黄连木苗期年生长节律、生物量分配及养分积累

对黄连木1年生实生苗的年生长节律进行模型拟合,划分生长阶段,并探讨其生物量分配和养分积累特征,对提高黄连木幼苗成活率和出圃质量以及制定合理的栽培管理技术方案具有重要意义。以播种后获得的黄连木1年生实生苗为材料,建立幼苗苗高、地径的年生长模型,划分苗高、地径的生长阶段,并对苗期生长性状和生物量分配的相关关系及幼苗养分积累特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)黄连木1年生实生苗苗高和地径的Logistic方程拟合效果较好,因此可用来对其苗高和地径的生长进行分析和预测。(2)黄连木1年生实生苗苗高和地径的生长阶段均划分为4个时期:出苗期,生长初期,速生期,生长后期。(3)黄连木1年生苗的苗高与茎干质量间存在显著线性正相关关系,地径与根干质量间也表现出显著地线性正相关关系。(4)各元素在黄连木1年生实生苗茎和根中的浓度大小顺序相同,均为NPK,含量大小顺序也相同,均为NKP,根的养分总浓度和总含量均大于茎。     

蒙古栎生长及生理特征的种源间差异

以5个蒙古栎种源的当年生幼苗为试验材料,对其生长和生理特征进行测量和分析比较。结果表明:江密峰种源生物量最大,其根质量和总质量与其他4个种源差异都达到显著水平,同时单叶面积、栅栏组织厚度、光合色素含量及净光合速率(P n)等相对于其他种源也具有一定的优势;不同种源间有机物分配规律一致,根质量所占比例均最大,超过70%,其次是叶质量,储存有机物的茎质量比例最小,均不到总质量10%;蒙古栎叶肉结构简单,5个种源栅栏组织厚度为41.99~56.89μm,不同种源间单叶面积和栅栏组织厚度存在显著差异(P<0.05);江密峰叶片的光合色素含量与其余4个种源均存在着显著差异(P<0.05),各种源P n在6.25~8.94μmol·m-2s-1之间,差异不显著;生物量与光合色素、P n、根质量、叶质量及栅栏组织厚度均达到了极显著正相关(P<0.01),与单叶面积显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,不同种源生长生理特征均存在差异,蒙古栎遗传资源变异丰富,江密峰种源表现最好,应用潜力大。     

容器基质育苗中保水剂对白蜡生长及养分和干物质积累的影响

以白蜡为供试植物,利用容器育苗研究保水剂对白蜡生长和养分吸收的影响,并通过方差分析、多重比较及回归分析探讨白蜡干物质和养分的动态积累特征。结果表明:同单施速效肥料相比,添加保水剂对白蜡前期生长影响不大,但促进中后期苗高及地径的生长。白蜡干物质和养分动态积累均符合Logistic生长回归模型,但不同处理方程的特征值差异很大。同单施速效肥料处理相比,加入保水剂推迟白蜡干物质积累的盛末期,干物质快速积累的总时间延长7天,积累的最大速率提高6.62%。同时,延长白蜡氮和钾的快速积累时间,并使其最大积累速率分别提高16.61%和7.52%,对磷的快速积累时间影响较小。在不加入速效养分的情况下,基质中直接加入保水剂对白蜡苗高和地径的生长、干物质和营养元素的积累影响较小。同单施速效肥料处理相比,加入保水剂使白蜡根、茎和叶的生物量分别增加15.71%,7.13%和3.46%,氮和钾的含量分别增加8.33%和4.24%,氮、磷和钾的总养分吸收量分别增加16.56%,8.25%和12.75%。在没有养分加入的情况下,加入保水剂对白蜡养分含量及养分吸收量影响不大。由此可见,容器育苗基质中保水剂同速效肥料混合施用,可促进白蜡中后期的...     

不同种类杨树品种光合特性及生长性状的研究

以辽宁杨、中辽1号、DM-9-18和小青杨为试材,比较光合作用日变化、光合有效辐射响应生理特征及生长性状差异。结果表明:中辽1号叶面积、总叶面积最大,水分利用效率最高,苗木生长量最大。小青杨叶面积、总叶面积最小,净光合速率最低,水分利用效率最低,苗木生长量也最小。苗木生长量,特别是苗高与叶面积、总叶面积、净光合速率和水分利用效率存在紧密的线性关系;中辽1号净光合速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,表现出明显的光合"午休"现象,其余3个品种均为单峰型曲线;光响应曲线特征参数表明:4个品种除最大净光合速率外,表观量子效率、光饱和点、光补偿点等存在极显著差异,DM-9-18的净光合速率最大,光饱和点最小,在光合有效辐射达1 200μmol·m-2·s-1后,净光合速率一直保持最高水平,对光的利用和适应能力较强,小青杨的光补偿点和光饱和点均最大。DM-9-18苗木生长性状及光合特性均优于亲本类型的辽宁杨和小青杨。     

不同微生物菌剂对烤烟漂浮育苗生长和养分吸收的影响

重庆烟区烟苗培育期间往往会遇到阴雨低温天气,使得烟苗素质变弱,不利于大田烤烟的正常生长。采用漂浮育苗试验研究了不同微生物菌剂对烤烟漂浮育苗生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明：当喷施1次时,ZF、JG处理对于提高烤烟漂浮育苗株高、茎围、最大叶长、叶茎根干重、叶片氮磷钾养分吸收、根系活力、总根长、根表面积、根直径和根体积均有显著促进作用,且以JG处理最佳;当喷施2次时,仅有JG处理对于提高烤烟漂浮育苗株高、茎围、最大叶长、叶茎根干重、叶片氮磷钾养分吸收、根系活力均有显著促进作用,而ZY处理对烤烟漂浮育苗外观长势、叶和茎干重、叶片氮磷钾养分吸收、根系活力均有显著抑制作用。因此,建议重庆烤烟漂浮育苗中喷施1次JG微生物菌剂可促进烟苗地上地下生长,以提高烟苗素质。     

肋果沙棘幼苗对CO2浓度升高的生理生态响应

通过测定CO2浓度倍增条件下肋果沙棘幼苗气体交换特征、水分利用效率、叶片性状和生长特性,研究青藏高原特有种肋果沙棘对大气CO2浓度升高的生理生态响应.结果表明:CO2浓度倍增可显著提高肋果沙棘幼苗的净光合速率、水分利用效率,促进幼苗营养器官(根、茎、叶)生物量和总生物量的积累,且肋果沙棘趋于向地上部分(尤其是茎)分配更多的干物质.CO2浓度倍增使肋果沙棘幼苗比叶面积、平均单叶面积、叶片氮含量分别降低27％,33％和41％,碳氮比增加73％,而叶片碳含量无显著影响.CO2浓度升高条件下肋果沙棘幼苗不仅通过增加光合能力、水分利用效率和生物量累积产生明显的“施肥效应”,而且通过降低比叶面积、平均单叶面积和叶片氮含量表现出较强的下调适应能力,进而有利于其应对更为复杂的生存环境.     

盐胁迫对楝树6个家系实生苗生长的影响

对楝树6个家系幼苗在0,2‰,4‰,6‰和8‰Na Cl单盐胁迫下的苗高、地径、根幅、主根长、根鲜质量、茎鲜质量、叶鲜质量、根干质量、茎干质量、叶干质量和总生物量等11个性状进行测定和分析表明,楝树6个供试家系之间耐盐能力存在差异,不同质量分数Na Cl单盐胁迫对同一家系的多个性状影响显著。上述11个性状有随Na Cl胁迫质量分数增大而降低的趋势,但各家系之间差异较大。根冠比则基本呈现出随Na Cl胁迫质量分数增大而增大的趋势。     

赤枝栲干物质生产及氮磷营养动态研究

通过对1年生赤枝栲干物质的生产及氮磷营养动态研究,结果表明:不同的生长季节1年生赤枝栲苗木的各器官生长速率有很大差异,5~7月份根、叶生长迅速,以后迅速下降,8~10月份茎、侧根生长迅速;5~7月份大多数的光合产物用于形成根与叶,少量用于充实茎与侧根的生长;净同化率出现在5~7月份,与根系的生长呈显著的正相关;不同器官在其年生长周期中,氮、磷营养动态表现不同,养分吸收与赤枝栲生长发育规律相吻合。     

枯叶覆盖条件对麻栎实生苗叶绿体色素含量及光响应的影响

为了研究枯叶覆盖对麻栎(Quercus acutissima)实生苗叶绿体色素含量及光响应的作用,开展田间试验对麻栎叶片光合生理指标进行研究。结果表明:枯叶覆盖处理可以明显提高麻栎实生苗叶片总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量对净光合速率的作用系数,使得麻栎实生苗对不同强度光照的光合响应能力更显著。将枯叶覆盖处理与土壤养分管理相结合,可以保障麻栎实生苗叶片光合功能正常发挥,促进苗木干物质积累与生长。     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.     

Differences in Growth and Physiological Characteristics in Different Growth Vigor Clones of Populus deltoids

To investigate differences in physiological characteristics of growth and physiological basis of high growth vigor in the first generation of Populus deltoides which are from different growth vigor clones,here we chose two groups of seedlings with different growth vigor:high（A） and low（B）.Indexes of phenotype and physiology were successively measured to study the growth,photosynthesis and nutrient absorption.There were significant or very significant differences in dry mass of root,stem, leaf and the total biomass between A and B.Dry matter of roots had the smallest proportion in different components,and the largest proportion was stem in A,while the leaf had the largest proportion in B.Changes in growth and physiological characteristics showed a certain regularity during June to September.All clones grew the most rapidly and physiological characteristics varied the most significantly in July.Correlation analysis showed that seedling height and ground diameter were both significantly correlated to leaf area,night respiration rate,NH₄^- uptake rate and the total photosynthetic rate（R>0.826,P<0.05）,suggesting that the seedling growth was mainly affected by their own total photosynthetic capacity,nutrient absorption and night respiration consumption.In general,A was superior to B in all these factors,which construct physiological basis of the high growth vigor.     

黑榆不同无性系苗期表型性状及光合特征的差异性比较

为了解黑榆不同无性系的遗传变异情况,以河北省深州市栽培的15个黑榆无性系为材料,对黑榆不同无性系的生长、叶片形态和光合生理指标进行对比分析,结果表明:15个黑榆无性系间苗期生长性状及光合生理等性状指标差异显著,在15个黑榆无性系中,D7的地径最大,为2.33cm;B19平均苗高最大,为2.57m;叶长、叶宽、叶面积在不同无性系间存在显著差异,单叶面积最大相差4.1倍,不同无性系间宽长比在0.58~1.21之间变化,说明黑榆不同无性系间在叶片形态上存在着广泛的遗传变异,而且差异显著。无性系B18、D9的净光合速率最高,分别为23.54μmol/(m2·s)和23.82μmol/(m2·s);无性系D2蒸腾速率最高,为11.18mmol/(m2·s),无性系D4的蒸腾速率最低,为6.71mmol/(m2·s)。结合生长性状分析不同无性系的净光合速率,发现具有较高净光合速率的无性系,并不具有较大生长量,蒸腾速率反而和较大生长量存在显著的负相关。     

杨树苗期光合特征值与无性系产能相关性的探讨

木材产量是营林工作的终极目标,光合作用是叶绿体利用光合有效辐射将CO_2和H_2O同化为有机物质生产过程,探寻影响产量宏观指标的微观光合特征值,是杨树无性系育种工作的重要内容。为此,对湘林—90等7个杨树新、老无性系进行苗期光响应曲线测定,将暗呼吸速率等5个光合特征值与其主伐阶段的材积生长量作相关分析和逐步回归。在光合特征值中,暗呼吸速率与光补偿点呈紧密负相关关系;模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量与10年生材积生长量关系最为紧密,影响最大。按多元线性回归标准回归系数判断,各光合特征值对材积生长影响力的排序为:模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量光合速率光响应曲线实测值之和暗呼吸速率光补偿点光饱和点时最大光合速率。模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量或光合速率光响应曲线实测值之和可以作为杨树育种苗期选择的重要指标。     

北方型美洲黑杨不同无性系重要性状评价

[目的]为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法]采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果]表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论]北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。     

A multivariate statistical approach to predicting mature tree performance based on seedling characteristics

A common objective in commercial reforestation is to plant seedlings that will produce superior adult trees. Long forest management planning horizons and life spans of most forest trees complicate the prediction of growth and performance of adult trees originating from planted seedlings of unknown genetic origin. We used multivariate statistics to identify and rank a set of seedlings characteristics that could predict the performance of mature trees in Pinus ponderosa. Results indicated that metabolic heat rate (q), a measure of total metabolism, of one-year-old foliage during the peak growth in May, was the most important seedling characteristic that predicted mature-tree performance. Increased metabolic heat rate in seedlings corresponded with greater vigor of mature trees. Additionally, seedling basal stem diameter (D), height (H), and needle length (NL), measured in November, were, in order of importance, other variables that defined the vigor class of the mature clones. However, these seedling morphological characteristics correlated negatively with vigor classification of the mature clones, contradicting the notion that greater D and/or H during the seedling stage may indicate a greater vigor at maturity.     

Growth response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen fertilization: importance of Rubisco activation state and respiration rates

High foliar nitrogen concentration ([N]) is associated with high rates of photosynthesis and thus high tree productivity; however, at excessive [N], tree productivity is reduced. Reports of excessive [N] in the Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range prompted this investigation of growth and needle physiological responses to increasing foliar N concentrations in 1-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings. After 1 year of N fertilization, total seedling biomass increased with each successive increase in N fertilizer concentration, except in the highest N fertilization treatment. Of the many physiological responses that were analyzed, only photosynthetic capacity (i.e., Vcmax), respiration rates and leaf specific conductance (KL) differed significantly between N treatments. Photosynthetic capacity showed a curvilinear relationship with foliar [N], reaching an apparent maximum rate when needle N concentrations exceeded about 12 mg g(-1). In vitro measurements of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity suggested that photosynthetic capacity was best related to activated, not total, Rubisco content. Rubisco activation state declined as foliar [N] increased, and based on its significant correlation (r2= 0.63) with foliar Mn:Mg ratios, it may be related to Mn inactivation of Rubisco. Respiration rates increased linearly as foliar N concentration increased (r2= 0.84). The value of K(L) also increased as foliar [N] increased, reaching a maximum when foliar [N] exceeded about 10 mg g(-1). Changes in K(L) were unrelated to changes in leaf area or sapwood area because leaf area to sapwood area ratios remained constant. Cumulative effects of the observed physiological responses to N fertilization were analyzed by modeling annual net CO2 assimilation (Anet) based on treatment specific values of Vcmax, dark respiration (Rdark) and KL. Estimates of Anet were highly correlated with measured total seedling biomass (r2= 0.992), suggesting that long-term, cumulative effects of maximum Rubisco carboxylation, Rdark and KL responses to N fertilization may limit seedling production when foliar N exceeds about 13 mg g(-1) or is reduced to less than about 11 mg g(-1).     

遮光对野鸦椿幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响

为了解不同光照条件下野鸦椿幼苗的生长发育状况和光合生理特性,探讨野鸦椿幼苗生长发育的最佳光照条件.采用遮光方式模拟不同光照强度(全光照,遮光30％、60％和90％),研究野鸦椿幼苗的生长、生物量、光合色素含量、生理指标和光合日变化等光合特性的响应规律.结果表明:随着遮光程度的增加,野鸦椿幼苗的生长量均高于对照,以遮光6...     

Effects of soil moisture and light intensity on ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings

We investigated the combined effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the growth, development and ecophysiological characteristics of one-year old Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture and light intensity influenced the ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture resulted in the decreases of growth rate, individual size, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water loss rate (WLR), and biomass accumulation of plant parts, and led to increased leaf water saturation deficit (WSD). Under water stress, more photosynthetic products were allocated to root growth. With decreasing light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chla/b, water saturation deficit, water use efficiency, water loss rate and biomass accumulation declined, while Chla, Chlb, Chla+b and carotenoids (Car) increased and more photosynthetic products were allocated to stem and leaf growth. Maximum growth vigor, net photosynthetic rate and total biomass accumulation in Amorpha fruticosa seedlings was recorded at 75 80% soil water-holding capacity and 100% light density in greenhouse environments.     

不同光强对6个欧美杨无性系苗期生长及光合特性的影响

[目的]研究6个欧美杨无性系生长及光合特性对不同光强的响应差异,为欧美杨苗期快速选育高光效优良品种提供一定的理论依据。[方法]在大田用遮阴网设置CK(100%自然光强)、L1(55%自然光强)和L2(20%自然光强),测定欧美杨的苗高增长量、叶片形态、光合速率、叶绿素荧光特性、叶绿素含量及矿质元素含量。[结果]除11-26-9外,无性系的苗高总生长量随着光强的降低呈下降趋势;随着光强的降低,不同无性系的叶片形态变化趋势不一致,3个光强下无性系间的单叶面积、叶形指数和比叶面积存在差异;无性系在L2处理下的净光合速率(Pn)最低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)最高;3个处理下,11-26-8的气孔导度均最大;在L1与L2下,11-26-9的F1/F0值均最大;无性系的叶绿素b含量与叶绿素总含量呈现相同的变化趋势;11-26-4、11-26-8和11-36-26的钾、钙、镁元素含量随着光强的降低而增加。[结论]不同无性系对光强变化的适应策略不同,部分无性系的高生长和净光合速率随着光强的降低而减小,降低光强没有破坏无性系的PSⅡ结构。多数无性系的总叶绿素含量、矿质元素含量随着光强的降低而升高。11-36-26无性系的生长势及抗弱光能力较弱。     

遮荫对天女木兰光合特性及生长的影响

研究不同程度的遮荫(A:0,B:25.8%,C:61.3%,D:90.3%)对天女木兰光合特性及生长的影响。结果表明:天女木兰的地径、苗高和生物量均表现为B>A>C>D。天女木兰的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。天女木兰净光合速率日变化规律在不同的遮荫处理下均呈现双峰型曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象,净光合速率日最大值为B>A>C>D。B处理是这4种遮荫处理中天女木兰生长最适宜的遮荫强度,适度遮荫可增强天女木兰叶片的光合作用,促进其生长。