基于非线性混合模型的东北兴安落叶松树高和直径生长模拟

以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场80株人工兴安落叶松解析木数据为例,采用Richards生长模型作为基础模型,利用S-PLUS软件中的NLME过程,分别拟合非线性树高和直径生长模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的精度进行比较分析。结果表明:当对树高-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好;当对直径-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。把相关性结构包括一阶自回归结构AR(1)、一阶移动平均结构MA(1)及一阶自回归与移动平均结构[ARMA(1,1)]加入到树高和直径最优混合模型中,一阶自回归结构AR(1)显著提高了树高混合模型的拟合精度,一阶移动平均结构MA(1)显著提高了直径混合模型的拟合精度。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。因此,混合模型在应用上不但能反映树高和直径的平均预测趋势,还能用方差协方差结构和误差相关性结构校正随机参数来反映个体之间的差异。     

基于非线性混合模型的落叶松树干削度模型

以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场84株人工落叶松解析木数据为例,采用Max和Burkhart分段削度模型作为基础模型,利用SAS软件中的似乎不相关回归过程得到该分段削度模型的4个参数和2个拐点参数同时估计。参数估计显著性检验(P<0.000 1)以及模型检验(F=31 392.30,P<0.000 1)都证明该分段模型能较好地描述落叶松树干干形变化。然后以该分段模型为基础模型,采用非线性混合模型的方法,建立落叶松人工林树干削度混合效应模型。结果表明:当考虑样地效应影响时,b1,b2同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好;当考虑树木效应影响时,b2,b4同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。无论考虑样地效应影响还是考虑树木效应影响,混合模型的拟合精度都比基本模型的拟合精度高,并且考虑树木效应影响要比考虑样地效应影响的精度更高。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。     

基于纵向数据非线性混合模型的杉木林优势木平均高研究

以江西省大岗山实验局不同初植密度的杉木林为研究对象,选择修改的Richards模型形式,考虑样地效应,采用SAS软件进行非线性混合效应模型的模拟,利用AIC和BIC值评价模型模拟效果。在此基础上考虑优势木平均高连续观测数据的时间序列相关性,并把初植密度以哑变量形式考虑进去,再进行混合模型的模拟。最后,利用验证数据对混合模型方法与传统的非线性回归模拟方法进行精度比较。研究结果表明,修改的Richards形式的优势木平均高与林龄关系的非线性混合效应模型,其估计精度比传统的回归模型估计精度明显提高,增加随机效应参数个数能够提高模型的估计精度。一阶自回归误差结构矩阵模型在解释优势木平均高的时间序列相关性时不仅提高了混合模型的模拟精度,而且能够很好的表达连续观测数据间误差分布情况;同时考虑样地的随机效应、观测数据的时间序列相关性及不同初植密度的混合模型模拟精度比传统的非线性回归方法模拟精度高。     

基于非线性混合模型的落叶松云冷杉林分断面积模型

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场20块落叶松云冷杉样地为研究对象.首先选择传统的回归方法从4个常用的断面积模型中找出模拟精度最高的模型作为基础模型,利用基础模型及模拟数据构建非线性混合模型,考虑样地效应,采用SAS软件进行模拟,选择模型收敛及其对数似然值、AIC和BIC值最小的混合模型作为最优模型;然后,在此基础上考虑断面积连续观测数据的时间序列相关性,并把间伐强度以哑变量形式考虑进去,再进行混合模型的模拟;最后,利用验证数据对混合模型方法与传统的非线性回归模拟方法进行精度比较.结果表明:林分密度指数作为自变量的Schumacher式的模拟精度最高,而考虑样地效应的混合模型模拟精度优于传统的回归模型方法;一阶自回归误差结构矩阵模型在解释断面积的时间序列相关性时不仅提高了混合模型的模拟精度,而且能够很好地表达连续观测数据问误差分布情况;同时考虑样地的随机效应、观测数据的时间序列相关性及间伐强度的混合模型模拟精度比传统的非线性回归方法模拟精度高.     

基于线性混合模型的落叶松枝条长度和角度模型

以黑龙江省五营林业局丽林林场30株人工落叶松2190个枝条长度和角度数据为例,利用逐步回归技术建立落叶松枝条长度和角度模型:BL=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC2,BA=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC。利用S-PLUS软件中的LME模块,考虑树木效应拟合线性枝条长度和角度模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的拟合效果进行比较分析。结果表明:当拟合枝条长度和角度模型时,b1,b2,b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。为了描述混合模型构建过程中产生的异方差现象,把幂函数和指数函数加入到枝条长度和角度混合模型中。指数函数显著提高了枝条长度混合模型的拟合效果,幂函数显著提高了角度混合模型的拟合效果,并且消除了异方差现象。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。因此,混合模型在应用上不但能反映总体枝条长度和角度预测,而且能通过方差协方差结构校正随机参数来反映树木之间的差异。     

基于非线性混合模型的杉木优势木平均高

从理论上介绍一阶线性化算法和一阶条件期望线性化算法求解非线性混合效应模型参数,并利用这2种算法分别对杉木优势木平均高进行拟合(选用常用的Logistic模型作为基础模型,把区组作为随机效应因子)。结果表明:2种算法对杉木优势木平均高进行拟合时精度都很高。通过对2种线性化算法进一步比较可得,在分析单木水平非线性混合效应优势木平均高模型时,2种算法拟合效果非常接近,因此在实际应用中可以选择其中任意一种算法对杉木优势木平均高进行拟合。     

非线性混合效应模型参数估计方法分析

非线性混合效应模型是针对回归函数依赖于固定效应和随机效应的非线性关系而建立的.一阶线性化算法(FO)和条件一阶线性化算法(FOCE)为2种计算非线性混合效应模型参数的常用线性化算法.本文基于FOCE算法,提出一种改进的随机效应参数计算方法,并利用树高生长数据和模拟数据对3种算法进行分析和比较.结果表明:改进的FOCE算法得到的随机效应参数更能反映个体间的随机差异,并且拟合效果更好.     

浙江省毛竹竹秆材积模型

【目的】在精准测定毛竹样竹竹秆材积的基础上,研建浙江省毛竹竹秆材积模型,准确估计毛竹竹秆材积,为毛竹林经营管理提供依据。【方法】在浙江临安、庆元、武义、常山、宁海、安吉、诸暨、余姚、黄岩和泰顺10个县(区、市)调查216株毛竹样竹,采用可测量不规则形状物体体积的排水法测定竹秆材积。首先,基于异速生长方程和寺崎渡方程,以胸径(D)和胸高节长(L)为自变量,选择1个一元模型(M_1)和4个二元模型(M_2～M_5),利用全部样本建立5个毛竹竹秆材积模型;然后,采用似然函数法分析模型误差结构,确定应当采用对数回归或非线性回归模型进行模型拟合,通过For Stat2.2软件进行回归拟合,得到参数估计值;最后,根据参数估计值t检验值、4个模型评价检验指标(包括调整确定系数R_a~2、估计值标准差SEE、平均偏差ME和平均系统误差MSE)的比较分析,选择模型参数稳定、预估精度高、最适宜的浙江省毛竹竹秆材积模型。【结果】采用似然函数法对竹秆材积模型误差结构进行分析,求得5个基础模型赤池信息量准则(AICc),计算ΔAICc大于2,模型误差项为乘积型,应采用对数回归拟合材积模型。5个竹秆材积模型参数稳定(t检验值的绝对值均大于2),各模型调整确定系数(R_a~2)均在0.95以上,估计值标准差(SEE)和平均系统误差(MSE)均接近于0,模型拟合效果较好,模型M_2拟合预估效果最佳。分径阶进行模型拟合效果与预估精度的评价检验,5个模型在不同径阶的预估精度均较好,中等径阶时的预估精度和拟合优度最佳,而在最小径阶(4.0～5.9 cm)与最大径阶(14.0～15.9 cm)相对差一些。校正后的对数模型预估精度并无显著提高。【结论】排水法是准确测量毛竹竹秆材积的有效手段;似然函数法是进行模型误差结构分析比较与模型拟合方式选择的较好方法;引入竹高和胸高节长变量后,模型拟合优度和预估精度指标优于一元模型;考虑实践中胸高节长较竹高更易准确测量,且模型M_5相较M_2具有更高的拟合优度和预估精度,预估毛竹竹秆材积的最优模型为基于胸径-胸高节长的模型M_5,即V=0.191 2D~(2.114 9)e~(-6.841 1/L)。     

利用2种非线性混合效应模型(2水平)对杉木林胸径生长量的分析

选择2种2水平非线性混合模型对杉木林胸径生长量进行分析,其中模型1为一般的2水平非线性混合模型,模型2在模型1的基础上进一步考虑固定效应参数随某一特定因子水平变化而变化。本文通过对这2种模型的分析,首先确定构建2水平非线性混合模型的基础模型,然后对模型1衍生出的665种模型及模型2衍生出的2703种模型进行计算和比较:对于模型1,有57种模型计算收敛,当形参b0同时考虑区组和样地效应、而b4和b5只考虑区组效应时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型1的最佳拟合模型;对于模型2,有24种模型计算收敛,当形参b5同时考虑区组和样地效应、b1只考虑区组效应并且固定效应b0的取值与各区组水平有关时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型2的最佳拟合模型。最后对传统的非线性回归模型、模型1及模型2进行比较:模型1和模型2的拟合效果都比传统的非线性回归模型好,且模型2的拟合效果最好。     

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林树冠外部轮廓模型

【目的】构建树冠最大外部轮廓非线性混合效应模型和非线性分位数回归模型,为准确预测树冠生长发育规律及预估生产力提供科学依据。【方法】以河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于58株解析木数据和1 789个枝条解析数据,利用幂函数、修正Kozak方程、修正Weibull方程选取基础模型,构建华北落叶松人工林树冠外部轮廓非线性混合效应模型和非线性分位数回归模型。【结果】在幂函数、修正Kozak方程和修正Weibull方程中,幂函数拟合树冠外部轮廓效果较好,作为树冠外部轮廓基础模型;林分年龄(Age)、冠长(CL)、胸径(DBH)、树高(HT)、冠高比(CHR)、高径比(HDR)对树冠外部轮廓影响较大。在混合效应模型中,两水平混合效应模型优于单水平混合效应模型,可明显提高模型拟合精度,HDR相关的参数a6考虑样地效应,相对着枝深度(RDINC)、CHR相关的参数a4、a5考虑样木效应,模型确定系数(R2)为0.873,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.319 m,平均相对误差(MRE)为6.642 m。在分位数回归模型中,当分位数q=0.90时模型曲线最接近树冠最大外部轮廓,R2为0.672。【结论】混合效应模型拟合精度较高,可准确描述树冠最大枝条的平均趋势。分位数回归模型可确定树冠最外部轮廓,在预测条件均值之外的研究中发挥重要作用。     

Modeling Microibril Angle with Mixed Models for Dahurian Larch

In this study,the sample data was based on 2 790 samples of 9 trees from dahurian larch （Larix gmelinii） plantations located in Qitaihe Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province.The modified Logistic model y = b₁ /[1 + exp（b₂ x）]+ b₃ was selected to modeling microfibril angle from six models based on nonlinear regression.Then,the logistic model was fitted using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling approach based on NLME of S-PLUS software.Evaluation statistics,such as AIC,BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons.The results showed that the Logistic model with parameters b₁,b₂,b₃ as mixed effects showed the best performance.Correlation structures included compound-symmetry structure （CS）,first-order autoregressive correlation structure AR（1）,moving average correlation structure MA（1） and autoregressive-moving average correlation structure[ARMA（1,1）]were incorprated into the best microfibril angle mixed model.[ARMA（1,1）]significantly improved the precision of mixed model.Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction.Therefore,the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of microfibril angle,but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure and correlation structure.     

Modeling Branch Length and Branch Angle with Linear Mixed Effects for Dahurian Larch

In this study,the sample data was based on 2 190 branch length and angle samples of 30 trees from dahurian larch（Larix gmeiinii） plantations located in Wuying Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province.The stepwise regression techniques were used to develop branch length and branch angle models:BL= b₁ + b₂ DINC + b₃ DINC² + b₄ DBH·DINC²,BA = b₁ + b₂ DINC + b₃ DINC² + b₄ DBH·DINC.Then,the developed models were fitted using linear mixed-effects modeling approach based on LME procedure of S-PLUS software.Evaluation statistics,such as AIC,BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons.The results showed that the branch length and branch angle models with parameters b₁,b₂,b₃ as mixed effects showed the best performance.Exponential and power functions were incorporated into mixed branch length and branch angle model.The addition of the exponential and power functions significantly improved the mixed-effects model.The plots of standardized residuals indicated that the mixed-effect model with exponential and power functions showed more homogeneous residual variance than the mixed-effects model.Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction.Therefore,the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of branch length and branch angle,but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure.     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

利用非线性混合模型模拟杉木林优势木平均高

介绍国内外利用非线性混合效应模型方法模拟林分优势木平均高的研究进展情况。以江西省大岗山实验局不同初植密度的人工杉木为研究对象,考虑初植密度的随机效应,选择常用的Richards和Logistic形式,通过变换混合效应参数个数来构造优势木平均高和林龄关系的非线性混合效应模型。采用确定系数、均方误差和平均绝对残差等模型评价指标对不同模型的精度进行比较分析。结果表明:无论是Richards形式还是Logistic形式的优势木平均高与林龄关系的非线性混合效应模型,其估计精度比传统的回归模型估计精度明显提高;但是增加随机效应参数个数并不一定绝对提高模型的估计精度,相反估计精度有可能下降。以(4)式为基础的Logistic方程中,3个参数都作为混合模型的模拟精度最高。     

Accounting for serial correlation and its impact on forecasting ability of a fixed- and mixed-effects basal area model: a case study

Successfully accounting for serial correlations has always been a vital part of growth and yield modeling when using repeated measurement data. In this case study, 16 alternative functions addressing the serial correlations of errors from a basal area model of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined and compared. Results from this study showed that functions incorporated into the fixed and mixed models to account for the serial correlations improved model fit. The serial correlation of the residuals from the fixed model with directly modeled error structure was significantly lower than that from the fixed model without a modeled error structure. For the mixed model, modeling error structure resulted in only a moderate reduction in serial correlation of residuals. The comparison of the fixed and mixed models with and without directly modeling the error structure showed that for fixed model, a substantial improvement in forecasting ability was achieved when the error structure was directly modeled to account for serial correlation, and when the forecasts were adjusted based on the estimated correlation. But for the mixed model, further modeling of the error structure to account for more serial correlation resulted in worsened or comparative forecasting ability of the fitted model.     

基于线性混合模型的落叶松枝条基径模型

以黑龙江省五营林业局丽林林场30株人工落叶松2 190个枝条基径数据为例,利用逐步回归技术建立了落叶松枝条基径模型:BD=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH.DINC2。然后,利用S-PLUS软件中的LME过程,拟合线性枝基径模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的拟合效果进行比较分析。结果表明:当拟合枝条基径模型时,b1、b2、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。为了矫正混合模型构建过程中产生的异方差现象,把幂函数和指数函数加入到枝条基径混合模型中。指数函数显著提高了枝条基径混合模型的拟合效果,并且消除了异方差现象。模型模拟表明:对于大小相同树木,枝条基径随着着枝深度(DINC)的增加而增大,对于大小不同的树木,枝条基径随着胸径(DBH)的增加而增大。林木的胸径变量很好地反映了不同大小树木的枝条基径的变化。在不知道详细林分信息的前提下,可以利用树木变量合理地预测兴安落叶松人工林的枝条基径的变化规律。     

Analysis of Basal Area for Chinese Fir Plantation Using Two Kinds of Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model(Two Levels)

Nonlinear mixed effects model（NLMEM） is based on the relationship between the fixed and random effects in the regression function.The NLMEM has a competitive advantage in analyzing repeated measures data,the longitudinal data and multilevel data.This paper chose two kinds of two-level nonlinear mixed model to analyze basal area growth for Chinese Fir（Cunninghamia lanceolata）. Model 1 is a general two-level NLMEM and Model 2 is based on Model 1 to further consider the fixed effects parameters changes with a specific factor. Firstly,through the analysis of these two models, this paper defined the basic model to build the two-level NLMEM.Secondly,665 kinds of models derived from Model 1 and 2 703 kinds of models derived from Model 2 were calculated and compared. The results showed that:for Model 1,there were 57 kinds of models converging,and when the formal parameter b₀ considered the block effects and plot effects,b₁ and b₄ only considered the block effects, the model fitted the best;and for Model 2,there were 24 kinds of model converging,and when the formal parameter bs considered the block effects and plot effects,b₁ only considered block effects and the fixed effects b₀ changed with any level of block level, Model 2 fitted the best.Finally,by comparing the traditional nonlinear regression model,Model 1 and Model 2,the results showed that Model 1 and Model 2 fitted better than the traditional nonlinear regression, and Model 2 was best fitting model.     

Relationships among selected wood properties of 20-year-old Taiwania (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taiwania cryptomerioides</Emphasis>) trees

The relationships between bending properties, compressive strength, tracheid length, microfibril angle, and ring characteristics of 20-year-old Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.) trees were examined. The trees came from different thinning and pruning treatments, but the practices showed no significant effect on the investigated properties. The results showed that based on comparison with the literature, plantation-grown immature Taiwania have noticeably lower average strength properties than mature trees of the same species. Wood density and bending and compressive strengths were not related to either tracheid length or microfibril angle in young Taiwania. There were positive relationships between bending strength and compressive strength. The wood density, ring width, earlywood width, earlywood density, and latewood percentage were the most important predictors of strength by simple linear regressions. The wood density and ring width/earlywood width may be considered as indicators for assessing the bending strength, while wood density and latewood percentage were the best predictors of compressive strength by multiple linear regressions.     

Simultaneous X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence microanalysis on secondary xylem of Norway spruce

Secondary xylem of Norway spruce was studied by X-ray microanalysis. Average dimensions of cellulose crystallites, fraction of oriented cellulose, mean microfibril angle, and nutrient element concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, and Zn were simultaneously determined using microfocused synchrotron radiation and a combination of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The variation of these quantities in the microscopic size scale was noticeable, and similar between samples taken from the same annual ring. The mean microfibril angle and the nutrient concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Zn showed a correlation. The mean values of the structural parameters and their variation as a function of the annual ring were similar as reported in previous studies on Norway spruce.