Effect of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on the processing quality of potato tubers for French fry production

Summary The effects of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on processing quality parameters in the cultivars, Maris Piper and Rooster were investigated over four seasons. Tuber dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugar concentrations and fry colour were measured. Seed source did not affect sucrose concentrations, significantly affected tuber dry matter in three of the four seasons and had no effect on reducing sugar concentrations or fry colour. Presprouting seed, reduced sucrose concentrations during two seasons from four and increased dry matter concentration of cv. Maris Piper during one season from four and in cv. Rooster during two seasons from four; lowered reducing sugar concentrations following storage in one season from three and did not affect fry colour. Delaying the desiccation date decreased sucrose concentration in all seasons, increased tuber dry matter concentration during two seasons and induced higher reducing sugar concentrations and darker fry colours.     

The influence of source and rate of potassium fertilizer on the quality of potatoes for french fry production

Summary Trials were carried out in 1984, 1985 and 1986, on a sandy loam soil with an average content of 133 mg/l available potassium in which the effect of source (KCl, K₂SO₄) and rate (0, 300, 600, 900 kg K₂O/ha) of potassium fertilizer on yield, tuber size, dry matter, reducing sugar, fry test colour and finish fried quality was examined for two cultivars (Pentland Dell, Maris Piper). The results indicate a strong influence of cultivar on all measured characters, the rate of potassium fertilizer also gave significant changes in quality and yield and there were significant year effects. The effect of source of potassium was not significant.     

Effect of irrigation applied at different growth stages and length of irrigation period on quality characters of potato tubers

Summary Potatoes were irrigated at three growth stages: (1) planting-stolon initiation. (2) stolon initiation-tuber bulking, and (3) tuber bulking, when available soil water dropped to 25%, 50% and 75%, bringing it up to field capacity; and irrigation ceased 0, 10 and 20 days before maturity. Significant increases in specific gravity, dry matter, starch content, chip yield and significant decreases in protein content and oil absorption rate of chips were observed due to the frequent irrigation at growth stages 1 and 2. No significant effect on chip colour was attributed to irrigation during the early growth stages. Frequent irrigations at the final growth stage were found to have deleterious effects on specific gravity, dry matter, starch content and chip yield especially when irrigation continued until maturity.     

The development of translucent end tubers

A study was made to gain greater understanding of the development of translucent end tubers which caused problems for french fry processors duringthe processing season of 1971–72. Analysis of seven commercial and three experimental samples revealed a lower dry matter and higher reducing sugar content in the basal portion of the tubers. Normally Russet Burbank potatoes contain higher dry matter in the basal end. A study of dry matter changes during growth and development in 1971 and of moisture stressed potatoes in 1972 showed a reversal in dry matter content and an uneven distribution of reducing sugars, whereas the normally irrigated potatoes maintained a higher percentage of dry matter in the basal portion throughout. A decrease in pH of the tissue accompanied the loss of starch from the basal portion of moisture stressed potatoes. As postulated by other research workers, the loss of dry matter is attributed to initiation of active growth of the apical end, thereby utilizing carbohydrates from the basal end following a period of stress. Immaturity of tubers and storage at low temperatures immediately after harvest caused water stressed potatoes to develop increased numbers of translucent ends in storage.     

耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响

为探讨耕作方式和氮肥对旱地小麦的互作效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田试验条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式为主区,75、150、225、300kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮量(分别用N1～N4表示)为副区,分析了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合处理下旱地冬小麦花后干物质转运、糖含量及产量的差异。结果表明,4种耕作方式中,PM的株高最高,叶面积最大,籽粒产量最高,较CT增产14.50%。PM增产主要是通过增加穗长和穗粒数来实现,也归因于花前营养器官干物质的积累量及其在花后向籽粒中转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT显著增加,特别是增加了叶片和颖壳的干物质转运量、转运效率。CTI的千粒重和有效穗数虽然最高,但产量与CT无显著差异;NTS的株高、千粒重、有效穗数、干物质积累量和花后向籽粒中转运量均处于较低水平,产量较CT降低16.74%。施氮显著增加了旱地冬小麦的籽粒产量,平均产量表现为N4N2N3N1。CT、CTI、NTS下,施氮的增产作用显著,但PM下不显著。在所有处理中,PMN2的籽粒产量最高,比最低的NTSN1增加70.55%。施氮增产的原因主要是促进了不同器官干物质积累和开花后干物质转运。NTS提高了各器官的可溶性糖含量,但其效应在不同生育时期存在差异,茎秆主要表现在开花后20～30d,叶片和颖壳在开花后10～40d,叶鞘在开花后20～40d,籽粒在开花后10～30d。施氮显著降低了开花后0～30d茎秆和叶片的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,但显著增加了开花后20d籽粒的可溶性糖含量。以上结果说明,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,常规耕作、秸秆还田、全膜覆土穴播下冬小麦高产的氮肥施用量以中等水平(150kg·hm~(-2))最佳,免耕秸秆覆盖下需增加氮肥施用量(300kg·hm~(-2))。     

The effect of defoliation practice in Western Australia on tiller development of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and its association with forage quality

The effect of defoliation on the vegetative, early reproductive and inflorescence stages of tiller development, changes in the dry‐matter yield of leaf, stem and inflorescence and the associated changes in forage quality was determined on plants of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) and Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.). The field study comprised seventy‐two plots of 1 m × 2 m, sown with one annual ryegrass and seven Italian ryegrass cultivars with a range of heading dates from early to late; defoliation commenced 6 weeks after germination. During the vegetative stage of growth, plots were defoliated when the tillers had three fully expanded leaves (three‐leaf stage). During the early reproductive stage of growth, to simulate a cut for silage, plots were defoliated 6–7 weeks after 0·10 of the tillers displayed nodal development. The subsequent regrowth was defoliated every 3 weeks. Assessments of changes in tiller density, yield and quality were made in the growth cycle that followed three contrasting cutting treatments during the winter–spring period (from 10 July). In treatment 1, this growth cycle (following closing‐up before a subsequent conservation cut) commenced on 7 August following two defoliations each taken when the tillers were at the three‐leaf stage. In treatment 2, the growth cycle commenced on 16 October following: for early‐maturing cultivars, two cuts at the three‐leaf stage, a cut for silage and an additional regrowth cut; for medium‐maturing cultivars three cuts at the three‐leaf stage and a cut for silage; and late‐maturing cultivars, five cuts at the three‐leaf stage. In treatment 3, defoliation up to 16 October was as for treatment 2, but the growth cycle studied started on 27 November following two additional regrowth cuts for early‐ and medium‐maturing cultivars and cut for silage for the late‐maturing cultivars. Tiller development for all cultivars was classified into three stages; vegetative, early reproductive and inflorescence. In treatment 1, in vitro dry‐matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein (CP) content were negatively associated with maturation of tillers. IVDMD ranged from 0·85 to 0·60 and CP ranged from 200 to less than 100 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) during the vegetative and inflorescence stages respectively. This large reduction in forage quality was due to an increase in the proportion of stem, inflorescence and dead material, combined with a reduction in the IVDMD and CP content of the stem. A high level of forage quality was retained for longer with later‐maturing cultivars, and/or when vegetative tillers were initiated from the defoliation of early reproductive tillers (treatments 2 and 3). However, 15 weeks after the closing‐up date in treatment 1, defoliation significantly reduced the density of inflorescences with means (±pooled s.e_m.) of 1560, 1178 and 299 ± 108 tillers m^–2, and DM yield of inflorescence with means of 3·0, 0·6 and 0·1 ± 0·15 t ha^–1 for treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. This study supports the recommendation that annual and Italian ryegrass cultivars should be classified according to maturity date based on the onset of inflorescence emergence, and that the judicious defoliation of early reproductive tillers can be used to promote the initiation of new vegetative tillers which in turn will retain forage quality for longer.     

Effects of transitory water stress on potato tuber stem-end reducing sugar and fry color

Potatoes grown for processing in irrigated regions of the Pacific North-west sometimes develop undesirably high concentrations of reducing sugars in tuber stem ends due to hot weather and water stress during tuber development. Such tubers usually produce french fries with dark stem ends or sugar ends. In order to better quantify the relationship between water stress and stem-end sugar levels for Russet Burbank, single episodes of transitory water stress were established by delaying irrigations until soil water potentials ranging from -32 to -107 kPa were reached during early tuber bulking. To determine when the increase in reducing sugars occurred, tubers were sampled before transitory stress, at maximum stress, after stress was relieved with sprinkler irrigation, and post harvest. Reducing sugar concentrations did not increase in tuber stem ends until two weeks or longer after the plant water stress was relieved. Increased reducing sugar concentrations were positively associated with decreased soil water potential (drier soil). Tubers were sliced and fried at harvest and six weeks post-harvest. Decreasing soil water potential (drier soil) was associated with progressively darker fry colors at harvest and post harvest. Significant darkening in the average stem-end fry color light reflectance of tubers at harvest as observed at -80 kPa in 1988 and -69 kPa in 1989. The effect of imposed water stress on tuber stem-end reducing sugar concentrations was most pronounced post harvest.     

The effect of frequency and height of defoliation on the production and persistence of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass

The performance of prairie grass ( Bromus willdenowii Kunth) cv. Grasslands Matua was examined under mowing at five defoliation intervals (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 d) and two defoliation heights (3 cm and 8 cm). Annual and seasonal production of both the total herbage and of Matua, and the proportion of Matua in the sward, increased with less frequent defoliation. To a lesser extent, increasing the height of defoliation increased dry matter yield. Matua tiller numbers were increased by less frequent defoliation and were greater under the 8 cm than the 3 cm defoliation height. To increase prairie grass production and persistence, rest intervals between grazings of 40 to 50 d are recommended, or alternatively, a management involving silage or hay cutting offers scope.     

筛选适应于低温贮藏的马铃薯加工品种

通过对不同贮藏温度下马铃薯块茎的还原糖含量及加工品质色泽指数的测定，筛选出在简易库房贮藏条件下（４～１０℃）适于加工的品种为国引ｌ、１１、１３、２、１２号，这些品种经过３个月的低温贮存还原糖积累水平较低（＜０．５％），色泽指数小（＜２０），加工品质好．冷贮（０～２℃）和冷贮一回暖（１５～１７℃）处理结果表明，冷贮导致块茎中还原糖含量大幅度提高，色泽指数显著增大．而经过回暖处理后，还原溏含量下降，色泽指数变小，但不同的品种经不同的处理时间回暖效果不一。国引１、２号经过３０天的回暖处理，加工品质达到商业要求．     

孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地水稻干物质生产的影响

以黑龙江省30份主栽水稻品种或品系为试材,在孕穗期设置17℃冷水灌溉处理(20d),以常规栽培管理为对照,分析冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫导致所有试材每穴实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量下降,并根据相对结实率将试材耐冷性分为1、3、5、7和9级,以7和9级最多,1级最少,分别占总材料的30%和10%。在冷水处理下,全部材料抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比、收获指数、叶面积指数、剑叶叶基角、剑叶和倒2叶与倒3叶披垂度均下降,但高效叶面积率增加。相关分析表明,冷水处理的相对结实率与收获指数(r=0.96**)、产量(r=0.91**)、粒叶比(r=0.84**)和干物质积累量(r=0.48**)的冷水反应指数(CRI)呈极显著正相关,与群体生长率(r=0.44*)、净同化率(r=0.44*)和干物质积累比例(r=0.43*)的CRI显著正相关。综上,孕穗期冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响在品种间存在很大差异,在冷水胁迫下耐冷性极强品种(系)干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比和收获指数对冷水反应迟钝,这是耐冷性极强品种(系)保持较高产量的重要形态特征和生理原因。     

Sheep grazing and defoliation of contrasting varieties of organically grown winter wheat with and without undersowing

Field experiments in Gloucestershire, UK, in the 1990–91, 1991–92, 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons explored the merits of grazing in spring a traditional tall wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety, Maris Widgeon, with more modern shorter varieties. In the first 2 years, defoliation was achieved by mowing at 7 cm in March and/or April. In the second 2 years, varieties sown at two sowing dates were grazed by sheep at a stocking rate of 42 × 50 kg sheep ha^?1 for 3 or 4 days in March. Defoliation reduced crop height and interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In 1991–92, mowing significantly reduced grain yield of some of the shorter varieties but not of Maris Widgeon. This interaction was related to the amount of PAR intercepted. In this year, mowing improved the establishment of undersown white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), but in subsequent years the conditions were much drier and undersowing failed. In the last two experiments, grazing in March did not significantly reduce grain yield of any variety. The quality of the forage eaten by the sheep had a modified acid-detergent fibre (MADF) content of less than 300 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM) and a crude protein (CP) content of more than 200 g kg^?1 DM in both seasons. Yield of DM and calculated metabolizable energy (ME) of different varieties removed by the sheep interacted strongly with sowing date. September-sown Maris Widgeon provided ≈ 0·7 and 0·3 t DM ha^?1 (or 7·8 and 3·4 GJ ME ha^?1) in March 1994 and March 1995 respectively. However, the shorter wheat varieties, Hereward and Genesis, only provided 0·3 and 0·1 t DM ha^?1 when sown at the same time in the 2 years. At later sowing dates all of the varieties only provided about 0·1 t DM ha^?1 when sown in October 1993, or 0·01 t DM ha^?1 when sown in November 1994. Sheep grazing reduced total weed biomass in June, and reduced the emergence of weed seedlings from soil samples collected after the wheat harvest. Effects of defoliation on foliar infection by Septoria tritici were inconsistent.     

播期推迟对冬小麦产量形成和籽粒品质的调控效应

为了明确推迟播期对小麦产量形成和品质的影响,选用2个冬小麦品种(轮选987和京冬8号),在大田条件下研究了播期推迟对小麦群体动态、物质积累、产量构成和籽粒品质的调控效应.结果表明,播期推迟能显著降低小麦冬前分蘖数,促进春季分蘖的发生和成穗,提高分蘖成穗率.播期对小麦植株干物质积累的影响存在基因型差异.播期推迟引起小麦产量构成因素的变化,进而导致籽粒产量下降,且京冬8号出现显著下降时对应的播期早于轮选987.播期推迟后小麦籽粒中的淀粉含量呈下降趋势,蛋白质含量呈上升趋势,同时二者的主要组成成份也随之改变.因此,冀东地区选用轮选987且适当早播(10月5日播种)可以获得高产;推迟播期至10月10日则籽粒品质提高,但要注意加强小麦生育后期的田间管理,防止粒重明显降低.     

Effect of defoliation frequency and cutting height on growth,dry‐matter yield and nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schumach)

Growth characteristics, dry‐matter (DM) yield, chemical components and in vitro dry‐matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Napier grass were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. The treatments were three defoliation frequencies (60, 90 and 120 d after Napier grass establishment) and five cutting heights (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm above ground level). Except for leaf‐to‐stem ratio, all growth characteristics increased with decreasing frequency of defoliation. Similarly, DM yield of Napier grass increased as the frequency of defoliation decreased. Total ash, crude protein (CP), hemicellulose and IVDMD contents of Napier grass increased with increasing frequency of defoliation, whereas DM, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and cellulose contents increased with a decrease in defoliation frequency. In contrast, cutting heights had no significant effect on most chemical components and IVDMD contents, although total ash and CP decreased as the height of cutting increased. The CP yield per cut and per day was highest at an intermediate defoliation frequency. The results of this study indicated that Napier grass could be categorized under medium‐ to high‐quality herbage if defoliated at 90 d after establishment in the mid and highlands of Ethiopia.     

冬水田播期对不同熟期杂交稻产量及光能利用率的影响

为探明冬水田区播期对不同熟期直播杂交稻产量和光能利用率的影响,以早熟杂交稻川作优8727、中熟杂交稻辐优838、迟熟杂交稻内6优107为材料,于2019年进行不同播种期(5个播种期分别为3月15日、3月20日、3月25日、3月30日、4月4日)大田试验,研究播种期对不同熟期直播稻产量、产量构成、干物质量、光能利用率的影...     

刈割期对多棱饲料大麦饲草及籽粒产量与品质的影响

为探明大麦饲草与籽粒双收的适宜刈割期,以六棱皮大麦皖饲麦2号为材料,设不刈割(T0)及分蘖期(T1)、拔节期(T2)、孕穗期(T3)分别进行一次刈割4个处理,比较了两年度不同刈割期大麦饲草、籽粒产量及品质的差异。结果表明,随刈割期后移,皖饲麦2号饲草产量显著增加;饲草粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙、磷含量显著下降,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量显著增加,即饲草品质显著下降。籽粒产量受刈割期影响大,与T0相比,两年度T1期刈割籽粒产量无显著变化,T2、T3期刈割则籽粒产量显著下降;而品质受影响小。说明T1期刈割,可达到饲草与籽粒双收目标,且饲草品质好;在生产中要保障一定的籽粒产量,T2期后应停止刈割。     

高温对玉米植株形态与功能、产量构成及子粒养分的影响

以热敏型玉米品种驻玉309为材料,设置两个高温处理,研究不同程度日间高温对玉米产量及穗部性状、物质生产及转运、子粒库容的影响。结果表明,高温(HT1)对玉米产量无显著影响,极高温(HT2)显著降低玉米结实率和产量。植株株高在HT2下表现为降低,叶面积则表现为HT2CKHT1。花期高温胁迫显著降低吐丝期穗位叶净光合速率,但对叶绿素含量无显著影响。HT2降低穗粒数和总干物重,增加了成熟期茎、叶、苞叶干物质占单株地上干物质总重比例。高温胁迫增加子粒粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量。结果显示,HT1处理下玉米通过自身增加物质转运能力应对高温胁迫,HT2通过显著降低穗粒数而影响子粒库容减小,造成不可逆损伤,同时影响了玉米源(叶面积)和流(物质转运与分配)的能力。     

外源糖和氮对春小麦花后物质生产的影响

为了解花后养分供应对春小麦产量形成的调控效应,以春小麦品种龙麦33为试验材料,分析了叶面喷施糖、氮物质(5%蔗糖和2%尿素)后小麦花后干物质积累、齐穗后群体生长率(CGR)、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率、可溶性糖含量和全氮含量的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,叶面喷施糖、氮后小麦穗粒数和千粒重均增加,并分别增产 6.86%和15.82%。 外源糖、氮使小麦花后光合物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率提高,其中外源糖的效果更明显;外源糖、氮对CGR有显著的促进作用;外源氮显著提高收获指数（增幅11.76%）,而外源糖使收获指数略有下降（降幅0.085%）;外源糖、氮分别降低和增加旗叶SPAD值,但均提高旗叶净光合速率和全氮含量,降低旗叶可溶性糖含量和糖氮比值(C/N)。可见外源糖、氮对春小麦花后碳、氮代谢和物质生产有一定的调节作用,可促进小麦高产。     

Maleic hydrazide effects on tuber yield, sprouting characteristics, and french fry processing quality in various potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars grown under argentinian conditions

Field trials were carried out during 1995–1998 in commercial crops of five potato cultivars grown at several locations in Argentina to test maleic hydrazide (MH potassium salt, 36% ) effects on tuber yield, sprouting characteristics, and processing quality. MH was applied at growth stage IV, when developing tubers were 40–70 mm, at 9, 10,12 and 14 1 ha^-1 in single or split treatments. MH treatments did not produce phytotoxicity symptoms in the foliage and did not decrease tuber yield. MH increased tuber yield in Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody in several experiments, while not in Atlantic and Ranger Russet. MH treatments delayed initial sprouting date and inhibited sprout growth during storage periods up to 8 months, which resulted in lower weight losses due to sprouting. Tuber dry matter content and fry color were similar or in some cases improved due to MH treatments, while no consistent results were found regarding reducing sugar content.     

The processing potential of tubers of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L., after storage at low temperatures. 2. Sugar concentration

Summary Several clones from a potato breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) produced acceptable (pale) coloured fry products after five months' storage at 4°C. Chemical analysis of tuber samples taken at five-week intervals during storage at 4°C and 10°C gave a substantial variation in glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations among the 22 clones examined. Several unnamed SCRI clones showed little accumulation of reducing sugars when stored at 4°C. In marked contrast, the cultivars Record and Pentland Dell, currently the most widely used cultivars for fry processing in the UK, accumulated far greater levels of sugar during low temperature storage. Glucose concentration proved more important than fructose concentration in determining fry colour. Clones with the lowest concentrations of glucose after storage at 4°C also showed lowest concentrations when stored at 10°C. These results are in agreement with previous reports on the predictive value of glucose levels at harvest, but this is the first identification of such low temperature, low sweetening variants in agronomically adapted clones of the cultivated tetraploid potato.     

施用缓释肥对甘蔗干物质积累及氮素利用率的影响

针对我国甘蔗生产上化肥施用量大、肥料利用率低等突出问题,通过田间试验研究2种缓释肥组合施用对甘蔗干物质积累和氮素利用率的影响。以新台糖22号为供试材料,设置4个处理：CK0（不施肥）、CK1（常规施肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T1（等养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T2（减20％养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 240 kg、P2O5 180 kg、K2O 180 kg）。结果表明,常规施肥和缓释肥处理在萌芽率、分蘖率、茎径和有效茎数上没有显著差异;而T1株高显著高于CK1;伸长期CK1的干物质净积累比例高于T1及T2;成熟期则相反,T1及T2高于CK1;成熟期T1叶的干物质积累所占比例显著高于CK1;T1处理的蔗茎产量和糖产量最高,分别比CK1高11.0％和10.8％;T1和T2处理的两年氮素利用率均显著高于CK1,其中T2两年平均比CK1提高9％。在减少1次施肥的基础上,施用与常规化肥等养分的缓释肥能显著增加株高、甘蔗产量及糖产量,并提高氮素利用率;施用减20％养分的缓释肥能提高氮素利用率,甘蔗产量和糖产量不低于常规施肥。