双峰驼臂动脉解剖

经对双峰驼臂动脉的行走路线及其分布解剖学观察表明，臂动脉在肩关节肌运动内侧承腋动脉，在臂下１／４段近端，桡窝内侧，无于出尺侧副动脉，肘横动脉和骨间总动脉之后，为正中动脉所取接。由臂动脉发出的倒支有旋肱后动脉，旋肱前动脉，臂深动脉，臂二头肌动脉，尺侧副动脉，肘横动脉，前臂浅前动脉，骨间总动脉及一些分布于胸升肌，胸浅肌，臂二头肌，喙臂肌和臂三头肌长头和内侧头的肢支及分布于前臂背面及背向侧面的皮支和肘淋     

新吉林黑猪不同部位肌纤维特性研究

为研究新吉林黑猪骨骼肌的肌纤维特性，采集4头120 kg育肥猪的背最长肌、腰大肌、臂三头肌及股二头肌组织，采用HE染色法对不同部位的肌纤维直径、横截面积及密度进行形态学观察，利用免疫组化法检测各肌肉部位快、慢肌纤维表达百分比，qPCR分析不同肌肉部位MyHCI/MYH7、IIa/MYH2、IIx/MYH1和IIb/MYH4基因mRNA水平的差异，试剂盒检测不同肌肉部位酵解酶乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）及氧化酶中的琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活力。结果显示：腰大肌肌纤维直径最小，密度最大，其次为臂三头肌、背最长肌，股二头肌直径最大，密度最小；臂三头肌、腰大肌、股二头肌、背最长肌的快肌比例分别为68.78%、69.37%、79.09%、85.93%左右；腰大肌与臂三头肌中MYH7、MYH2水平极显著高于背最长肌与股二头肌；腰大肌中MYH4 mRNA水平极显著低于其他3个部位肌肉，背最长肌中MYH4mRNA水平极显著高于股二头肌和与臂三头肌；各部位酵解酶LDH酶活力无显著差异，但以腰大肌、臂三头肌表达量更少；臂三头肌的SDH活力最高，依次为股二头和腰大肌，背最长肌酶活力最低；臂三头...     

贵州黑山羊不同肌肉组织FASN基因表达与肌内脂肪含量相关性分析

为探究FASN基因在贵州黑山羊不同肌肉组织中调控脂肪沉积的作用，采集12月龄公、母贵州黑山羊胸肌、背最长肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌，运用实时荧光定量PCR法（qPCR）检测FASN基因表达量，酸水解法测定肌内脂肪（IMF）含量，并通过Pearson分析FASN基因表达量与IMF含量相关性。结果显示，FASN基因在公、母羊不同组织中表达量均为臂股二头肌>胸肌>肱三头肌>背最长肌，其中公羊臂股二头肌显著高于背最长肌，母羊臂股二头肌极显著高于背最长肌；相同组织比较，母羊胸肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌表达量均高于公羊，背最长肌表达量低于公羊，但均未达到差异显著水平。IMF含量测定发现，公、母羊4个组织中IMF含量均为臂股二头肌>胸肌>肱三头肌≥背最长肌，同性别各组织之间比较差异不显著；相同组织比较，母羊4个组织中IMF含量均高于公羊。FASN基因表达量与IMF含量相关性分析表明，公、母羊FASN基因表达量与胸肌IMF含量呈正相关，与背最长肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌IMF含量呈负相关。     

牛、马肌炎的诊断、鉴别和防治

正动物发生肌炎时,肌纤维发生变化和坏死,肌纤维之间的结缔组织、肌束膜和肌外膜也发生病理变化。本病多发于马和牛,猪也有发生。1发病原因剧烈运动中突然猛勒缰绳,使臂头肌因强烈屈曲而剧伸。拉车滑倒及撞碰和夹板压迫,均能引起臂头肌炎。乘马快步疾走时,臂三头肌的负重比慢步行走重。缺乏训练的马易使臂头肌剧伸。肩部遭到冲撞时,臂二头肌常与该处滑液囊同时发病。家畜剧烈运动或上坡时,背最长肌最劳累,蹴踢,     

12月龄西藏羊肌纤维特性研究

试验以12月龄的西藏羊为研究对象,采用石蜡切片的方法,测定了其背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度。结果表明:西藏羊公羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌等3个肌肉部位间的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度等差异不显著(P>0.05),母羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌也表现出同样的规律;背最长肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积均为公羊高于母羊,肌纤维密度为母羊高于公羊,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),臂三头肌的肌纤维直径为公羊显著高于母羊(P<0.05),肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度与背最长肌和股二头肌一致。     

应用阻抗血流图法诊断马动脉栓塞症的实验研究

本实验首先采用ＸＬＪ－８型桥式血流图仪描记了６例臂动脉结扎前后及９例人工臂动脉栓塞前后的马肢体血流图变化。结果表明,臂动脉结扎前后肢体血流图顶夹角、流入时间、流入时间指数、流入容积速度、上升角、折转高比值、重搏波、波型等各项主要指标均发生相应变化,差异显著;人工臂动脉栓塞前后肢体血流图上述指标变化同前。由此说明肢体阻抗血流图是臂动脉栓塞症的有效测试手段。     

蒙古马全身主要骨骼肌表型谱的构建及比较研究

为探究蒙古马骨骼肌在运动和肉质方面的特点，本研究选取2匹5岁健康未调教的成年公马全身主要骨骼肌52块(2匹×26块)作为研究对象。试验采用石蜡切片、免疫组化、HE染色的方法得到26个部位骨骼肌形态、快慢肌纤维分布情况、肌纤维横截面积。因不同部位骨骼肌存在差异，本研究将肌肉组织分为5组(头颈部、前肢、躯干部、腹壁侧、后肢)分别进行统计。将其中对应的24个部位与前期得到的纯血马骨骼肌快慢肌纤维比例进行分组比对。结果得到蒙古马全身主要骨骼肌的表型谱，其中颈锯肌、冈上肌、臂二头肌、腕桡侧屈肌、腓肠肌、菱形肌、胸腹侧锯肌的慢肌纤维占比较低；腕桡侧伸肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌、臀中肌慢肌纤维占比达70%以上；且慢肌纤维占比与肌纤维横截面积呈负相关。蒙古马骨骼肌慢肌纤维占比基本高于纯血马，前肢、躯干部差异极显著(P<0.01),后肢、腹壁侧差异显著(P<0.05)。其中蒙古马与纯血马在臂三头肌、臀中肌、半膜肌和背最长肌慢肌纤维的差值大于50%。结果表明，蒙古马颈锯肌、冈上肌、臂二头肌、腕桡侧屈肌、腓肠肌、菱形肌、胸腹侧锯肌具有耐力训练的潜力；腕桡侧伸肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌、臀中肌品质好，可为...     

12月龄白萨福克与藏羊杂交F_1代羊肌纤维特性研究

试验以12月龄的白-藏羊为研究对象,采用石蜡切片的方法,测定了其背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度。结果表明:白-藏羊公羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌等3个肌肉部位间的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度等差异不显著(P>0.05),母羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌也表现出同样的规律;背最长肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积及肌纤维密度均为公羊高于母羊(P>0.05),臂三头肌的肌纤维面积以母羊略高于公羊,肌纤维直径和肌纤维密度均以公羊高于母羊(P>0.05)。     

PSE猪肉发生原因与预防措施探讨

<正>PSE猪肉(Pale Soft and Exudative Pork),猪宰后肌肉颜色苍白、质地松弛无弹性、肌肉切面有较多肉汁渗出,俗称白肌肉或水煮样肉,主要发生于肥猪,病变主要发生在背最长肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、腰肌、臂二头肌、臂三头肌,经常呈左右两侧对称变化~([1])。1发生机理PSE猪肉的发生机理是敏感猪宰前受到强烈应激刺激,如长途运输、拥挤、驱赶、捆绑等因素,从而造成肾上腺皮质激素分泌增加,三磷酸腺     

双肌臂大白猪生长性能及胴体性状的研究

对新引进双肌臂大白猪的生长性能测定结果表明：平均日增重公猪为908g，母猪为778g，达100kg体重公猪较母猪缩短14天，80－120日龄体重30－70kg阶段生长最为迅速，同时背最长肌，股二头肌，头腱肌发育突出，轮廓清晰，外形呈现出优美的哑铃状的双肌臂，但121－150日龄体重达80kg以上时，生长速度减缓，体形发生变化，双肌臂特征渐不明显，屠宰测定结果表明：胴体肉色鲜红，大理石纹较为明显，胴体瘦肉率达65％，未发现PSE和DFD肉。     

Cranial Approach to the Humerus for Repair of Fractures in Horses and Cattle

A cranial approach to the humerus was developed for application of a compression plate for repair of comminuted humeral fractures in a weanling foal, a calf, a heifer, and a mature cow. An incision was made from the cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the radius. The cranial aspect of the humerus was exposed by retraction of the brachiocephalicus muscle and blunt dissection between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. A second plate was applied laterally in the heifer and cow by retraction of the brachialis muscle and elevation of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Successful fracture reduction, alignment, and stabilization were achieved in all four animals.     

哈萨克马和焉耆马不同组织中IGFBP-5基因表达差异研究

试验旨在探求胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-5（insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5,IGFBP-5）基因在哈萨克马和焉耆马不同组织部位中的mRNA表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测在哈萨克马和焉耆马心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠、肋间肌、背最长肌、臂肌和臀肌等不同组织中IGFBP-5基因mRNA表达量,同时比较该基因在哈萨克马和焉耆马相同组织中的表达差异。结果表明,哈萨克马和焉耆马表达量最高的均为背最长肌,其次是臂肌,并显著高于心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠等内脏组织表达量（P<0.05）,大肠中的表达量最低;焉耆马的肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠、背最长肌和臂肌中表达量高于哈萨克马相同部位的表达量,其中焉耆马背最长肌和大肠中的表达量极显著高于哈萨克马的相同部位（P<0.01）,小肠和盲肠中的表达量显著高于哈萨克马的相同部位（P<0.05）。本试验为深入研究IGFBP-5基因的生物学功能,以及对中国马生产性能的遗传改良提供理论依据。     

Study on Expression Difference of IGFBP-5 Gene in Different Tissues of Kazakh and Yanqi Horses

The study aimed to explore the mRNA expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) gene in different tissues of Kazakh and Yanqi horses.The expression of IGFBP-5 gene in different tissues of heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,small intestine,large intestine,cecum,intercostal muscles,longissimus dorsi muscles,brachialis muscle and gluteus in two horses were detected by Real-time quantitative PCR and compared the mRNA expression in the same tissues of two breeds.The results showed that the expression of IGFBP-5 in longissimus dorsi muscle and brachialis muscle of two breeds were significantly higher than other tissues including heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,small intestine,large intestine and cecum (P<0.05),and was the lowest in large intestine.The expression of IGFBP-5 in kidney,small intestine,large intestine,cecum,longissimus dorsi muscle and brachialis muscles of Yanqi horse were higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse,and among those in longissimus dorsi muscle and large intestine of Yanqi horse were extremely significantly higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse (P<0.01),and in small intestine and cecum of Yanqi horse were significantly higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse (P<0.05).The test was for further researching the biological function of IGFBP-5 gene,and it could provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of production performance of horse in our country.     

Craniolateral Approach to the Humerus with Transection of the Brachialis Muscle

Six fractures of the midshaft or distal third of the humerus were repaired through a modified craniolateral approach in which the brachialis muscle was transected rather than retracted to improve exposure of the bone. The approach simplified fracture reduction and fixation. Normal fracture healing and excellent limb function resulted in each case.     

Electromyographic activity of cubital joint muscles in horses during locomotion

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of 4 muscles of the cubital joint and the strain of forelimb hooves were recorded telemetrically in 4 Thoroughbreds (with and without a rider) standing, walking, trotting, and cantering. Bipolar fine wire electrodes were inserted into the muscles, and strain gauges were attached to the hoof wall. Motion pictures (16 mm), synchronized with EMG tracings, were taken to obtain kinematic data. When horses were standing, the biceps brachii had tonic activity, but the brachialis and the caput longum and the caput laterale of the triceps brachii had no EMG activity. The biceps brachii had EMG activity during the stance phase. The brachialis had EMG activity from the end of the stance phase to the middle of the swing phase. Unlike the biceps brachii, the brachialis acted as a flexor muscle of the cubital joint during locomotion. The EMG activity of the caput longum of the triceps brachii was detected from midswing phase to early stance phase. The EMG activity of the caput laterale of the triceps brachii began in midswing or late-swing phase and ceased in early stance or midstance phase. During locomotion, caput longum EMG activity always preceded caput laterale activity. When horses were cantering, the brachialis and the caput longum (acting mainly in the swing phase) had an EMG activity phase different from those in leading and trailing forelimbs. These 4 muscles had similar EMG activity patterns during locomotion in horses with and without a rider.     

The arterial supply of the eye of the yak (Bos Grunniens)

The heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the arterial supply to the eye of the yak in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The supply came from the internal ophthalmic, external eight ophthalmic, superficial temporal and malar arteries. The internal ophthalmic was one of sources of the posterior long ciliary artery. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle and otherwise, and to take part in the formation of the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye and otherwise. The malar artery was one of the branches derived from the infraorbital artery, and its branches supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids and otherwise. The superficial temporal artery detached off some branches to supply the lateral angle of the eye and otherwise, and anastomosed with the lacrimal artery of the ophthalmic rete mirabile.     

The Arterial Supply to the Eye of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. The supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostral epidural rete and the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The external ethmoidal artery detached off some branches to supply the ventral and medial dorsal rectus oblique muscles, the conjunctiva of the superior eyelid and the fat body of the orbit. The branches of the malar artery supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids, ventral oblique muscle, and the medial angle of the eye. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye, dorsal oblique and retractor oculi muscles, levator muscle of the superior eyelid, and the choroid.     

Anatomical architecture of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) with special reference to the derivation and course of its unique branches

The anatomy of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), which has not been previously reported, was first examined bilaterally in a newborn hippopotamus. Our observations clarified the following: (1) the brachial plexus comprises the fifth cervical (C5) to first thoracic (T1) nerves. These formed two trunks, C5-C6 and C7-T1; in addition, the axillary artery passed in between C6 and C7, (2) unique branches to the brachialis muscle and those of the lateral cutaneous antebrachii nerves ramified from the median nerve, (3) nerve fibre analysis revealed that these unique nerve branches from the median nerve were closely related and structurally similar to the musculocutaneous (MC) nerve; however, they had changed course from the MC to the median nerve, and (4) this unique branching pattern is likely to be a common morphological feature of the brachial plexus in amphibians, reptiles and certain mammals.     

Macroanatomic investigations of the blood supply of thoracic limb of Kangal dogs

In this study, the arterial supply of the thoracic limb was investigated in Kangal dogs. Twelve adult healthy Kangal dogs of either sex were used. Latex was injected into the common carotid artery, and then the axillary artery was dissected. The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and supplies the thoracic limb in Kangal dogs. The axillary artery gave off a deltoid branch and external thoracic, lateral thoracic, and subscapular thoracic arteries in its course along the thoracic wall. The axillary artery continues distally as the brachial artery in the arm. The brachial artery gives rise to the cranial humeral circumflex, deep brachial, bicipital, ulnar collateral, superficial brachial, transverse cubital, and common interosseus arteries. It continues as the median artery after giving off the common interosseus artery. It was observed that the deep antebrachial artery arose from the median artery at the proximal third of the forearm. In the distal third of the forearm, the median artery divided into the palmar carpal and dorsal carpal branches. The deep palmar branch of the radial artery and deep branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery form the deep palmar arch. The median artery joined the superficial branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery to constitute the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery and cranial interosseus artery contributed to the dorsal carpal rete. The ulnar artery contributed to the formation of the deep and superficial palmar arches.     

The prevalence of green muscle disease in turkeys from the Warmia and Mazury province of Poland

The green muscle disease (GMD), described for the first time in 1968, is a cause of significant losses in the production of turkey meat. Pathological changes of different intensity are found in smaller pectoral muscles on one or both sides of the sternal crest. GMD has been more frequently observed in Poland since 1991 in breeding turkeys of heavy and medium-heavy types assigned to slaughter after completing the reproductive period. The present study deals with the occurrence of this disease in the Warmia and Mazury District of Poland. Characteristic green foci located in small pectoral muscles were found in 4090 out of 26,169 slaughtered turkeys, i.e. in 15.63% of the carcasses investigated. It was established that 2430.5 kg of meat were confiscated what gave 0.59 kg of confiscated meat per head on the average.