优良种薯．解决福泉市种源缺乏难题．福泉市于2012年起通过贵州省财政扶贫项目从贵州省农科院引进了一级原种黑美人、二级原种费乌瑞它和中薯3号等优良马铃薯品种,建立了脱毒马铃薯原种繁育基地。     

马铃薯晚疫病发生特点及其防治

<正>马铃薯晚疫病在世界各地马铃薯产区都有发生,流行年份一般减产30%。19世纪40年代爱尔兰马铃薯因晚疫病为害大量死亡,减产一半,使100多万人饿死,200万人移居海外。该病在中国马铃薯产地都有发生,西南地区较为严重,东     

重庆马铃薯晚疫病发生原因及防治对策

马铃薯是重庆市的特色农作物之一,也是集口粮、加工、菜用等多用途的作物,种植面积达26.7万hm2,产量居全国第六位。晚疫病是马铃薯生产过程中的一种毁灭性病害,由致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)de Bary引起。近年来,由于品种抗性降低、适宜的气候条件等原因,马铃薯晚疫病发生严重,年均发生面积在8万hm2左右,每年造成20%～30%的产量损失,严重时达50%以上。尤其是2007年全市晚疫病发生面积达12.3万hm2,成灾面积3.9万hm2,绝收0.87     

巴东县马铃薯晚疫病发生特点及防治

巴东县位于鄂西北,属于典型的山区立体气候县之一,主要作物有玉米、马铃薯、小麦、油菜等.马铃薯常年播种面积在1.6～1.73万hm2,面积占夏播作物的68%,平均单产1 250～1 300kg,产量占夏粮总产量的70%.我们从20世纪90年代中叶探讨该病的发生特点和防治方法,努力寻找一个对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果好、对环境友好的农药.现就马铃薯晚疫病发生特点和防治方法探讨如下:     

利川市马铃薯晚疫病发生特点与防治对策

利川地处鄂西南山区,境内地势平坦、土壤肥沃、气候冷凉,适宜马铃薯生长,属于马铃薯高产区。但产量年度间波动较大,受低温高湿的影响,易导致马铃薯晚疫病爆发成灾。     

马铃薯晚疫病监测预警技术研究

结合我国马铃薯晚疫病发生为害规律和近年来测报调查工作经验,根据马铃薯晚疫病发生的主要影响因子,制定了科学的田间系统调查和大田普查监测方法,并总结概括了其他主要的预测预报方法。     

近年来中国马铃薯晚疫病的时空演变特征及防控情况分析

为系统全面地了解马铃薯晚疫病在我国的发生演变特征及防控情况,基于2008—2017年国家统计局官方数据、《中国农业统计资料》《全国植保专业统计资料》及全国马铃薯品种分布等数据,对全国及各马铃薯产区晚疫病的发生及防治情况进行综合量化分析。结果表明:马铃薯晚疫病在我国连年发生,年平均发生面积约197.47万hm²,占马铃薯总种植面积的40.66%;晚疫病造成马铃薯年平均产量损失占所有病害所致产量损失的63.54%,远高于其他病害,损失巨大;在我国马铃薯4大产区中,马铃薯晚疫病在北方一作区的年平均发生面积最大,约73.44万hm²,而在西南混作区造成的年平均产量损失最高,约14.29万t;晚疫病发生与马铃薯种植区域的重心在空间上呈现相似的迁移趋势;以费乌瑞它为代表的高感晚疫病品种在全国大面积种植,但近年来部分抗病品种的种植面积正在逐年增加;近年来我国对马铃薯晚疫病的防治面积大幅度提升,但仍太过依赖化学防治,应加大绿色防控技术的推广和应用力度。     

马铃薯晚疫病CARAH预警模型在我国的应用及评价

CARAH预警模型引入我国后,在马铃薯晚疫病监测预警中发挥了重要作用。本文对目前各地CARAH模型的应用情况进行了综合分析,总结了模型在马铃薯晚疫病中心病株出现时间预测、发生程度风险评估、防治效果等方面的作用,分析了品种抗性、区域气候特征等因素对模型应用的影响,提出了进一步研究和完善建议。     

马铃薯与致病疫霉互作研究进展与展望

马铃薯是重要的粮食作物, 由致病疫霉侵染引发的晚疫病长期严重制约马铃薯产业的健康发展, 因此, 国内外均将马铃薯晚疫病列为重大病害。目前, 抗病品种选育栽培、晚疫病预测预报和化学防治等相结合的晚疫病综合防治手段已得到普遍推广, 但晚疫病局部大流行在全世界范围内仍时有发生, 给粮食安全和生态安全带来巨大挑战。本文回顾了我国晚疫病的部分研究历史, 集中关注致病疫霉与寄主的互作机制领域, 梳理了近年来关于致病疫霉侵入机理、效应蛋白毒力功能、病原菌变异规律、马铃薯抗病机理等方面的重要研究结果并展望未来主要的研究方向, 以期为晚疫病基础研究和防治技术革新提供参考。     

影响五倍子水悬浮液对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治效果的主要气象因素

 将4.0%五倍子水悬浮液喷施田间马铃薯品种Bintje的叶片,于不同处理时间后,剪下叶片带回室内人工接种致病疫霉孢子囊悬浮液,保湿培养后调查各处理的发病情况。结果表明,喷施五倍子水悬浮液后48h内未经历降雨的处理,病情指数仅为7.41,与清水对照相比,防效为92.59%;喷施后96h接种的处理,由于在田间经历了降雨,完全丧失了防效,病情指数达100。室内毒力测定结果显示,0.4%五倍子水悬浮液喷施96h后,对致病疫霉游动孢子释放的抑制率仍在80%以上,在室外避雨不避光条件下五倍子水悬浮液96h内抑菌效果无显著降低,表明日光的影响作用较小。在室内盆栽条件下,通过喷淋水滴模拟田间降雨对药液的冲刷作用。结果表明,冲刷作用可导致五倍子水悬浮液对马铃薯晚疫病的防效显著降低。进一步说明,降雨是导致五倍子水悬浮液对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治效果降低的主要气象因素。     

Evaluation and analysis of reduction of late blight disease in a diploid potato progeny

The rate of late blight disease was analysed for individuals of a diploid Solanum phureja – Solanum tuberosum dihaploid hybrid population (PD), using three different assessment techniques, in the laboratory, screenhouse, and field. These hybrids expressed low disease rates in the field, comparable to resistance based on intact R genes. However, none of the parents of PD expressed any R genes and the pattern of segregation within the PD population was not indicative of R-gene inheritance. The foliage (or leaflet) area diseased had the largest broad-sense heritability of all criteria analysed, in all tests performed. In the field evaluations, the PD population showed intermediate levels of broad-sense heritability for foliage area diseased, relative to the much larger heritability detected for the group of controls possessing R genes. Resistance in the field of the PD hybrids had very little genotype-environment (G × E) interaction, indicating stability of its expression. All genotypes without R genes exhibited heritable, reduced rates of late blight disease in the field, but they were susceptible with low heritability in screenhouse and laboratory tests. This differential expression of disease indicates that the plants' indirect response to unknown environmental stress in the field may have been measured. The value of the PD hybrids for breeding of late blight resistant potato and the use of the disease rate data for detection of the underlying quantitative trait loci are discussed.     

Development of natural late blight epidemics in pure and mixed plots of potato cultivars with different levels of partial resistance

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans , is the most severe disease of potato worldwide. Controlling late blight epidemics is difficult, and resistance of host cultivars is either not effective enough, or too easily overcome by the pathogen to be used alone. In field trials conducted for 3 years under natural epidemics, late blight severity was significantly lower in a susceptible cultivar growing in rows alternating with partially resistant cultivars (mixtures) than in unmixed plots of the susceptible cultivar alone. Partially resistant cultivars behaved similarly in unmixed and mixed plots. Mixtures of cultivars reduced disease progress rates and sometimes delayed disease onset over unmixed plots, but did so significantly only for the slowest epidemic. This suggests that reduction of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in mixtures resulted from the cumulative action of minor effects. Disease distribution was focal in all plots at all dates, as shown by Morisita's index values significantly exceeding 1. Significant yield increases for the susceptible cultivar, and occasionally for the partially resistant ones, were observed in mixed-cultivar plots compared with single-cultivar plots. These results show that cultivar mixtures can significantly reduce natural, polycyclic epidemics in broadleaved plants attacked by pathogens causing rapidly expanding lesions.     

2013~2015年黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌群体结构研究

为明确马铃薯北方一季作区致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性时空动态及常用药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了2011—2019年采自河北、内蒙古和吉林3省 (区) 马铃薯主产区的922个致病疫霉菌株对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,采用茎叶喷雾法于2018年和2019年评估了烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺等7种杀菌剂在推荐剂量下对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效。结果表明：在时间上,不同年份采集的922株致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率和抗性指数分别为25.71%~100%和0.31~0.50;890株致病疫霉对双炔酰菌胺的抗性频率为0~1.43%,仅于2013年检测到抗性菌株,历年抗性指数均为0.25。在地域上,3省 (区) 致病疫霉菌株对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率和抗性指数分别为57.19%~66.56%和0.39~0.42;对双炔酰菌胺的抗性频率为0~0.36%,抗性指数均为0.25。田间药效试验结果显示：50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂 (有效成分,下同) 300.0 g/hm²对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果 (83.3%~85.6%) 高于23.4%双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂140.4 g/hm²的防治效果 (76.9%~78.6%) 和50%氟醚菌酰胺水分散粒剂75.0 g/hm²的防治效果 (70.0%~71.4%)。20%霜脲氰悬浮剂162.0 g/hm²、40%氟醚菌酰胺 • 烯酰吗啉悬浮剂240.0 g/hm²、43%霜脲氰 • 双炔酰菌胺水分散粒剂290.3 g/hm²和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺 • 霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂773.4 g/hm²对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果为79.8%~86.9%。为此,推荐烯酰吗啉单剂或混剂及双炔酰菌胺混剂在河北、内蒙古和吉林3省 (区) 继续用于马铃薯晚疫病的防治,但是需密切监测致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性变化并注意与不同作用机理的杀菌剂混用或者交替使用。     

Exploiting host resistance to reduce the use of fungicides to control potato late blight

Field trials in 1996, 1997 and 1998 with six potato cultivars differing in levels of foliar and tuber race-nonspecific resistance to late blight were treated with 100, 50 and 33% of the recommended dose of the fungicide fluazinam at application intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days. Using a mixed inoculum of six or seven indigenous isolates of Phytophthora infestans small potato plots were inoculated via infector plants. A foliar blight model for the relationship between the effects of resistance, fungicide application and disease pressure was developed using multiple regression analysis. Cultivars with a high level of quantitative resistance offered the greatest potential for fungicide reduction. The model showed that the effect of resistance on integrated control increased exponentially with increasing cultivar resistance. Reducing fungicide input by lowering the dose resulted in less foliar disease than extending application intervals. The higher the disease pressure, the greater the risk associated with reducing fungicide input by extension of application intervals. The field resistance of cultivars to tuber blight mainly determined the frequency of tuber infection. Exploiting high foliar resistance to reduce fungicide input carried a high risk when cultivar resistance to tuber blight was low. When field resistance to tuber blight was high, a medium level of resistance in the foliage could be exploited to reduce fungicide dose to c . 50%, provided application was at the right time. At a high level of field resistance to both foliar and tuber blight, application intervals could be extended.     

中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统“China-blight”的组建及运行

马铃薯晚疫病是严重威胁世界马铃薯生产和粮食安全的重要病害之一,同时也是植物病害中流行速度最快的病害之一。由于品种多不抗病,目前国内外主要依靠化学防治控制该病害。为了提高用药的时效性,将信息技术与植物病害流行学原理相结合,设计并组建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统"China-blight"(www.china-blight.net)。该系统由"中国晚疫病实时分布"、"未来48小时不同区域晚疫病菌侵染危险性预测"和"晚疫病化学防治决策支持系统"等子系统构成,此外还包括"晚疫病防治方法"、"品种抗病性"、"化学药剂库"、"其他病虫害"、"问题与经验交流"和"用户田间管理电子档案"等知识信息与服务功能。通过对2009年我国北方马铃薯一作区6-7月份病害侵染时段出现次数与晚疫病实际发生情况进行比较,预测信息与病害实际发生程度相符,该系统可以用于对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治的指导。