硝酸改性活性炭对甲醛吸附性能影响的研究

指出了甲醛是室内挥发性有机污染物之一,目前对甲醛的吸收去除有多种方法,但在研究硝酸改性活性炭吸附甲醛方面还不多。主要研究了硝酸改性活性炭对甲醛吸附性能的影响,同时考虑硝酸浓度、浸渍比、浸泡时间和浸泡温度等因素,采用正交实验进行了分析。结果表明:硝酸氧化制备活性炭对其吸附效果影响最大的因素是氧化温度和浸渍比,其次是氧化时间和硝酸浓度。     

专用活性炭开发

首次通过对活性炭表面化学性能的改性．克服了普通活性炭吸附甲醛弱：采用新的物理方法改变了活性炭物理孔结构,解决了国内外对活性炭改性时的不足,研制出了一种对苯、甲醛、总挥发有机物（TVOC）具有高度吸附性能的新型活性炭。研制并生产出了这种气体吸附的新型专用活性炭,该专用活性炭对苯的吸附率达98％,有机挥发物TVOC吸附率达96％,甲醛吸附量是竹活性炭的4倍、椰壳活性炭的1．5倍。经国家环境分析测试中心和中国测试技术研究院等国家法定检验单位检测,     

甲醛吸附用载铜活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质研究

采用CuC l2溶液对椰壳活性炭进行改性,制备高容量甲醛吸附活性炭。以扫描电镜(SEM)观测改性前后活性炭的表面形貌;用低温液氮吸附(N2/77K)来表征铜盐浓度的改变对活性炭孔隙结构的影响;用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析活性炭表面元素组成及存在形式;用X射线衍射(XRD)研究载铜活性炭的晶形结构;以常温动态吸附评价活性炭对甲醛的吸附性能。研究结果表明:改性活性炭中铜以Cu、CuC l及CuC l23种形式存在,改性活性炭微孔数量减少,介孔比例提高;同时,随铜盐浓度增加,活性炭的比表面积和孔容减少,平均孔径变大;改性后活性炭表面含氧官能团数量增加。当CuC l2浓度为0.5 mol/L时,制备的改性活性炭对甲醛的吸附容量(4.28 mg/g)是原料活性炭(1.38 mg/g)的3.1倍,甲醛在改性活性炭上的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附模型。     

-活性炭复合材料吸附及光催化净化甲醛的研究

超临界乙醇条件下制备的TiO2- 活性炭(Sc-TiO2-AC)复合材料,表征了所制备样品的结构,且对样品的吸附及光催化净化甲醛的性能进行了分析.实验表明,在超临界乙醇条件下可快速有效地制备出具很好的光催化与吸附协同效应的Sc-TiO2-AC复合材料.而且协同效应优于活性炭与Sc-TiO2样品的简单混合样品.研究表明产生这一协同效应时,光催化甲醛降解速率加快,同时光催化作用促使被活性炭吸附的污染物向TiO2表面迁移,使活性炭的吸附能力得以恢复,实现原位再生.实验表明,在300 ℃制备的Sc-TiO2-AC复合材料的甲醛去除率最高.300、350和400 ℃时的甲醛去除率在实验进行240 min后分别达到100 %、96 % 和93 %.     

空气净化网上光催化剂和活性炭相互增强净化能力的作用机理

采用浸涂法在活性炭空气净化网上负载纳米二氧化钛，在紫外光的照射下，净化网对一氧化碳、甲醛、硫化氢等污染物的净化能力明显增强，对比实验表明，在紫外光照射下光催化剂使被吸附的污染物发生降解反应而提高活性炭的净化能力。活性 吸附作用为光催化反应浓度环境，加速反应速率。     

表面掺氮活性炭的制备及其甲醛吸附性能研究

以苯胺(An)为氮源,在活性炭表面原位聚合、炭化制备掺氮活性炭,考察了苯胺添加量对活性炭的孔隙结构变化、表面含氮基团及甲醛平衡吸附量的影响。结果表明,活性炭与苯胺质量比10∶2条件下制备的掺氮活性炭(AC2),其氮元素质量分数2.05%,总孔容和中孔容有所下降,而微孔率略有增加,这一变化有利于气相分子吸附。AC2的甲醛平衡吸附量379 mg/g,是市售气体净化用活性炭、竹炭的3~6倍,平衡吸附时间为6 h。通过活性炭表面掺氮,增大孔隙周围电子云密度,增强对甲醛中羰基碳正离子的吸引力。由此提供了一条由商品活性炭改性制备甲醛去除用活性炭的有效途径。     

银杏活性炭对4种有毒气体和铅镐离子的吸附作用

为了验证银杏活性炭的吸附效果,分别采用静态吸附法和动态吸附法,研究了银杏活性炭对部分有毒气体及铅、镉两种重金属离子的吸附作用.结果表明:银杏活性炭对甲醛、苯、氨气、三氯甲烷这4种气体的吸附能力都较强,其对甲醛的吸附能力最强.吸附率可达到140%;银杏活性炭吸附铅、镉离子的效果也较好,对铅离子的吸附量接近200 mg·g...     

吊兰不同组织部位和根部土壤对甲醛的吸附能力研究

指出了吊兰是传统的功能净化植物,在净化室内空气方面发挥着重要作用,在其耐受范围内对甲醛有较强的吸收能力,但不同的组织部位吸附能力存在差异。针对吊兰在水培和土培等不同培养条件下、不同组织部位及根部土壤对甲醛吸附能力的相关研究进行了综述,以期进一步认识吊兰净化空气的能力,为研究吊兰不同组织部位对其他空气有害物质的吸附能力提供参考,对探究吊兰根部土壤、根系和土壤微生物的相互作用效果的发展也具有重要意义。     

三种耐荫植物对室内甲醛的吸收能力比较

为了比较绿萝、常春藤、松萝3种耐荫植物对甲醛的吸收能力,以其盆栽植株为试验材料,在封闭的房间内充入甲醛,将植株放入含有甲醛的房间内一定时间后测定房间内甲醛浓度。结果表明:3种植物对甲醛均具有一定的净化能力,净化速度均随着时间的推移而减小。处理72 h后,松萝、绿萝、常春藤均能够净化完全初始浓度约为标准浓度5倍的甲醛,均不能净化完全初始浓度约为标准浓度10倍的甲醛。室内甲醛初始浓度大约为标准的5倍时,在72 h内单位叶面积吸收甲醛量的大小顺序为松萝(71.98 mg/m~2)常春藤(40.15 mg/m~2)绿萝(28.63 mg/m~2)。当室内甲醛初始浓度大约为标准的10倍时,在72 h内单位叶面积吸收甲醛量的大小顺序为松萝(139.22 mg/m~2)常春藤(73.45 mg/m~2)绿萝(56.87 mg/m~2)。在甲醛浓度超标10倍的范围内,3种耐荫植物吸收甲醛的能力为松萝常春藤绿萝。     

青岛市新装修住宅室内空气质量分析与评价

选择青岛市不同区市具有代表性的新装修住宅305户作为研究对象,采用现场采样与实验室内分析的方法,对青岛市室内空气质量进行了分析和评价.结果表明:青岛市新装修住宅室内空气质量总体上属于轻污染状况;空气污染以甲醛和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)为主;从主要污染物的分布来看,室内空气污染最严重的主要集中在一些老城区,夏秋季污染物的超标率高出冬春季2～5倍,儿童房甲醛污染严重,客厅则以TVOC污染为主.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.