SPOT-5遥感影像自身融合在马尾松毛虫害信息提取中的应用

以福建沙县作为研究区,在阐述遥感图像融合原理的基础上,以SPOT-5全色与多光谱影像为数据源,应用IHS变换、PCA融合、Brovey变换、乘积变换和HPF融合等5种比较常用的融合方法,从提高空间分辨率和保持原始图像光谱信息及虫害信息提取的角度进行了分析评价,探讨最适合于利用SPOT-5图像进行马尾松毛虫害信息提取的融合方法。研究结果表明:各种融合方法中,HPF融合方法效果最好。     

高分一号卫星影像融合方法及质量评价

影像融合是提高影像利用的有效方法之一。利用Brovey变换融合、PC主成分变换、GS融合和NND融合4种方法对高分一号的多光谱影像和全色影像进行融合试验。通过目视评价和定量评价方法对影像的融合效果进行评价。结果表明,Brovey变换融合方法在空间细节上表现好,PC主成份变换的光谱畸变小,但空间信息损失大,GS融合和NND融合在空间细节和光谱保真2方面表现都不错。     

松花坝水源区Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像融合对比研究

采用IHS变换、Brovey变换、PCA变换、Gram-Schmidt变换、CN变换和小波变换等遥感影像融合方法,对松花坝水源区2002年Landsat 7 ETM+多光谱数据与全色波段进行融合,并结合影像的光谱统计参数选取相应评价指标,对这些方法进行评价.结果表明,6种融合方法均能不同程度地提高影像质量,源于同一传感器的不同分辨率影像融合能够有效避免异源传感器影像融合所常见的实相及校正误差,PCA变换效果最佳.     

多源遥感影像的融合方法效果分析

在IRS—P6遥感影像的多光谱与CBERS-2B遥感影像的全色PAN波段之间进行融合,对乘积变换、比值变换、IHS变换和主成分分析4种常见的融合方法进行对比分析,并对融合后的影像进行主观定性评价和客观定量评价。研究表明：IHS变换效果相对最优,在较好地保持原多光谱影像光谱信息的同时,大大地提高了影像的空间分辨率,对云区的地物色彩表现力上也较好。研究对于使用多源遥感影像融合获取高质量影像有着重要的参考价值。     

中国资源一号02C卫星数据的融合及应用

以2013年浙江省龙泉地区的多光谱和全色影像为数据源,在影像配准、校正基础上,经Brovey,GramSchmidt,高通滤波,HSV,IHS,主成分与小波变换等7种融合方法,采用定性与标准化定量的分析评价其影像的融合效果。结果表明HSV,IHS变换,HPF变换及GS变换为较适宜该影像数据的融合方法。在此基础上通过分类后精度评价的方法,进一步验证HPF融合方法最优且该融合后的影像适宜采用最大似然法进行分类。     

国产高分辨率遥感影像融合方法比较与分析

GF-1,ZY-3和ZY1 02C三种国产卫星数据为研究对象,在分析单波段信息熵的基础上,运用联合熵,最佳指数和相关系数矩阵确定3种影像数据的最佳波段组合,选择具代表性的PC、Brovey、GS、IHS和MT变换融合等五种基于像素的融合方法对影像进行融合,分析融合前后影像联合熵以及融合后各影像波段的梯度变化。研究结果表明:(1)GF-1的最佳组合为Band1、Band3及Band4,ZY-3的最佳组合为Band2、Band3及Band4,ZY-1 02C数据的最佳波段组合为Band1、Band2及Band3;(2)融合后影像中Brovey变换融合的联合熵小于融合前,其余4种融合方法联合熵均大于融合前联合熵值;(3)GF-1、ZY-3和ZY 1 02C影像数据最佳融合方法分别为GS融合、PC融合以及IHS变换融合。     

北京平原造林地Pleiades卫星影像融合评价

通过CN波谱融合、PCA主成份变换、Brovey变换、HCS变换、HPF高通滤波变换、Pan Sharpen变换、GS光谱锐化、SFIM基于亮度调节的平滑滤波等8种不同的遥感影像融合方法,对北京市延庆县蔡家河流域平原造林地的Pleiades卫星全色和多光谱影像进行融合,通过定性和定量方法从光谱保真、人工造林地林木自动识别精度等方面评价遥感影像融合效果。结果表明:8种影像融合方法各有优势,其中HCS融合方法操作简便,产生的遥感图像光谱保真强,人工造林地林木自动识别精度高,是一种适于Pleiades卫星影像进行林地监测的较好融合方法。     

基于分类方法的泉州湾湿地信息提取

对2002年3月7日的泉州湾湿地ETM+卫星影像采用SFIM融合法、PCA融合法、Brovey融合法和IHS融合法对多光谱影像和全色波段进行融合,并进行融合影像评价,选取融合效果最好的SFIM融合影像进行进一步分析。将ETM+原始未融合影像与SFIM融合影像采用相同分类模板、相同波段和相同分类方法进行分类。研究表明,2种方法提取的泉州湾湿地信息精度都满足精度要求;而SFIM融合影像的分类精度有所提高,但效果不是很明显,这可能是因为湿地地物类型相对较简单,各地物间的可分性相对较高的缘故。     

多源遥感数据融合及其对植被识别的影响

融合数据因其综合了不同遥感数据源的优势,充分协同利用了多源信息,被广泛应用于各个领域。SPOT-5遥感卫星集合了多重分辨率、多种遥感器于一身,该特点使得它在资源环境调查和规划与动态监测、地图制图与更新等领域得到广泛应用。本文从SPOT-5数据的自身融合和SPOT-5与ETM+数据融合两方面着手,利用遥感应用中常用的HIS变换、Brovey变换、HPF变换,探寻有利于植被识别的融合方法。结果表明:1)HPF变换对目视判读最为有利,依次是Brovey变换法、HIS变换法;2)SPOT-5数据自身融合的视觉效果优于SPOT-5与ETM+两种数据融合的;3)将植被分为5种类型,对SPOT-5自身融合影像进行目视判读,再通过实地验证,得出HPF变换、Brovey变换、HIS变换的加权精度分别为:82.99%、79.01%、71.02%。     

QuickBird遥感影像的融合及在土地利用类型调查中的应用研究

应用比值变换、IHS变换、主成分变换等3种影像融合方法对QuickBird多光谱和全色遥感影像进行融合，并对融合结果进行了评价；以增强处理效果好的QuickBird影像3、4、1或3、4、2波段彩色合成图像为基础建立解译标志，进行人机交互式解译分类一一进行土地利用类型的专题信息提取，并利用地理信息系统软件制作土地利用类型现状图。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.