水氮耦合对蒙古黄芪干物质积累及产量的影响

以一年生蒙古黄芪为供试材料,采用裂区设计,以灌水量(W1,3200 m3·hm-2、W2,3600 m3·hm-2、W3,4000 m3·hm-2)做主区,施氮量(N0:0 kg·hm-2,N1:50 kg·hm-2,N2:100 kg·hm-2,N3:150 kg·hm-2)为副区,测定黄芪的干物质积累特征、产量及甲...     

水氮耦合对滴灌复播大豆干物质积累氮素吸收及产量的影响

为探明不同水氮组合对复播大豆干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响,于2013年7—10月在新疆伊宁县进行了不同滴灌量与施氮量的裂区田间试验。滴灌量为主因子,分设3 000 m3·hm-2(W1)、3 600 m3·hm-2(W2)、4 200 m3·hm-2(W3)、4 800 m3·hm-2(W4)四个灌水梯度;施氮量为副因子,设0 kg·hm-2(N0)、150 kg·hm-2(N1)、300 kg·hm-2(N2)三个水平。结果表明:同一施氮量条件下,随着滴灌量的增加各施氮处理干物质积累平均速率、干物质积累持续时间及氮素吸收量基本表现为"先增后降"的趋势,且均在W3处理(4 200 m3·hm-2)达到最大;在低水量(W1)条件下增加氮肥的投入,有利于增加复播大豆干物质积累,提高复播大豆氮素吸收量,进而提高复播大豆产量,但降低了氮素籽粒生产效率;水分充足时适量增施氮肥能促进大豆干物质的积累,增加植株氮素的吸收量,增加氮素籽粒生产效率,而过量追施氮肥,阻碍根系吸收氮素进入植株体内,降低氮素的利用效率,且W3N1组合条件下,干物质积累量、植株氮素吸收量、产量均达到最大,产量达到3 741.23 kg·hm-2,分别比低水低肥处理(W1N0)、高水高肥处理(W4N2)增加了54.30%、17.02%。     

水肥一体膜下滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响

为探讨水肥一体滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响,以玉米杂交种‘桂单688’为材料,列区设计,设4个灌水量(A1,A2,A3,A4)和4个施肥水平(B1,B2,B3,B4)进行田间试验。结果表明,灌水量由A4(1237.5 m3·hm-2)提高到A1(2 250 m3·hm-2)时,玉米产量由7 682.2 kg·hm-2提高到8 640.7 kg·hm-2,A1灌水量(2 250m3·hm-2)与B2施肥水平(纯N 191.25 kg·hm-2、P2O576.5 kg·hm-2和K2O 153.0 kg·hm-2)组合可获玉米产量9016.9 kg·hm-2,是最优水、肥配合选择。随着灌水量由A4提高到A1,玉米籽粒蛋白质由9.01%提高到9.92%;同一灌水量下,玉米籽粒蛋白质含量B1B2B3B4;随灌水量增加,氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所增加,随施氮量增加氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所降低,同一施肥水平随密度增加氮吸收利用率、氮农学效率、氮生理效率均有所提高。合理的水肥协同优化组合可以提高水分、养分利用效率,是提高产量的关键。     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

河套灌区春小麦节水高产农艺措施优化

在前期研究确立的节水灌溉模式基础上,通过四因素五水平二次回归正交设计试验,以基本苗数、种肥磷量、追氮肥量和灌水量四项主要农艺措施为决策变量,以产量和水分利用效率为目标函数,分别建立了内蒙古河套灌区主要农艺措施与春小麦产量和水分利用效率的二次多项式回归模型。分析表明,四项农艺措施对产量影响大小顺序为播种密度种肥磷量施氮量灌水量;对水分利用效率的决定作用表现为灌水量播种密度施氮量种肥磷量。通过频数寻优,定量化地提出了河套灌区春小麦实现节水与高产统一的农艺措施优化组合方案,即基本苗数667.5~717.1万株·hm-2,种肥磷量(P2O5)147.0~175.5 kg·hm-2,拔节期追施氮量(纯N)164.5~186.6 kg·hm-2,拔节期和抽穗期灌水定额分别为909.7~963.0 m3·hm-2,可实现目标产量大于7 500kg·hm-2,水分利用效率1.6 kg·m-3以上。     

温室膜下沟灌水氮耦合对番茄品质的影响与评价研究

以温室番茄为试材,研究了膜下沟灌水氮耦合对番茄一些品质指标(有机酸、可溶性糖、Vc、硝酸盐、糖酸比)的影响,并采用主成分分析法对其进行多目标综合评价。试验设置1485 m3.hm-2、2080m3.hm-2两个灌水水平和225 kg.hm-2、410 kg.hm-2和630 kg.hm-2三个施氮水平。结果表明,灌水量和施氮量作为单一因子和水氮交互作用对番茄不同品质指标影响均不同;增加灌水量,可提高番茄果实有机酸、硝酸盐含量;施氮过多或过少可降低番茄果实可溶性糖含量、Vc含量、糖酸比;果实中硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而提高,随灌水量的增加而降低。采用主成分分析法对番茄品质指标进行多目标综合评价,得到综合评价最高的处理为低水中氮(W1485N410)处理,综合评价最低的处理为高水高氮(W2080N630)处理。     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

水氮供应对温室黄瓜叶绿素含量及光合速率的影响

利用温室小区试验,以黄瓜"博耐9-1"为供试品种,设置3个灌水水平:低水W1(60%ET0)、中水W2(80%ET0)和高水W3(100%ET0),全生育期灌水量分别为126、152 mm和177 mm;4个施氮水平:无氮N0(0)、低氮N1(180 kg·hm-2)、中氮N2(360 kg·hm-2)和高氮N3(540 kg·hm-2),共12个处理,研究了不同水氮供应对温室黄瓜叶绿素含量和光合速率的影响。结果表明:黄瓜叶绿素含量随着生育期的推进呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在盛果期取得最大值。在同一施氮水平条件下,灌水量的提高对叶绿素含量的提高均起到了促进作用。其中叶绿素总含量在W3N3处理下取得最大值,为12.32 mg·g-1,且与W2N2处理之间无显著差异。在各水氮供应条件下,黄瓜叶片的净光合速率日变化呈现单峰曲线,不施氮肥或严重亏水均会显著影响作物的净光合速率,而适量的节水节肥不仅能节约农业成本,且相比于充分灌水施肥,作物也能达到较好的净光合速率。在光照较强较稳定的情况下,W2处理下黄瓜叶片净光合速率达到最大值。从总体变化趋势看,W2N2处理(80%ET0,N 360 kg·hm-2)可认为是基于本试验条件下较适宜的水氮组合。     

花铃期不同滴灌水平对海岛棉产量形成的影响

选用新海24号和新海36号为试验材料,研究花铃期3 900、3 150、2 400 m3·hm-2等不同滴灌水平对海岛棉产量形成的影响。结果表明:叶面积指数(LAI)、净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素SPAD值、干物质积累表现为3900 m3·hm-2处理较高,3 150 m3·hm-2次之,2 400 m3·hm-2较低;棉铃脱落率呈相反趋势,即2 400 m3·hm-2滴灌处理3 150 m3·hm-2滴灌处理3 900 m3·hm-2滴灌处理;滴灌水平3 900 m3·hm-2处理的皮棉产量为2228.49 kg·hm-2,比3 150、2 400 m3·hm-2处理分别高36.68%、49.38%。品种对各滴灌水平响应不同,不同滴灌处理下的LAI、干物质积累和棉铃脱落率为新海24号新海36号,而新海24号的Pn、SPAD值、皮棉产量高于新海36号。因此,花铃期滴灌水平3 900 m3·hm-2条件下有利于实现海岛棉高产。     

新疆天山北坡中段森林生态系统氮素干沉降

在过去几十年,干旱半干旱地区由于人为活动的增强引起了大气活性氮污染的加剧,从而导致氮沉降量的增加.为了定量评估新疆天山中段雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)针叶林大气氮素干沉降状况,自2012年10月至2013年9月,选择在乌鲁木齐县萨尔达坂乡森林生态系统,利用中流量大气颗粒物采样器和被动采样器,距离地表2 m处分别采集PM10(可吸人颗粒物)和NH3、NO2样品,基于推算法定量评价氮素干沉降通量.结果表明:研究区NH3、NO2、颗粒态NH4+ (pNH4+)、颗粒态NO3-(pNO3-)和PM10年平均浓度分别为(5.86±1.31)、(2.85±0.30)、(0.45±0.07)、(0.45±0.06) μg·m-3和(55.8 ±6.52) μg·m-3;气态NH3-N、NO2-N和颗粒态N03--N、NH4+-N的沉降通量分别为3.42、0.79、0.61、0.62 kg·hm-2 ·a-1,干沉降总量为5.44 kg·hm-2 ·a-1.其中,气态NH3沉降占干沉降总量的62.9％,表明放牧引起的氨排放可能是该地区大气氮沉降的主要来源.鉴于该地区可观的氮干湿沉降总量(9.9 kg·hm-2·a-1,其中湿沉降为4.45 kg·hm-2·a-1),对研究区植被、土壤以及自然环境产生的可能影响应引起重视.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.