我国木材安全与REDD+气候变化及相关因素商榷

我国主要木材原料进口数量弹性降低,进口价格弹性加大。进口的内部与外部替代,显示主要木材原料数量的刚性增长与热带材进口大幅减少,危及木材安全。随着德班谈判平台启动,REDD+融资加速、碳价格增长,支持者期望通过对森林储碳的潜力赋予货币价值来推动对森林的保护,中长期国际木材贸易,影响较为明显。     

REDD+机制各缔约方观点总结分析及我国对策建议

减少发展中国家毁林及森林退化引起的温室气体排放, 森林保护、可持续森林管理和增加森林碳储量(REDD+)在减缓气候变化行动中的作用越来越明显, 已经成为《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判的重要议题。近年来各缔约方针对方法学、融资机制和REDD+与清洁发展机制(CDM)关系的谈判争论越来越激烈。在《联合国气候变化框架公约》第18次缔约方会议(COP18)期间, 对REDD+议题提出了新的要求, 除了有关于逐步建立国家水平森林参考排放水平或参考水平等有关方法学的技术与科学问题外, 基金在融资机制中的作用和非碳效益支付议题也有待进行深入的磋商。文中基于对各缔约方提案的分析结果和REDD+示范项目开展情况, 结合我国森林资源现状, 分析了REDD+机制对我国可能产生的影响并提出后续谈判期的对策建议。     

REDD+机制对中国林业可持续发展促进作用的探讨——基于北京林业碳汇发展的案例分析

REDD+机制是一个减少全球林业温室气体排放的有效工具,近年来在巴西等热带地区得到广泛实施。其成功推进对各国的林业发展战略、政策、技术、管理及利益分配都将产生重要的影响。总结了中国发展REDD+机制的主要行动,分析了北京林业碳汇发展实践案例,提出了中国及北京发展REDD+的行动建议。     

从REDD+到可持续森林管理的国际法律立场及策略——以《巴黎气候协议》为背景

鉴于REDD+国际法律机制面临的理论和实践困境,有关林业碳汇的国际法律机制有从REDD+向可持续森林管理过渡的趋势。文中提出,必须用国际规则和协议的方式从碳交易、融资方式、利益攸关方参与、生物多样性保护4个方面对可持续森林管理加以规制,我国应尽快完善与国际林业谈判相适应的林业碳汇法律机制。     

中国林业碳汇审定与核查体系的构建

林业在应对气候变化进程中的作用正逐渐被认可, 并正成为国际气候变化谈判的重要内容。林业碳汇项目的地位和作用日益上升。更好地促进林业碳汇项目的发展已成为中国林业建设的一项新工作。为了解决林业碳汇项目顺利进入市场的难题, 中国需要大力加强林业碳汇审定与核查体系研究。文中阐述了林业碳汇审定与核查的基本概念, 明确了林业碳汇审定与核查的目的, 提出了林业碳汇的核查依据、核查标准、核查方法及核查流程等内容。     

对采伐限额核查工作的建议和看法

通过1998年森林采伐限额执行情况核查的实践，在肯定核查方案及操作细则的同时，提出了关于类型划分、样本抽取、核查村确定工作中可以完善的建议，叙述了关于台帐调查、采伐证的填写和检查、无证采伐调查及有关材料收集等方面应该加强和值得注意的看法。     

造林实绩核查和保存状况调查带来的巨大变化

本文根据中南监测区8年造林实绩核查和5年保存状况的调查结果进行综合分析，论述中南监测区7省（区）自1988年以来造林绿化所取得的成就和产生的巨大变化以及取得成就的经验和做法。     

早期涉林项目留给减少森林砍伐和退化机制的经验与教训

减少毁林和森林退化导致的排放, 增加森林碳储量(REDD+)将成为2012年后最具成本效益的一个缓解气候变化的机制。为了避免REDD+项目的设计和实施重蹈早期涉林项目的覆辙, 有必要回顾REDD+之前的涉林政策和涉林项目的问题。早期涉林倡议案、森林认证、环境服务报偿(PES)、综合保护与发展项目(ICDPs)中的经验教训, 对于REDD+特别有参考价值。REDD+的实施需要依赖各国已经同意的倡议, 促进主权国家履行现有承诺, 利用公共权力与私人权力的协同增效作用来产生环保效应。在早期碳项目中, 普遍缺乏可信的反事实构建, 碳计量可靠性上也存在问题。在综合保护与发展项目的实施中, 如何处理好保护与发展的关系, 如何为生态系统服务寻找买家和争取长期的金融支持, 是项目实施成功的主要影响因素。REDD+在设计上就应该考虑到这些问题, 建立在各种经验教训之上的REDD+项目设计和实施应该更加有效和公平。     

新形势下的森林资产评估核查内容和方法探讨

在全国集体林权制度主体改革完成后,政府通过加大对林业生态建设和保护的投入,使森林生态环境得到大大改善,有关森林生态效能类资产评估的工作将愈来愈多,传统的森林资产评估核查内容和方法已无法满足实际的需要。笔者认为生态效能属非实物资产,直接使用生态效能资产货币化方法或间接使用森林风景等级评价方法,在生产实践中是合理可行的生态效能评估方法。本文针对生态效能的两种评估方法,提出在传统森林资产核查内容和方法的基础上,还应增加与其相关的新内容和新方法。     

我国旅游业的碳排放及其测量初探

在研究我国旅游业部门碳排放现状的基础上,从国内、国际、学术界3个层面选取模型或综合评价指标进行了对比研究,最后借鉴学术界关于交通部门二氧化碳排放定量化估算的自上而下的视角,结合市场指数的动态变化,建立了旅游业碳排放测量模型。该模型体现了旅游业的市场统计特征,使所研究的问题具备了量化工具。     

Analysis of three crucial elements of REDD+ in participatory forest management

Abstract

It is claimed that reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) could contribute to sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks as well as having the potential to deliver significant social and environmental co-benefits (+). From the perspectives of local factors and broader governance issues related to REDD+, this study aims to explore findings related to three crucial elements, commitment, transparency and continuity, implemented jointly with participatory forest management in Tanzania in the case of the REDD+ mechanism. This paper argues that commitment and transparent systems are needed at village level, as well as at the various levels of forest governance and among the donors, in order for REDD+ benefits to be shared equitably at the REDD+ project level. Any REDD+ project should include safeguards that recognise and protect the continuity of multipurpose functions of the forest to local people and avoid dependence on external payments.     

林业减排增汇机制对中国多功能森林经营的影响与启示

随着社会经济的发展, 人们对林业提出了更高层次的、更为多元化的要求, 多功能森林经营应运而生。在全球气候变化背景下, 国际社会对林业减排增汇潜力越来越关注和重视, 由此产生的林业减排增汇机制对我国多功能森林经营的开展将产生巨大影响。文中对林业减排增汇机制和多功能森林经营的关系及其可能产生的潜在影响进行了分析, 提出了林业减排增汇计划的实施对我国开展多功能森林经营的一些有益启示。     

Are Vietnamese farmers able to combat global climate change? A case study on perceptions and attitudes towards sustainable forest management and REDD+ in Central Vietnam

ABSTRACT

Global efforts to combat climate change has led to the establishment of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program (REDD+). This study concerns the implementation of REDD+ among local landscapes and communities in Vietnam. How do affected forest-dependent households perceive their roles in sustainable forest management and REDD+ and how do these perceptions and attitudes influence the (potential) socio-ecological performance of REDD+? Two communes consisting of forest-dependent and indigenous communities in Central Vietnam were selected for this study–the former involved in the UN-REDD program and the latter involved in a REDD+ program of Fauna and Flora International (FFI). Here, we differentiated between a ‘do no harm’ and pro-carbon (UN-REDD), and pro-poor (FFI-REDD+) approach to REDD+. Employing an applied socio-ecological systems framework, we conducted household surveys (n = 102) and we adopted qualitative research methods. This study identified the importance of traditional ecological knowledge systems in sustainable forest management. While pro-poor REDD+ was more inclusive, both REDD+ programs in our study were implemented in a top down manner. Lastly, households’ attitudes and perceptions towards rulemaking, sanctioning, monitoring, cultural capital (beliefs and worldviews) and forest protection technology were identified as (potential) local drivers for successful REDD+ implementation in both communes.     

Zero Deforestation Zones: The Case for Linking Deforestation-Free Supply Chain Initiatives and Jurisdictional REDD+

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest would be protected, reducing risks of leakage and nonpermanence.     

Estimating state-wide biomass carbon stocks for a REDD plan in Acre, Brazil

As in many other developing countries, the state government of Acre, Brazil, is developing a program for compensating forest holders (such as communities of rubber tappers and indigenous peoples as well as small, medium and large private land holders) reducing their emission of atmospheric heat-trapping gases by not deforesting. We describe and then apply to Acre a method for estimating carbon stocks by land cover type. We then compare the results of our simple method, which is based on vegetation mapping and ground-based samples, with other more technically demanding methods based on remote sensing. We estimated total biomass carbon stocks by multiplying the measured above-ground biomass of trees >10 cm DBH in each of 18 forest types and published estimates for non-forest areas, as determined by measurement of 44 plots throughout the state (ranging from 1 to 10 ha each), by land-cover area estimated using a geographical information system. State-wide, we estimated average above-ground biomass in forested areas to be 246 ± 90 Mg ha⁻¹; dense forest showed highest (322 ± 20 Mg ha⁻¹) and oligotrophic dwarf forest (campinarana) the lowest biomass (20 ± 30 Mg ha⁻¹). The two most widespread forest types in Acre, open canopy forests dominated by either palms and bamboo (for which ground-based data are scant), support an estimated 246 ± 44 and 224 ± 50 Mg ha⁻¹ of above-ground biomass, respectively. We calculate the total above-ground biomass of the 163,000 km² State of Acre to be 3.6 ± 0.8 Pg (non-forest biomass included). This estimate is very similar to two others generated using much more technologically demanding methods, but all three methods, regardless of sophistication, suffer from lack of field data.     

辽宁省环境统计直报工作存在的问题及建议

为了满足环境管理的需要 ,各地的环境统计直报系统应运而生.分析了辽宁省环境统计直报工作中存在的问题 ,提出了针对性解决问题的对策与建议.