牛奶体细胞数检测结果分析

1 概述。牛奶中细胞数的检测基准方法是显微镜检测法，检测过程所用的试剂(四氯乙烷)有强毒，检测时间较长，而牛奶体细胞快速检测法(乳腺炎测定法)-4％NaOH凝乳实验法，则方便、快捷。现对上述两种检测方法进行测试比较、分析。     

牛乳体细胞数的检测方法

牛乳体细胞数检测方法可分为直接检测和间接检测2种。直接检测法主要包括标准显微镜计数法、荧光显微镜计数法、电子计数仪计数法和库尔特计数仪计数法等。间接检测法主要包括加利福尼亚细胞数测定法（CMT）、威斯康辛乳腺炎试验（WMT）以及pH值检验法等。笔者对各种常用检测牛乳体细胞数方法的原理、操作方法、优缺点以及应用情况进行简要的概述。     

牛乳体细胞数的检测方法

牛乳体细胞数检测方法可分为直接检测和间接检测2种。直接检测法主要包括标准显微镜计数法、荧光显微镜计数法、电子计数仪计数法和库尔特计数仪计数法等。间接检测法主要包括加利福尼亚细胞数测定法（CMT）、威斯康辛乳腺炎试验（WMT）以及pH值检验法等。笔者对各种常用检测牛乳体细胞数方法的原理、操作方法、优缺点以及应用情况进行简要的概述。     

生物传感器检测牛奶体细胞的研究进展

<正>牛奶中体细胞数是评价新鲜牛奶质量和奶牛乳腺健康状况的重要标准之一,生物传感器在牛奶体细胞检测中有较好的优势。本文简介了生物传感器的构成和原理,对近几年生物传感器在检测牛奶体细胞方面的研究和应用进行了综述,并对未来的发展进行了预测。牛奶中的体细胞数(Somatic Cell Count,SCC)是评价新鲜牛奶质量和奶牛乳腺健康状况的重要标准之一~[1],是指每ml牛奶中的细胞总数,主要含有淋巴细胞、巨噬细     

乳房炎的治疗试验报告

本试验通过检测奶站大桶牛奶的体细胞数和细菌数．并通过CMT检测，检测奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率和乳区发病率．统计目前奶站奶牛乳房炎发病严重情况；本试验还比较乳房炎防治办法和效果，通过对照使用乳头消毒药．使用各种常见药物治疗传染性乳房炎．从而达到控制牛奶中体细胞数和微生物数，提高牛奶质量的目的。     

牛奶中高体细胞数的危害及调控措施

牛奶中体细胞数含量反映了奶牛乳腺被细菌感染的程度,综述了牛奶中高体细胞数的危害以及引起牛奶中高体细胞数的原因和调控措施.     

规模化奶牛场原奶体细胞数的检测及应用研究

[目的]:原奶体细胞数是反映奶牛乳房炎症、牛奶质量高低以及奶牛养殖场科学养殖和管理水平的重要指标。[方法]:本试验通过检测并记录某牧场10月份总奶缸体细胞数,并与健康泌乳牛产量对比,制成了图表,通过观察日奶缸体细胞数与泌乳牛单产变化趋势图,[结果]:说明泌乳牛单产升高,体细胞数降低;牛奶体细胞与奶牛产量呈负相关。[结论]:     

牛乳体细胞数对牛奶品质的影响

随着奶牛业和乳品业的迅速发展,牛奶体细胞数在牛奶生产中的重要作用越来越得到人们的重视。本文综述了影响牛奶体细胞数的因素、体细胞数在奶牛生产中的应用及其对乳及乳制品品质的影响。     

国内外牛奶中体细胞数研究进展

目的:综述近几年国内外文献奶牛牛奶中体细胞数研究进展。方法:以体细胞数为关键词,运用中国知网(CNKI)和美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)Pub Med数据库检索相关文献。结果:体细胞是奶牛牛奶中有益的天然成分,对奶牛乳房炎具有免疫防御功能。体细胞数受多种因素的影响,其中抗生素残留会引起高水平的体细胞数。应用中兽医药控制牛奶中的体细胞数、防治奶牛乳房炎可能更符合有机奶或无抗奶的要求。     

奶牛体细胞数与乳腺炎遗传相关性的研究进展

牛奶中的体细胞数和乳腺炎关系密切,当奶牛患乳腺炎时,牛奶中的体细胞数会显著增加,体细胞数成为奶牛乳腺炎的指示物。为了选育出抗乳腺炎的奶牛品种,首先应该研究体细胞数和乳腺炎之间的遗传力和遗传相关度。本文对国外奶牛体细胞数与遗传相关性的研究进行了综述。     

萨能奶山羊乳体细胞数与乳汁成分变化的研究

本研究采用DHI检测方法对云南高原饲养的萨能奶山羊进行体细胞数统计和相关分析,探讨奶山羊体细胞数对羊奶主要成分及含量的影响。结果表明,萨能奶山羊乳体细胞数与乳脂率呈正相关(P=0.141),与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与乳糖含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与总固形物含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与尿素氮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。乳汁体细胞数的增加对羊乳的品质产生很大影响,造成羊乳蛋白、脂肪含量和总固形物含量上升;乳糖和非蛋白氮含量降低。从多种因素考虑,6月份所测得的体细胞数和乳成分含量可作为萨能奶山羊乳品质质量标准的参考。     

牛奶质量安全主要风险因子分析Ⅶ.体细胞数和菌落总数

体细胞数和菌落总数是衡量奶牛乳房健康状况和乳品质量的一项重要指标。作者对主要国家牛乳中体细胞数和菌落总数的限量进行了比较,分析了中国与主要国家限量的异同及原因,介绍了体细胞数和菌落总数的检测方法,对体细胞数的变化规律、风险评估进行综合分析阐述。     

Diagnostic tools to monitor udder health in dairy goats

This article discusses the use of somatic cell count (SCC) and bacteriological culture (BC) as monitoring tools to assess the udder health situation of dairy goats. Both SCC and BC can be applied for milk samples from individual goats or at bulk milk samples. The causative agent of primary concern in the dairy goat industry is Staphylococcus aureus. This pathogen strongly increases goat milk SCC. The SCC is therefore a useful test to detect S. aureus-infected goats. However, several non-infectious factors, most importantly the stage of lactation, also influence SCC, complicating the interpretation of this test. BC has a low sensitivity for the detection of S. aureus-infected goats, but is a valuable tool to obtain information on which bacterial species are responsible for udder health problems in a herd.     

牛奶体细胞生成与乳品质量和安全的关系

牛奶体细胞数是反映奶牛乳房健康状况的重要指标之一,该指标偏高意味着奶牛可能处于亚健康或疾病状态。在奶牛正常生理状态下,牛奶体细胞的组成和数量都是基本稳定的,而当乳房外伤或疾病(如乳房炎等)发生时,牛奶体细胞数增多,产奶量降低,乳品质量下降。牛奶的品质关系到消费者的健康,因此,确保生鲜乳的质量安全是奶牛养殖工作者必须着手解决的首要问题。因此,本文围绕牛奶体细胞生成与产奶量和乳品质之间的关系展开综述,为提高乳品质量安全提供理论指导。     

On distinguishing cause and consequence: do high somatic cell counts lead to lower milk yield or does high milk yield lead to lower somatic cell count?

Researchers have reported that as milk yield increases composite milk somatic cell count (SCC) is diluted in cattle with no intramammary infection (IMI) and as a consequence, estimates of SCC from high yields are lower than estimates of SCC from low yields in dairy cows without an IMI. To date, estimates of reduced milk yield associated with high SCC because of intramammary infection have not been adjusted for any dilution of SCC. Ignoring dilution is therefore likely to lead to an overestimate of reduction in yield with increasing SCC. This paper investigates scenarios of the possible impact of dilution and inflammation on the association between somatic cell count and yield. The data used to investigate this relationship come from 8373 monthly records of milk yield and composite somatic cell count, together with incidence of clinical mastitis, which were recorded on 850 cows from five dairy cattle farms in Gloucestershire, UK. Two sets of models were used to investigate dilution and inflammation using two-level hierarchical models. The first set of models was used to estimate the linear (dilution) and log10-linear (inflammation) impact of SCC on the outcome variable milk yield. Five general linear models with increasing inclusion of higher test day SCC values were run. The cumulative categories were test day SCC values of up to and inclusive of 30, 50, 100, 200 and 400x10(3)cells/ml. Linear and log linear SCC influences on milk yield were estimated. At low SCC values the linear SCC predictor was dominant, while at higher values the log linear predictor was dominant. Up to 100x10(3)cells/ml there was mostly a slightly negative linear relationship between SCC and yield, potentially indicating a dilution effect. In the second set of models, three approaches to adjust milk loss for dilution were compared with an unadjusted model. In general, dilution-adjusted SCC values fitted the data better and resulted in a slightly lower milk loss per SCC category compared with unadjusted SCC. In all models with a dilution term there was a significant reduction in yield with SCC>200x10(3)cells/ml.     

Quarter Milking for Improved Detection of Increased SCC

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether milk composition and milk yield are changed in relation to a moderate increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC) in separate udder quarters. During a period of 13 weeks, 4158 bulk quarter milk samples from 68 cows were collected and analysed for milk SCC and milk composition. The sampling was done twice weekly. The cows were in different stages of lactation and in different lactation numbers. For calculations, three groups of cows were formed according to their SCC value. Group 1 cows, where all quarters had an SCC <100,000 cells/ml at all sampling occasions, were considered to be non-affected. Group 2 cows had one udder quarter with an increased SCC >100,000 cells/ml and 1.5-fold higher than the opposite quarter at one sampling occasion. For group 3 cows, the increase in SCC remained for several consecutive sampling occasions. Data from group 1 cows revealed that front and rear quarters were similar when compared with each other. For group 3 cows, the lactose content in milk decreased significantly, simultaneously with the increase in SCC and remained decreased for two sampling occasions after the initial increase in SCC. It was concluded that deviations in lactose content within front and rear quarters, respectively, may be a useful tool for detection of moderately increased SCC in separate udder quarters.     

Reliability in somatic cell count measurement of clinical mastitis milk using DeLaval cell counter

Somatic cell counts (SCC) measurements are typically performed using quantitative methods, such as the Breed method (Breed) and the Fossomatic method (FSCC). The DeLaval cell counter (DCC) developed recently is a quantitative somatic cell counter with a low initial cost and superior portability. However, since the DCC was specifically developed for measuring SCC of ≤ 4 × 10⁶ cells/mL milk from bulk tanks or individual cows, its reliability for estimating SCC that exceed this concentration has not yet been clarified. This study therefore examined whether it is possible to accurately measure SCC by diluting milk samples with initial SCC of 4 × 10⁶ cells/mL, as seen in clinical mastitis milk. We collected milk samples from 99 quarters of 99 Holstein cows with clinical mastitis. These milk samples were diluted 10‐fold with saline and thoroughly mixed before performing SCC measurement with the DCC. The correlation coefficients of SCC measured by the FSCC, Breed and DCC methods indicated strong correlations between each pair of methods. The findings showed that DCC can be used to identify bovine clinical mastitis milk and is useful as a quantitative SCC measurement device on farm sites.     

内蒙古呼和浩特生鲜乳质量分级评价研究

试验旨在分析季节及养殖模式（奶罐奶和散卖奶）对内蒙古呼和浩特生鲜乳质量的影响，并根据中国生鲜乳质量分级标准对呼和浩特奶罐奶进行质量分级，为内蒙古生鲜乳营养品质提升及质量安全评定提供参考依据。于2017~2018年每个季度分别采集呼和浩特不同地区奶牛养殖场生鲜乳30批次，两年共计240批次。根据NY/T 2659-2014、NY/T 800-2004、GB 4789.2-2016方法测定生鲜乳乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数、菌落总数，并对其差异进行比较。结果显示，2017和2018年呼和浩特生鲜乳乳脂率总体表现为第4季度较高；乳蛋白率最高值均出现在第4季度，分别为3.46%和3.47%，显著高于其他季度（P<0.05）；菌落总数最高值均出现在第3季度，分别为2.50×10⁴和6.00×10⁴ CFU/mL，显著高于其他季度（P<0.05）；2017年生鲜乳体细胞数在第1季度最高（39.90×10⁴个/mL），显著高于其他季度（P<0.05），2018年生鲜乳体细胞数未表现出明显季节性差异（P>0.05）。2017~2018年呼和浩特家庭式散卖奶乳脂率显著低于规模化牧场的奶罐奶（P<0.05），体细胞数及菌落总数均显著高于奶罐奶（P<0.05）。2017年奶罐奶乳脂率、乳蛋白率与2018年相比无显著差异（P>0.05），但体细胞数显著高于2018年（P<0.05），菌落总数显著低于2018年（P<0.05）。综上所述，季节对2017和2018年内蒙古呼和浩特生鲜乳乳脂率、乳蛋白率和菌落总数影响较大，对体细胞影响不明显。2017和2018年呼和浩特家庭式散卖奶质量安全水平明显低于规模化牧场奶罐奶，奶罐奶质量安全水平较高，达到特优级标准，规模化养殖方式及优质乳生产将成为必然趋势。     

Genetic parameters for somatic cell count (SCC) and milk production traits of Guzerá cows using data normalized by different procedures

Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for somatic cell count (SCC) and the genetic association between SCC and milk production traits using two...     

奶水牛乳中体细胞数与乳成分的相关分析

乳汁体细胞数(somatic cell count,SCC)是检查奶牛乳房炎和牛奶质量的指标,为了解南宁某规模化奶牛场奶水牛SCC情况及SCC与其他乳成分的关系,试验随机选取该场152份泌乳早期乳样,测定其SCC、乳汁比重、蛋白质、脂肪、总固形物、非脂固形物及乳糖的含量,并对其进行相关性分析。结果表明,SCC小于50万/mL的乳样占被检奶样总数的88.16%,大于100万/mL的占1.97%;乳汁比重、乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物含量均随着SCC的升高而下降,而乳脂含量随着SCC的升高而呈上升趋势;SCC与乳糖及非脂固形物含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,奶水牛乳中SCC不仅与乳糖和非脂固形物含量密切相关,也提示其与奶水牛产后营养代谢状况有关。