环渤海地区长江蟹抱卵越冬问题与对策

近几年，长江蟹北称环渤海沿岸，抱卵越冬后作亲蟹，春天再大批量返供苗种，有力地促进了长江流域河蟹养殖业的发展。对在抱卵及越冬中发现的问题，我们进行了初步探究，并采取了积极对策，确保了亲蟹抱卵质量，提高了越冬成活率。１问题１．１滞后发育 生产中对比发现，在同样的培育条件下，长江蟹与当地河蟹相比，性腺或胚胎发育要滞后１０－１５天。１．２卵色异常与卵子退化 抱卵越冬中或在入室培育时发现，约有３．５％的抱卵蟹，其卵子为桔红色或桔黄色，并在培育中渐渐退化，镜检根本看不到正常发育的胚胎，不久，整个卵块变为粘团状…     

锯缘青蟹亲蟹驯养的实验研究

多年来对锯缘青蟹亲蟹的驯养表明，双侧切除眼柄，与单侧切眼柄相比，虽能有效地促进亲蟹性蟹性腺成熟和产卵，但抱卵蟹却有些行为异常，尤其是在孵化前夕常常出现异常蜕壳而死亡。新蟹的日摄食量随生殖活动而变化，其变化幅度很大，性腺已发育成熟的个体在产卵前一段时间摄食量比较低，产卵前后则完全停止摄食。怀卵量与其体重成正相关，一般每尾亲蟹的抱卵量为２００万－３５０万粒。卵每克（湿重）所含卵数随胎胚发育而有明显的不     

中华绒螯蟹抱卵前后脂肪酸和氨基酸组成的比较

为研究中华绒螯蟹抱卵前后体成分变动规律,测定分析了雌蟹抱卵前后不同组织(性腺、肝胰腺、肌肉)中的脂肪酸和氨基酸的变动。结果表明,抱卵前肝胰腺指数(7.31±0.73)显著高于抱卵后(5.59±0.82)(P 0.05)。在肌肉和肝胰腺中,抱卵前饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)百分量均显著高于抱卵后(P 0.05),其中脂肪酸C16∶00和C18∶1n9百分量最高;抱卵前多不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中C18∶2n6和C18∶3n3百分量显著高于抱卵后(P 0.05),但EPA(C20∶5n3)和DHA(C22∶6n3)百分量低于抱卵后。与抱卵前相比,抱卵后雌蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中氨基酸含量均显著升高(P 0.05),其中谷氨酸含量最高、半胱氨酸含量最低。研究结果揭示,脂肪是中华绒螯蟹雌蟹繁殖前期的主要能源代谢底物,氨基酸在繁殖期逐渐积累。     

锈斑(虫寻)亲蟹培育试验初报

从市场采购或由野外采捕野生锈斑(虫寻)的成体,采用内分泌、营养和环境条件三个方面结合起来的方法进行亲蟹培育和人工催熟:摘除亲蟹的单侧眼柄;投喂双壳类增加营养;控制水温在25℃～28℃,盐度30～32,pH值8.0～8.4,DO 5mg/L以上,光照强度0～1500 lx。本试验亲蟹的培育成活率达93.3％,抱卵率85.7％,孵化率83.3％。试验结果表明,甲长6.3～7.9 cm的雌蟹,经过培育,性腺均可发育成熟,均可抱卵。锈斑歸属一次性产卵类型,可多次抱卵。水体中聚缩虫等原生动物的大量繁殖直接影响锈斑(虫寻)胚胎和幼体的正常发育和孵化,也是幼体培育成活率低的原因之一。     

长江口中华绒螯蟹雌蟹的食性和摄食强度

2017年10月-2018年4月逐月采集长江口生殖洄游期中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌蟹,运用胃含物分析法分析雌蟹抱卵前后饵料组成、摄食强度以及营养级,探讨其在长江口抱卵繁殖期间的摄食规律。结果表明:雌蟹摄食率、食物饱满指数、平均胃饱满度系数等3项指标具有明显的月份变动,抱卵前雌蟹的摄食指标在10-11月份(秋季)最高,12-2月份(冬季)最低;抱卵后雌蟹的摄食指标在12-2月份(冬季)最低,3-4月份(春季)最高。洄游期的雌蟹抱卵前后饵料来源多样,包括水生植物、藻类、甲壳类、多毛类、鱼类、软体动物、棘皮动物、卵、颗粒碎屑等。其中,藻类、颗粒碎屑和甲壳类为抱卵前的主要饵料,出现频率分别为68.13%、54.76%和19.05%;藻类、颗粒碎屑和水生植物为抱卵后的主要饵料,出现频率分别为70.35%、73.91%和25.39%。雌蟹抱卵前后饵料组成存在显著差异(χ^2=21.57,P<0.05),对差异贡献最大的饵料组成是颗粒碎屑(χ^2=8.32)、甲壳类(χ^2=5.49)和水生植物(χ^2=4.02)。雌蟹抱卵前后的营养级分别为3.60和3.10,平均营养级为3.35,属于第三营养级动物。     

基于高通量测序的长江口中华绒螯蟹雌蟹食性分析

为探究长江中华绒螯蟹雌蟹抱卵前后的食性，在长江口东滩水域采集生殖洄游期中华绒螯蟹雌蟹，采用高通量测序技术，解析其抱卵前后的食物种类组成及其食性特征。试验结果显示，37个食物样品的高质量序列为53 288～90 598个。通过聚类分析共得到423个运算分类单元(OTU),筛选有效序列后，经比对获得的食物类别包括藻类、高等植物、鱼类、甲壳类、软体动物、轮虫、原生动物等。雌蟹抱卵前食物组成中占比较高的类别为高等植物、甲壳动物和鱼类；而在抱卵后食物组成中占比较高的种类为高等植物和藻类。抱卵前的Chao1指数和ACE丰富度指数显著大于抱卵后的，抱卵前、后的Shannon和Simpson多样性指数均无显著性差异。研究结果表明，中华绒螯蟹雌蟹摄食宽度较广，属于机会主义摄食者，亲蟹抱卵前后的食性具有一定的差异性。研究结果揭示了生殖洄游期中华绒螯蟹雌蟹的食物种类组成及雌蟹在抱卵前、后的食性变化特征，并为长江口中华绒螯蟹资源增殖和保护提供科学依据。高通量测序分析技术具有生物检测灵敏度较高的特点，可在一定程度上揭示水生动物的食物种类组成信息，但仍需与传统的胃含物形态学分析方法相结合，以便更准确全面地解析其食...     

三疣梭子蟹亲蟹的长途运输及其对育苗效果的影响

关于三疣梭子蟹亲蟹长途运输技术的报道较少,其对育苗效果的影响也鲜有记载。笔者近年从事早繁三疣梭子蟹的生产性技术指导工作,对三疣梭子蟹亲蟹的长途运输及其对育苗效果的影响有一些体会。一、亲蟹的选购及运输根据生产计划,5月10日前幼体需达到出售标准,即Ⅱ期幼蟹,所以决定由外地购进已开始升温促熟的亲蟹。考虑到亲蟹价格及运输成活率等因素,于2月28日由山东购得抱卵蟹20只、未抱卵雌蟹53只。其中,抱卵蟹培育水温为19℃,受精卵发育到桑葚期;未抱卵雌蟹已升温促熟,培育水温为14℃。挑取肢体完整、行动活泼、特别是潜沙能力强的个体,用…     

锈斑(蟳)亲蟹培育试验初报

从市场采购或由野外采捕野生锈斑蟳的成体，采用内分泌、营养和环境条件三个方面结合起来的方法进行亲蟹培育和人工催熟：摘除亲蟹的单侧眼柄；投喂双壳类增加营养；控制水温在25℃～28℃，盐度30—32，pH值8．0～8．4，DO5mg/L以上，光照强度0～1500lx。本试验亲蟹的培育成活率达93．3％，抱卵率85．7％，孵化率83．3％。试验结果表明，甲长6．3～7．9cm的雌蟹，经过培育，性腺均可发育成熟，均可抱卵。锈斑蟳属一次性产卵类型，可多次抱卵。水体中聚缩虫等原生动物的大量繁殖直接影响锈斑蟳胚胎和幼体的正常发育和孵化，也是幼体培育成活率低的原因之一。     

河蟹亲蟹促产及抱卵蟹培育技术要点

河蟹人工育苗中亲蟹促产及抱卵蟹培育是关系到育苗成效的两个重要生产环节。作者通过多年来的生产性试验，亲蟹的抱卵率和抱卵蟹成活率均达９０％以上。促产处理宜在３月上中旬进行（水温在１０℃以上），促产地面积在１０００ｍ２上下，投放亲蟹密度为７５０ｋｇ／１０－１公顷，雌雄性比掌握在２～３：１，待绝大多数雌蟹抱卵后应及时将雄蟹捕出。抱卵蟹培育的关键是防逃、合理投饲及水质管理。     

雌性克氏原螯虾的生长模型与性腺发育的研究

通过观察和测量270尾雌性克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）,建立了不同规格克氏原螯虾生殖群体的平均体长、体重、性腺重及肝脏重的统计值,并利用抱卵量、抱卵指数等生态学参数建立性腺发育模型。结果表明,雌虾体长在6.5cm～11.4cm之间,体长与体重关系为W=0.021L3.343;观察到最大抱卵量为6...     

Effect of dietary supplementation of phospholipids and highly unsaturated fatty acids on reproductive performance and offspring quality of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards), female broodstock

This study was conducted to determine the optimum phospholipids: highly unsaturated fatty acids (PL/HUFA) ratio in maturation diets for female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis broodstock. Five isolipidtic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain different amounts of pork lard, fish oil and soy lecithin with resulting PL/HUFA levels (%dry weight) of 1.4/0.3 (Diet 1), 1.6/2.5 (Diet 2), 2.3/2.0 (Diet 3), 3.8/1.5 (Diet 4) and 5.1/0.8 (Diet 5). Diet 1 lacked supplemental fish oil and soy lecithin and served as the control. Each of the five formulated diets was fed to a total of 150 female crabs for a period of 7 months. All diet treatments were triplicated with 50 crabs stocked in a pond as a replicate. After 6 months, male crabs were introduced into the ponds where females were kept, mating, spawning and egg hatching (in seawater) occurred in the following month. The nutritional value of various formulated diets was assessed based on survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg production per female, fecundity (eggs/g female weight) of the females fed those diets and egg and larval (newly hatched zoea I larvae) quality.Females fed Diet 1 had the lowest GSI, egg production per female and fecundity while no significant difference were found for survival, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the percentage of female spawned among the diet treatments (P > 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in egg diameter, egg wet or dry weights among all treatments (P > 0.05), the highest and the second highest proportions of essential fatty acids (EFA), i.e. 20:5n-3 (EPA), 22:6n-3 (DHA) and HUFA were found in the eggs produced by the females fed Diet 3 and Diet 2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that EPA, DHA and HUFA in eggs produced by females fed Diet 3 were significantly higher than those from the other treatments (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, zoea I larvae from crabs fed Diet 3 had significantly larger carapace length than those from the other four treatments (P < 0.05). The zoea I larvae from crabs fed Diet 2 and Diet 3 also showed generally better tolerance to starvation and osmotic shock.In conclusion, our results indicated that diet included levels of PL/HUFA around 1.6/2.5 or 2.3/2.0 (% dry weight) fed female E. sinensis broodstock supported increased fecundity and elevated level of HUFA in egg, which in turn resulted in improved overall quality of newly hatched larvae.     

Diluted rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis (Muller), extract as culture medium stimulates hatching of red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel)

Hatching rates and hatching times (50% hatch) of red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), eggs in culture media that were prepared to dilute rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller extract at 4000-, 6000-. 8000- and 10 000-fold with artificial sea water (σ₁₅, = 24.0) were investigated. Although differences in hatching rate between the culture media and control artificial sea water were negligible, hatching time was significantly shorter in media at 4000- and 6000-fold dilutions than in media at 8000- and 10 000-fold dilutions and in the control artificial sea water, when the eggs immediately post spawning were incubated. The hatching rates of eggs at three developmental stages, immediately post-spawning, gastrula stage and heart-beat initiation stage, incubated respectively in the medium at 6000-fold dilution and the control, did not differ either, yet the hatching times at each egg stage in the medium were significantly shorter than that in the control. These results suggest that hatching enzyme secretion from the hatching glands is promoted to perceive chemical stimuli in the water-soluble fraction of rotifer extract via the embryo's chemoreceptors, from the heart-beat initiation stage to immediately before hatching, thus shortening the hatching time.     

紫外线照射对金鱼孵化率的影响

以黑龙睛金鱼（Carassius auratus）受精卵和处于4～8细胞期、多细胞期、原肠期、心脏搏动期的胚胎为对象，研究不同剂量紫外线（UV）照射对金鱼胚胎发育的影响。发现用低剂量的UV照射可以提高金鱼受精卵或发育早期胚胎的孵化率。对发育到原肠胚以后的胚胎UV照射无上述刺激作用，而是随着照射剂量的升高，孵化率急剧下降。另外，实验结果显示，UV并未加速胚胎发育的进程。当UV照射时间小于180s时，受精卵或发育早期胚胎的畸形率没有明显增加。对出现上述结果的可能机理做了探讨并对UV用于育苗孵化和育种两方面的应用提出了建议。     

Induced out-of-season spawning of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (Estampador) and effects of temperature on embryo development

Treated with combined bilateral eyestalk ablation and maintenance of water temperature at 22.5±1.5 °C, mud crab Scylla paramamosain females with mature ovaries were induced to produce eggs outside the natural spawning season in subtropical southern China. Newly extruded eggs from a crab were incubated in vitro at 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 35 °C, respectively, and the embryonic development was closely monitored. Abnormal cell division was observed at temperatures 10 and 35 °C. At 15 °C, development remained at the gastrula stage by day 32 post‐spawn, at which time the experiment was terminated. Hatching of in vitro incubated eggs occurred between 20 and 30 °C. An increase in incubation temperature from 20 to 25 °C reduced the incubation duration by 14 days, 2.6 times of that measured for a similar 5 °C increase from 25 to 30 °C. Embryonic development of S. paramamosain was divided into stage 0–10, and the duration of each stage was recorded for each incubation temperature. The information obtained allows accurate prediction of hatching time of female crabs incubated under variable temperatures. Larvae hatched from in vitro incubated eggs were reared to reach first juvenile crab stage and their dry weights were similar to those of larvae hatched naturally.     

盐度对七带石斑鱼胚胎发育和卵黄囊仔鱼生长的影响

观察比较了8个盐度梯度[10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40和45]下七带石斑鱼Epinephelus septem fasciatus受精卵的孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率及卵黄囊仔鱼的畸形率,并在上述条件下对七带石斑鱼进行了耐饥饿试验,测定其生存活力指数(SAI).结果显示,受精卵孵化的最适盐度范围为30～35,盐度高于35,孵化率随着盐度的升高而降低,仔鱼畸形率随之升高;盐度低于25,孵化率随盐度的降低而降低,仔鱼畸形率随之升高.仔鱼的最适生存盐度为30～35,此盐度下的仔鱼存活系数为24.7±0.36和23.27土3.01.     

3种重金属离子对不同产地卤虫卵孵化率的影响

实验室条件下,在经过沉淀以及过滤的自然海水中分别加入不同浓度的Hg^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋离子,分别对国产和进口2个产地的卤虫卵进行了孵化试验.结果表明：与对照组相比,3种重金属离子都降低了2个产地卤虫卵的孵化率,且浓度越高降低的百分率越大,3种重金属离子降低孵化率大小顺序为：Hg^2＋＞Cd^2＋＞Pb^2＋;3种离子对2个产地的卤虫卵产生了不同的影响：进口卤虫大于对国产卤虫卵的降低率.     

红螯螯虾的室内人工育苗

于1996-1998年,在浙北地区,对澳大利亚引进的红螯螯是进行亲虾培育、人工越冬,怀卵孵化,室内人工育苗技术的研究。研究表明,在浙北地区,2.8-4.9g的幼虾经5个月左右的饲养可以达到性成熟并部分怀卵,利用电厂余热水水泥池人工越冬的成活率可达70%以上。越冬后亲是在水温20℃以上即开始交配怀卵,怀卵盛期4-6月。红螯螯虾一年可产卵4次,但只有第一、二次怀卵可用于育苗生产,个体一次怀卵量较少,一般为400-500粒,但群体怀卵比率较高。试验还表明,红螯螯虾出膜幼体即呈幼虾状,需依附母体7-10d后才营独立生活并开口摄食外源性饵料,所研制的幼虾Ⅰ号饲料为红螯螯虾室内人工育苗较好的开口饲料。室内人工育苗成活率可达60%以上。     

基于循环水孵化系统的俄罗斯鲟受精卵孵化性能研究

目前,绝大多数海淡水增养殖鱼类的苗种繁育几乎完全是人工繁殖,但对受精卵的孵化方式的研究较少,尤其循环水孵化方面。为探索封闭循环水孵化系统对鲟鱼(Acipenseriformes)受精卵孵化性能的影响,本文通过对俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)受精卵孵化率、孵化酶组成和含量以及孵化过程中水体氨氮浓度变化规律进行研究。结果显示,封闭循环水孵化系统中总氨氮浓度随孵化时间呈线性增长,受精卵的排氨率为60~90 mg/(g·h),破膜6 h后孵化率为86%,孵化水体中孵化酶累积较严重。俄罗斯鲟的孵化酶主要由分子量为41.3 k Da的蛋白质组成,受精卵的孵化液由23种蛋白质组成,其中包括7种水解酶。研究表明,对氨氮的去除及孵化酶控制技术是循化水孵化系统急需攻克的首要问题。     

Manipulations of Shrimp Embryos: A Viable Technique for the Removal of the Hatching Envelope

The hatching envelope elevated around the spawned eggs of penaeoidean eggs presents a formidable barrier for manipulation of the embryo. By spawning eggs into seawater containing 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and subsequently passing the eggs through Nitex screening approximately 45 min after spawning, the hatching envelope can be effectively removed with little or no damage to the embryos. The time and extent to which the envelope is removed can be varied. Embryos treated in this manner continue to develop and the method provides a new technique with which investigators can gain access to the surface of the egg or embryo.     

Comparative efficacy of Pyceze® (bronopol) in controlling mortality of brown trout Salmo trutta eggs

The efficacy of Pyceze^® (Novartis Animal Vaccines) and Proxitane^® 0510 (Solvay Interox) in controlling the mortality of eggs was studied in brown trout Salmo trutta eggs under the usual incubation conditions in a hatchery affected by saprolegniosis. Eggs from eight spawnings and from two lines of brown trout were used. The cumulative mortality of eggs at the start of the eyed stage (M₁) and at hatching (M₂) was measured, as was the percentage of eggs with fungal infection at weekly intervals during the green stage. Mortality at M₂ with Pyceze^® ranged between 2.38% and 12.61% depending on the batch, with a mean of 6.10%. Mortality at M₂ with Proxitane^® varied between 5.83% and 43.86%, with a mean of 22.36%. Fungal colonization at the start of the eyed stage ranged between 0% and 0.15% when Pyceze^® was used and between 0.82% and 12.50% with Proxitane^®. Mortality rates were higher among those eggs left untreated. The results indicate that Pyceze^® (bronopol) is efficacious in controlling mortality caused by Saprolegnia spp. and other biological factors in fertilized brown trout eggs, as has been demonstrated previously in other salmonid species.