奶牛乳房炎疫苗的试验报告

应用奶牛乳房炎疫苗进行免疫及效果观察试验。试验结果表明：(1)试验组的乳房炎发生率比对照组下降27．5％;(2)试验组的头日均单产比对照组的增加3．8l千克,提高22．79％;(3)试验组每天每头奶牛比对照组多获利5．7元,经济效益明显。     

我场应用管道式挤奶机的效果

广州万宝一纽帕尔斯管道式挤奶机在徐州市乳品公司所属乳牛场使用，通过一年多生产实践，经济效益显著，预计两年内可全部收回投资成本。劳动生产率提高４０％，成乳牛单产增加２０３千克；乳脂率上升０．１２％；乳房炎发病率下降６．８２个百分点；机器挤奶比手工挤奶年增效益１３．６２万元。并且，生奶质量指标全部达到国家标准。     

中药方剂及黄芪素对奶牛乳房炎及其生产性能的影响

选择产奶牛237头，平均质量（600±151）kg，按照泌乳量相近的原则分为黄芪素组、中药组和对照组，考察中药和中药提取物（黄芪素）对奶牛乳蛋白率、乳脂率、产奶量、体细胞数和乳房炎发病率的影响。结果表明，中药和黄芪素对乳蛋白率、乳脂率和产奶量影响差异不显著；中药组用药前后比较，其奶牛乳房炎检出率由用药前的8．33％下降到2．09％，比黄芪素组下降5．41％，比对照组下降3．61％，比其他产奶牛下降4．02％。中药组预防奶牛乳房炎效果明显（P〈O．05）。     

中药“乳炎康”治疗奶牛乳房炎的临床试验

本研究利用BNT诊断法普查，应用乳炎康对5头患有“＋”隐性乳房炎奶牛。15头患有“＋＋”隐性乳房炎奶牛。5头患有“＋＋＋”隐性乳房炎奶牛进行治疗效果试验，结果表明：显效率均达100％。对奶牛“＋”治愈100％，对“＋＋”奶牛治愈率80％。比青霉素药物治疗对照组提高20个百分点：对“＋＋＋”奶牛治愈率60％。试验中对15头患有“＋＋”隐性乳房炎奶牛进行乳炎康不同剂量的治疗效果试验结果发现．以开水冲后加清凉水调匀口服。每日一次，每次每头牛300克，连用5天，治疗效果最佳。临床推荐该量。临床观察治愈后试验牛无任何不良反应，所产牛奶各项指标全部达到国家标准，中药“乳炎康”对奶牛及所产牛奶无任何不良影响。经生物统计学方法计算，乳炎康对奶牛乳房炎治疗效果极显著（P〈0．01）。     

奶牛乳房炎防制浅谈

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺发生的一种炎症，本质上是乳腺炎（Mastistis）。奶牛乳房炎十分常见，影响因素复杂，并且给奶牛业经济带来严重损失。乳房炎造成的经济损失有生产性能的下降、替代品费用的增加、奶的丢弃、药费的开支、兽医和劳动力的费用等，而生产性能的下降是引起巨大经济损失的主要原因。袁永隆等调查结果表明，临床型乳房炎发病率平均为33．41％，隐性乳房炎平均阳性率为73．91％，乳室患病率为44．74％。     

穴位与常规注射奶牛乳房炎多联苗的临床免疫比较

本试验用奶牛乳房炎多联苗(A)进行臀肌与后海穴位注射临床免疫比较试验，在注苗后4个月内，临床型乳房炎发病率臀肌注苗组比对照组降低39．7％，后海穴位组比对照组降低48．24％，后海穴位组比臀肌组发病率降低21．2，4％。奶产量臀肌组比对照组提高9．4个百分点，后海穴位组比对照组提高10．7个百分点。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的研究进展

乳房炎是危害世界奶牛业的主要因素之一。据报道，全世界约有22亿头奶牛．其中有1/3的奶牛患有乳房炎．临床型乳房炎发病率仅为10％-20％．而绝大部分是更为普遍的隐性乳房炎。隐性乳房炎因无明显的临床症状，常不易被发现和重视。隐性乳房炎使泌乳奶牛每年的产奶量下降10％-11％．而且降低牛奶的品质．缩短奶牛的使用寿命。增加后备奶牛的成本、额外劳力费用、药物开支和兽医服务费用，还延长产后发情和妊娠时间，     

中草药添加剂对奶牛乳房炎及生产性能的影响

选择乳房炎奶牛16头，按照泌乳日、产奶量相近的原则随机分为对照组和试验组。对照组奶牛使用抗生素药物治疗，试验组奶牛在精料中添加中草药饲料添加剞代替抗生素治疗。结果表明：试验组奶牛乳房炎阳性率由41．48％降至3．13％，总有效率达到92．45％（P〈0．05）；并且使奶牛平均产奶量相对于对照组提高3．81kg／d（P〈0．05），乳脂率提高0．28％。     

浅谈奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治

<正>1奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害隐性乳房炎对奶牛的产奶量影响很明显,依照C.N.Dohbins氏隐性乳房炎造成乳汁减少的经济损失合算办法:隐性乳房炎"±"的每天每个乳区产奶量下降0.48千克,“+”性每天每个乳区产奶量下降0.98千克,“++”性每天每个乳区产奶量下降1.72千克,“+++”性每天每个乳区产奶量下降2.58千克。有人曾对1750头奶牛检查,结果:隐性乳房炎“±”的80个乳区,“+”性的892个乳区,“++”的853个乳区,“+++”性的514个乳区,这些病乳区之和。每天共少产奶3953.52千克,以每千克1元计,则每天直接损失3953.52元,以一个泌乳期300天算,每年损失118.6万元。     

乳头保护膜在控制乳房炎中的应用

本试验在冬季对新疆奎屯郊区某奶牛场的不同生理周期的奶牛采用乳头保护膜替代常规乳头消毒液。在干奶期、围产前期、泌乳期这三个时期进行对比试验。各期的操作规程、流程保持一致。经过60天的试验结果表明：使用乳头保护膜在干奶前期，临床乳房炎发病率由14．0％降低到1．72％；围产前期临床乳房炎由18．5％降低到4．5％，产后几天临床乳房炎由33．3％降低到7．8％：泌乳期临床乳房炎由10．6％降低到4．6％。乳头冻伤在围产前期有3．3％变为0．85％。降低了2．5个百分点。泌乳期由3．6％变为0．5％。降低了3．1个百分点。从使用乳头保护膜开始，导电率呈下降趋势．乳区细菌感染减少。本试验结论：使用乳头保护膜。能够有效控制环境因子对乳头的影响，同时对乳头也起润滑作用。临床乳房炎发病率明显下降，生产损失减少，经济效益显著。特别在冬季。气温寒冷、空气干燥，效果显著。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.