油松挥发性物质分析及红脂大小蠹的触角电位反应

分布于山西的油松树脂中的挥发性物质主要成份为(R)-( )-α-蒎烯、(S)-(-)-β-蒎烯和(S)-( )-3-蒈烯,占萜烯总量的97%以上,其中(S)-( )-3-蒈烯的比例最大,另外还有香叶烯、( )-柠檬烯、莰烯、孟二烯和水芹烯等成份.触角电位反应中,雄性红脂大小蠹对油松挥发性物质中(S)-(-)-α-蒎烯、柠檬烯和(S)-( )-3-蒈烯的反应较为强烈,而雌性红脂大小蠹对油松挥发性物质中(S)-( )-3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、(S)-(-)-α-蒎烯和香叶烯的反应较为强烈.雌性红脂大小蠹较雄性红脂大小蠹对这些挥发性物质更为敏感.寄生于我国油松的红脂大小蠹对树体挥发物的反应与原产地美国有较大的差异,产生变化可能与寄主挥发物成分和环境变化有关,但其机制还有待于进一步研究.     

红脂大小蠹及油松挥发物对捕食性天敌寄主选择行为的影响

利用树木解剖及昆虫饲养选择的方法调查红脂大小蠹的捕食性天敌,发现一种鞘翅目颚甲科的昆虫为红脂大小蠹的天敌.利用Y-型嗅觉仪进一步研究发现健康油松挥发物、虫害油松挥发物及虫粪挥发物对该天敌昆虫都有显著的引诱作用,尤其对虫害油松挥发物趋向行为更强烈.该天敌昆虫在栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自上述3类挥发物.4种单萜烯化合物对此种天敌昆虫的室内引诱实验发现,(S)-( )-3-蒈烯对天敌的引诱作用较为强烈.     

松果梢斑螟成虫的寄主选择

在松果梢斑螟成虫产卵期,采用顶空吸附法和CC-:MS分析,研究虫害后油松球果萜类挥发物成分的变化.油松虫害球果(枝)单萜挥发物的释放呈现昼夜节律,并且特异性挥发组分为1R-(+)-α-蒎烯、β-香叶烯和D-柠檬烯.梢斑螟成虫为夜出性害虫,因此产卵期晚上的球果(枝)挥发物更有意义.油松和华山松球果的触角电位(EAG)测试表明:虫害球果与健康球果相比,梢斑螟(雌雄蛾)对油松虫害球果的EAG反应更明显;而对华山松虫害球果和健康球果的EAG反应差异不明显.Y-型嗅觉仪的趋向试验表明:雌成虫的寄主选择性明显高于雄虫,油松球果提取液的引诱作用高于华山松球果,而当年生针叶提取液、虫害球果及其提取液挥发物对雌成虫的引诱作用均高于健康球果;挥发物标准品测试显示,1R-(+)-β-蒎烯、β-香叶烯和D-柠檬烯组合具有明显的引诱作用.虫害油松球果及其提取液可显著刺激雌成虫产卵,表明油松虫害球果提取液组分中存在着雌成虫的产卵刺激物;华山松球果提取液的存在明显抑制了雌虫在油松虫害球果提取液滤纸上的产卵,表明华山松球果提取液中可能有产卵拒避剂.     

影响松果梢斑螟寄主选择的植物挥发物成分研究

在松果梢斑螟幼虫转移危害期和成虫产卵选择期,采用XAD2的吸附法和二氯甲烷提取法以及GC-MS分析,研究了虫害诱导后油松和华山松球果或针叶挥发性萜类成分.结果表明:幼虫转移危害期,油松球果虫害后的特异性组分为α-蒎烯、β-非兰烯、β-蒎烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯、异松油烯、乙酸天竺葵酯,以及大香叶烯-D和石竹烯等9种;球果受害后,倍半萜含量显著下降;但非寄主华山松健康球果和虫害果挥发性萜类主要组分有8种,其组成和含量与油松球果显著不同.成虫产卵选择期,油松健康果和虫害果挥发性萜类成分和含量有很大差异,其中特异性组分是α-蒎烯、β-非兰烯/4-侧柏烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯,以及未知成分、石竹烯和α-石竹烯等8种;与健康果和虫害果相比,针叶挥发性萜类的特异成分为α-蒎烯、乙酸龙脑酯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、对-薄荷-1(7),3-二烯,以及未知成分、石竹烯和α-石竹烯等8种.幼虫选择和趋向试验表明:幼虫明显趋向和选择油松球果而不选择华山松球果;在油松球果及其提取液试验中,幼虫明显趋向和选择虫害球果.     

引诱剂在红脂大小蠹防治中的应用

2005年5-6月,在山西省屯兰川林场开展了不同配方高效引诱剂防治红脂大小蠹Dendroc-tonus valens LeConte试验,结果显示:β-蒎烯:α-蒎烯:3-蒈烯1:1:3或全部是3-蒈烯的两种配方为最佳配方,平均费用82.5元/hm2.2006年5-6月,使用β-蒎烯:α-蒎烯:3-蒈烯为1:1:1配方的引诱剂对红脂大小蠹进行了防治,林木被害率下降64.5%,平均侵入孔数下降58.9%.     

松节油中主要单萜烯的异构方法综述

综述了比较常用的α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯的异构方法.α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯是松节油中含量较高的3种单萜烯烃,这3种单萜烯都可以在加热或者催化剂存在下,尤其是二者的共同作用下发生异构转化,生成苧烯、莰烯、月桂烯、对伞花烃等烯烃类化合物,可以作为原料或中间体而被进一步利用.     

华山松大小蠹对9种植物挥发物的EAG和行为反应

选取5种非寄主挥发性化合物水杨醛、壬醛、三氯乙烯、二氯甲基甲醚和顺-3-己烯-1醇,4种寄主挥发性化合物β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯和(+)-α-蒎烯,应用触角电位仪和Y型嗅觉仪初步研究了华山松大小蠹成虫对这9种化合物的EAG反应和趋向反应。结果表明:雌虫对三氯乙烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和β-石竹烯,雄虫对壬醛、二氯甲基甲醚、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯有明显的EAG反应;β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯对华山松大小蠹雌成虫有较强的引诱作用;三氯乙烯对雄成虫有较高的引诱率,且显著高于对雌成虫的引诱率。试验结果可为华山松大小蠹的行为控制技术研究提供借鉴。     

挪威云杉幼树韧皮部挥发性物质的测定

通过GC-MS测定挪威云杉幼树主干上部与下部韧皮主要挥发性物质的化学成分与含量，结果表明挪威云杉幼树的韧皮部挥发性物质的主要成分为α-蒎烯、茨烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯7种单萜化合物。α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、β-水芹烯的含量在上部韧皮与下部韧皮有明显差异，其中上部韧皮部α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和β-水芹烯的含量明显高于下部主干韧皮部,这为解释松树皮象的取食习性，打下了基础。     

马尾松毛虫常灾区、偶灾区和无灾区松针挥发物特征

【目的】马尾松毛虫是我国发生最为严重的针叶林食叶害虫,呈现周期性暴发。不同暴发区松林生理特征影响松毛虫暴发过程的机制还不清楚。植物挥发物参与了许多重要的生理、生态过程,通过揭示不同松毛虫发生区域马尾松挥发物的释放特性,以及不同地区的松针挥发物含量与松毛虫暴发情况的相关性,可为更加精确地利用植物挥发物进行松毛虫趋避或者天敌引诱提供可靠的依据。【方法】在广西凭祥大青山地区选取3个典型的松毛虫暴发类型区即无灾区、偶灾区和常灾区,鉴定并比较3个林场松针挥发物的组分及含量。【结果】马尾松针叶挥发物主要包括 S －α－蒎烯、R －α－蒎烯、月桂烯、R －β－蒎烯、S －β－蒎烯、(+)－3－蒈烯、α－萜品烯、(+)－柠檬烯、(－)－柠檬烯、γ－萜品烯。常灾区、偶灾区和无灾区的松针挥发物组成比例差异很大。这些挥发物可以分为4类：第1类包括 R－α－蒎烯和月桂烯,与马尾松毛虫的暴发频率呈负相关( P ＜0.05);第2类包括S－β－蒎烯、γ－萜品烯和 (+)－3－蒈烯,与马尾松毛虫的暴发频率呈正相关(P＜0.01);第3类包括 R －β－蒎烯和(+)－柠檬烯,它们在3种松毛虫暴发区域的松针挥发物中呈现显著但不规则变化(P ＜0.05),最后一类包括S－α－蒎烯,(－)－柠檬烯和α－萜品烯,它们在3种松毛虫暴发区域的松针挥发物中无明显变化。【结论】松针挥发物的组成比例可能影响松毛虫的暴发情况。另外,天敌是控制松毛虫的重要因子,因此松针挥发物对马尾松毛虫天敌的作用程度也可影响害虫的暴发;无灾区或者偶灾区的针叶挥发物可能吸引更多的松毛虫天敌,从而对松毛虫的暴发起一定的控制作用。     

马尾松诱导挥发性有机化合物的快速变化

对马尾松进行未受害、接虫咬食为害、人工剪叶3种处理后,按不同的时间序列取样,用TCT-GC-MS分析叶片挥发物的成分及相对含量.结果表明:1)不同受害方式对马尾松挥发物的释放有不同影响.人工剪叶检测出的挥发物种类略少于虫害;释放高峰早于虫害.2)同一受害方式的不同受害程度对挥发物的快速诱导变化不同.与对照相比,轻度虫害后莰烯、β-蒎烯、水芹烯、石竹烯、(E)-法尼烯在1 h升高,但挥发物相对含量出现高峰的时间没有明显的规律性,而重度虫害后三环萜、月桂烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、水芹烯、石竹烯24 h达到高峰;人工剪叶使马尾松轻度受害后,有些挥发物1 h达到高峰,有些24 h后才升至最高,相对含量出现高峰的时间没有明显的规律性;而人工剪叶重度损伤后,挥发物出现释放高峰的时间多在1 h或2 h.3)在整个快速诱导过程中,挥发物β-蒎烯的相对含量明显升高,72 h仍高于对照,说明该化合物在马尾松的诱导抗性中具有重要作用.     

Toxicity of monoterpenes from Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin to Diplodia pinea spores1

The effect on spore germmation and germ tube growth of Diplodia pinea produced by (+)- α-pinene, (?)-β-pinene, (+)-Δ³-carene, (?)-limonene, β-phellandrene, and terpinolene was determined over a range of vapour concentrations. Spore germination was most inhibited by A³-carene; germ tube growth was inhibited by all these monoterpenes except (?)-limonenc and ß-phellandrene. In contrast to the low toxicity of (?)-limonene, (+)-limonene (not known to be present in Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin) was extremely toxic to both spore germination and germ tube growth. The results arc discussed in rotation to an earlier observation that trees free of dieback in the field had high levels of certain monoterpenes.     

Comparison of host volatiles under different physiological states and electroantennogram responses of Semanotus bifasciatus （Motschulsky） to these volatiles

Based on an analytical TCT-GC/MS method, volatile compounds of branches of Platycladus orientalis under three physiological states （healthy, weak and baited trees） were analyzed. The results showed that α-pinene, β-phellandrene, 3-careen, limonene and thujopsene were released under all three physiological states. There were other kinds of volatiles released from branches of weak P. orientalis trees, such as camphene, γ-terpinene, （＋）-4-carene and cedrene, but these four volatiles compounds were not released from the branches of healthy P. orientalis. Volatile components from the physically damaged branches of P. orientalis had changed. β-terpinene, mycrene, isocaryophillene and caryophyllene were identified in both healthy and weak branches of P. orientalis. Only cedrene was identified in the baited wood. Electroantennogram （EAG） tests were conducted with nine volatile compounds from the branches of P. orientalis. Antennnae of male and female Semanotus bifasciatus （Motschulsky） were highly sensitive to these nine volatile compounds. Cedrene elicited the strongest response, whereas β-terpinene the lowest. Males and females showed no signifi-cant difference in their EAG responses to the nine volatile compounds.     

Electrophysiological responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</Emphasis> females to host volatiles: implications for host selection of active and inactive terpenes

Volatiles from newly cut branches with needles of Pinus sylvestris L. were collected with headspace sampling technique, and then identified and quantified by combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The response of antennae of the female pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to these volatiles was recorded by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Surprisingly, the most common and major monoterpene hydrocarbons (MT), α-pinene, 3-carene, and β-pinene were antennally inactive. Female antennae responded strongly only to four minor MT components, myrcene, β-phellandrene, trans-β-ocimene, and terpinolene. Weaker, but repeatable responses were also found to limonene, cis-β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene. Further EAD recordings with two synthetic MT mixtures supported our findings from the natural material. When separating the two enantiomers of limonene by running different synthetic MT mixtures, the EAD response was found only to the(?)-enantiomer, but not to the opposite (+)-enantiomer. EAD-responses were also found to some less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes (SqT), active at ng-levels. The sensitivity and specificity of the antenna to a select number of active host MTs and SqTs suggest that these play a role in the host selection process of T. pityocampa females.     

Effects of monoterpenes on Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke and its phenol oxidase activity

Fomes annosus was cultivated subject to vapours of monoterpenes. Three monoterpenes were tested separately: α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene. The terpenes inhibited the dry matter production of the fungus but extracellular phenol oxidase activity was increased, particularly when the fungus was exposed to vapours of β-pinene and 3-carene.     

Individual variations in monoterpenes released from Cryptomeria japonica and Pinus thunbergii needles

Variations in the compositions of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples from 99 sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and 100 kuromatsu (Pinus thunbergii) trees were investigated using a headspace technique. Considerable variations in the proportions of monoterpenes were revealed in both species. In sugi, the proportions of sabinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 8.8% to 73.3% and from 14.5% to 73.3%, respectively, showed enormous variations among nine monoterpenes. The proportions of 3-carene and limonene, ranging from 0.1% to 29.5% and from 0.2% to 20.4%, respectively, also showed very specific variations. In kuromatsu, the proportions of β-pinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 26.5% to 66.3% and from 18.7% to 46.9%, respectively, showed considerable variations among ten monoterpenes. The proportions of myrcene and 1,8-cineole, ranging from 0.9% to 18.5% and from 0.8% to 12.3%, respectively, also showed specific variations. Part of this article was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April, 2000, and the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Okayama, September 2001     

Differential effects of plant ontogeny and damage type on phloem and foliage monoterpenes in jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

Coniferous trees have both constitutive and inducible defences that deter or kill herbivores and pathogens. We investigated constitutive and induced monoterpene responses of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) to a number of damage types: a fungal associate of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey & R.W. Davidson); two phytohormones, methyl jasmonate (MJ) and methyl salicylate (MS); simulated herbivory; and mechanical wounding. We only included the fungal, MJ and mechanical wounding treatments in the field experiments while all treatments were part of the greenhouse studies. We focused on both constitutive and induced responses between juvenile and mature jack pine trees and differences in defences between phloem and needles. We found that phytohormone applications and fungal inoculation resulted in the greatest increase in monoterpenes in both juvenile and mature trees. Additionally, damage types differentially affected the proportions of individual monoterpenes: MJ-treated mature trees had higher myrcene and β-pinene than fungal-inoculated mature trees, while needles of juveniles inoculated with the fungus contained higher limonene than MJ- or MS-treated juveniles. Although the constitutive monoterpenes were higher in the phloem of juveniles than mature jack pine trees, the phloem of mature trees had a much higher magnitude of induction. Further, induced monoterpene concentrations in juveniles were higher in phloem than in needles. There was no difference in monoterpene concentration between phytohormone applications and G. clavigera inoculation in mature trees, while in juvenile trees MJ was different from both G. clavigera and simulated herbivory in needle monoterpenes, but there was no difference between phytohormone applications and simulated herbivory in the phloem.     

The growth-promoting activity of terpenoids on wood-decomposing fungi

Linear growth of wood-decomposing fungi on an agar medium was usually retarded, but in some cases enhanced, by terpenoids in gaseous form. Increased dry matter production was demonstrated in some Coniophora, Peniophora, Stereum and Polyporus species exposed to the vapours of longifolene, α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, limonene or a mixture of cuparene and thujopsene. The positive response to longifolene in some cases seemed to involve a more efficient utilisation of the glucose in the medium.     

Attraction of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, to volatiles from stressed host in China

Ovipositing female Japanese sawyer beetles, Monochamus alternatus, prefer stressed Pinus massoniana over healthy trees. Host discrimination by M. alternatus suggests that changes in the chemical composition of pines may mediate the host preference of beetles. Volatile compounds from stressed and healthy pine stems were collected using absorbent trap collection method. Significant differences in absolute terpene quantities between stressed and healthy pines occurred for 7 of 10 terpenes. Field trials demonstrated that four terpenes identified from host pines were attractive to M. alternatus with (+)-α-pinene as the most attractive compound to M. alternatus. Ethanol appeared to be an important synergistic compound causing significant increase in attraction.     

我国松树诱导抗虫性研究进展

从4个方面综述了我国松树诱导抗虫性研究进展，重点阐述了受害松针体内化学物质的变化，受害松针对松毛虫种群特征的影响以及松树诱导抗虫性的特性和影响因子等。已有的研究结果表明，受害后松针内化学物质有较大变化：一些营养物质(糖、氨基酸、蛋白质、脂肪酸等)的含量出现不同程度的降低，而体内的某些次生代谢物质(挥发性的和非挥发性的次生代谢物质)的含量呈上升趋势。这一抗性机制将使松毛虫的发育期延长、死亡率增加、生殖力减弱，从而进一步导致整个种群数量的下降。由此进一步分析了松毛虫周期性暴发的机理，旨在为松毛虫的综合治理提供理论参考。     

取食不同受害程度的马尾松对马尾松毛虫种群数量的影响

利用不同受害程度的马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶饲养马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus，研究其对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响.结果表明：马尾松毛虫取食不同受害程度松针后，幼虫的取食量、排粪量、蛹重、对食物的消耗和利用指数、化蛹率、生殖力、发育历期和死亡率均有所不同，其中幼虫的取食量、排粪量、蛹重、对食物的消耗和利用指数、化蛹率和生殖力以取食未受害松树（针叶损失0）的最高，重度受害（针叶损失75%）次之，轻度受害（针叶损失25%）再次，中度危害（针叶损失50%）最低，而发育历期和死亡率则相反，由此可见马尾松毛虫取食不同受害程度的松针对其种群数量有明显的影响。