脱脂米糠的营养价值影响因素及在猪生产中的应用研究进展

脱脂米糠是米糠脱脂后的副产品，产量高、来源广、蛋白质含量丰富、氨基酸组成合理，营养价值较高。但是由于脱脂米糠生产流程较长，生产过程中影响因素多，导致营养成分含量差异较大，影响其有效利用。本文主要分析脱脂米糠生产过程中影响其营养价值的因素，总结近年来脱脂米糠的常规营养成分、有效能、氨基酸含量及其猪标准回肠氨基酸消化率的变异情况，以及在猪生产中的研究应用，可为脱脂米糠在实际生产中的有效利用提供参考。     

米糠粕的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用

米糠粕是稻谷加工过程中的副产物——米糠经浸出脱脂处理后的产物。我国米糠资源丰富,同时米糠粕营养价值较高,如果应用于饲料生产,不但可缓和饲料资源紧缺的局面,而且还可降低饲料成本。本文主要介绍了米糠粕的生产工艺、营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用,为米糠粕应用于饲料生产提供参考。     

米糠的营养价值及其开发利用

米糠是我国一种巨大的可再生利用资源,其作为一种廉价但营养价值丰富的稻谷加工副产品具有很广阔的开发前景,从米糠中可提取米糠油、米糠蛋白、米糠多糖、米糠植酸钙等多种营养物质,具有可持续的开发利用价值和广阔的市场前景。本文就米糠的营养价值及其开发利用的现状与前景进行了综述。     

亚硫酸钠对米糠保鲜效果及饲用安全性试验

添加3％亚硫酸钠能有效抑制米糠中的脂酶活性，对米糠保鲜效果显著。通过添加亚硫酸钠的米糠作饲料喂养小白鼠试验表明，米糠的营养价值并不改变且安全可靠。     

采用CNCPS体系评价不同加工方式米糠的营养价值

试验利用CNCPS体系对不同加工方式的米糠进行营养价值评定,深入了解加工对米糠的蛋白质和碳水化合物的特性的影响,并从氨基酸角度对不同加工方式的米糠进行营养价值评定,为米糠的大范围应用提供理论基础。试验结果表明:不同加工方式的米糠的脂肪的变化范围在2.2%~15.2%之间,差异较大,含量最高的是未经任何加工的米糠,其次是膨化米糠、脱脂米糠,最低的是米糠粕。在4种米糠中,脱脂米糠和米糠粕的蛋白含量显著高于其他米糠(P0.05),且米糠粕的蛋白含量显著高于脱脂米糠(P0.05)。米糠粕淀粉含量显著高于其他加工方式的米糠的淀粉含量(P0.05)。经过加工后各种米糠的ADF含量均显著下降(P0.05),其中膨化米糠下降的最多。脱脂米糠和米糠粕有着更低的ADL和可溶性蛋白含量。脱脂米糠和米糠粕的酸性洗涤不溶氮(ADFIP)和中性洗涤不溶氮(NDFIP)含量均显著高于其他两种米糠(P0.05)。在4种米糠中,脱脂米糠和米糠粕的蛋氨酸成为第一限制性氨基酸,并且脱脂米糠的蛋氨酸含量更低。而在米糠和膨化米糠中,赖氨酸则成为第一限制性氨基酸,膨化米糠比未加工的米糠更缺乏赖氨酸。膨化米糠在米糠中的EAAI最高,为81.32%,其次是米糠粕和脱脂米糠,米糠最低,这说明膨化米糠的氨基酸最为平衡。综上所述,加工可以不同程度提高米糠的营养价值。     

米糠饲料饲喂家猪的注意事项

米糠是稻谷加工大米后的副产品即稻谷加工成大米分离出来的种皮、糊粉层和胚的三种物质的混合物。米糠的营养价值受稻米精制加工程度的影响,精制程度越高,则米糠中混入的胚乳就越多,其营养价值也就越高。1米糠的营养成分米糠含粗灰分11.9%;粗纤维13.70%,是能量饲料中含     

米糠的营养特性及其在畜禽生产中的应用

米糠作为稻谷主要加工副产物，营养价值较高且价格低廉，是饲喂畜禽的潜在良好饲料原料。米糠浸提油后，可得到脱脂米糠。但有关米糠在畜禽上的应用研究还比较有限，本文对米糠的营养特性和一些国内外应用研究进展进行综述，旨在为米糠的合理应用提供参考。     

米糠常规营养成分表观消化率及氨基酸回肠末端消化率的测定

米糠是稻谷加工的主要副产品,由稻谷的果皮、种皮、外胚层、糊粉层、胚及少量胚乳组成。我国年产稻谷1.7亿吨左右,稻谷的出糠率在6%～7%之间,因此,我国的米糠饲料资源在1100万吨以上。米糠脂肪含量高(16%～18%),且多为不饱和脂肪酸,是动物必需脂肪酸的良好来源。粗蛋白质含量多在13%～15%之间,据此计算,我国每年可提供米糠蛋白质150万吨,而且一般认为其蛋白质的品质优于谷物饲料。饲料蛋白质的营养价值通常用其氨基酸的生物学效价来表示。但是,目前国内尚未见有关米糠的猪回肠末端氨基酸消化率的报道。本次试验用全收粪法测定米糠的常规营养…     

米糠的营养价值及酸败机制研究进展

米糠是一种非常规能量饲料,其资源丰富,且富含γ-谷维素、生育酚和植物甾醇等天然抗氧化物质。但米糠极易酸败,限制了其在饲料生产中的应用,米糠中脂解酶和脂氧合酶的存在是导致米糠快速酸败的主要原因。本文就米糠对动物的营养价值、米糠酸败作用机制以及比较近5年国内外稳定米糠的方法进行重点论述,为探索新的稳定方法,促进米糠在未来畜牧业中的科学利用提供理论参考。     

科学认识和利用米糠

(一)米糠的营养特点米糠营养价值受稻米精制加工程度影响,精制程度越高,米糠中混入的胚乳就越多,营养价值也越高。1.蛋白质。含量为14%,比大米(粗蛋白为9.2%)高。氨基酸平衡情况较好,其中赖氨酸、色氨酸和苏氨酸含量高于玉米,但与动物需要相比仍然偏低。2.能值。粗纤维含量不高,     

大米粉的猪回肠氨基酸真消化率测定

大米加工副产品大米粉长期以来被添加到米糠中利用，显著降低了其利用率。本试验用三头施以回直肠吻合术猪，采用单因子设计，以大米粉为半纯合日粮，无氮日粮由醋酸纤维素提供粗纤维来测定内源值，测定了大米粉的猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率。大米粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率的平均值为76．20％，真消化率的平均值为85.86％。这些数据可为我国氨基酸消化率数据库提供参考，并且可作为以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮时的依据。     

Effect of different levels of rice bran processed by various techniques on performance of broiler chicks

1. Rice bran processed by extrusion cooking, roasting or pelleting and treated with antioxidant was used in broiler starter and finisher diets at various concentrations up to 500 g/kg. 2. Extrusion cooking gave the best performance, followed by roasting, while non-significant differences were observed between raw and pelleted bran. 3. Increasing the amount of rice bran in broiler diets resulted in significantly negative effects on growth performance. Non-significant differences were observed in mortality and dressing percentage due to different processes and concentrations of rice bran in the diet. Organ weights were significantly higher on raw and pelleted rice bran as compared to extruded and roasted bran. Liver and heart weights significantly increased with increasing contents of rice bran above 200g/kg, while pancreas weight increased with an addition of rice bran. 4. Treating the rice bran with antioxidant up to 250ppm had non-significant effects on broiler performance.     

米糠中的抗营养因子及消除方法研究进展

米糠是一种优质的能量饲料,它含有丰富的蛋白质、米糠油、米蜡及维生素等营养物质,但亦由于米糠中含有较多的抗营养因子,致使米糠在饲料中不能大量添加。本文详细地介绍了米糠中的植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制因子、非淀粉多糖、血凝素、生长抑制因子等抗营养因子,并从物理、化学、生物学几个方面对其抗营养因子的消除方法研究进展进行了综述。     

木聚糖酶对不同能量饲料的体外酶解效果研究

本试验测定了不同来源的玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量,并通过体外酶解试验考察木聚糖酶对玉米、小麦、麦麸、米糠中的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解效果,旨在建立木聚糖酶添加水平与原料之间的定量关系。结果表明:不同来源的能量饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量不同。玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的总木聚糖含量分别为3.87%、7.11%、20.24%和9.90%,水溶性木聚糖含量分别为0.11%、0.85%、0.92%和0.15%。木聚糖酶对不同能量饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解程度不同。木聚糖酶对小麦、麦麸的总木聚糖的降解程度最大,其次为玉米,对米糠总木聚糖降解程度最小;木聚糖酶对小麦和麦麸的水溶性木聚糖降解程度最大,对玉米和米糠的水溶性木聚糖降解程度小。以总木聚糖含量变化为指标,每千克玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的适宜木聚糖酶添加水平为1 380、1 987、2 887和1 000 IU;以水溶性木聚糖含量变化为指标,每千克玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的适宜木聚糖酶添加水平为500、2 108、6 958和1 000 IU。     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. I. The addition of food enzymes to target the non-starch polysaccharide fractions in diets of chickens and ducks gave no response

1. Three experiments were undertaken to test the efficacy of 2 enzymes targeting mainly the non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in rice bran. 2. In experiment one, 400 g rice bran/kg depressed chick performance and there was a significant decline in growth rate and food intake with increasing inclusion of rice bran (0, 200, 400 g). Neither enzyme had any benefit. 3. In experiment two, rice bran (inclusion 200 and 400 g/kg), did not alter growth rate, food intake or food conversion ratio of duckling (3 to 17 d of age). Again enzyme addition gave no response. 4. In experiment three, 300 g rice bran/kg stimulated duck (19 to 35 d of age) growth while 600 g rice bran/kg depressed growth but not food intake. Enzymes gave no response. 5. Relative gut viscosity declined with increasing rice bran inclusion as did dry matter in ileal digesta. There were differences between ducklings and chickens. 6. It was concluded that NSPs were not a significant factor in altering the nutritive value of rice bran and the enzymes used were therefore unlikely to be of benefit.     

Effects of Rice Bran Inclusion on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chicks

Rice bran, a by-product of the rice industry, is available for animal feeds. However, it has not been a common part of poultry rations in Argentina. Hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity development, phytate content, enzyme inhibitor, and high fiber content are the most important antinutritive factors cited as limiting factors for its use. An experiment utilizing 1-d-old male broiler chicks was conducted to determine the responses of zootechnical and bone mineralization parameters to diets with different concentrations of rice bran. The feed conversion and tibia ash were more sensitive than weight gain to detect antinutritive factors in rice bran. High concentrations of rice bran (in excess of 20%) produced a significant reduction in body weight. Furthermore, feed conversion and bone mineralization variables were impaired by feeding 10% rice bran diets. The adverse effects of rice bran on weight gain, feed conversion, and mineralization in the current studies suggest that rice bran should be included in broiler diets at a level between 10 and 20% if strategies are not used to decrease the antinutritive activity.     

米糠日粮添加粗酶制剂对肉雏鸭生长性能、消化和代谢机能的影响

两系列实验研究米糠基础日粮（含米糠４０％）添加不同剂量的粗酶制剂对肉雏鸭生长性能、消化和代谢机能的影响。结果表明，米糠日粮添加０．１％的粗酶制剂对肉雏鸭生长性能影响较小，但可以显著降低小肠和胰腺的相对重量及血液尿酸和血糖水平，使ＩＧＦ－Ｉ水平提高近２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而添加０．４％的粗酶制剂可以获得较好的增重效果，并且显著提高饲料转化率，以及降低小肠和胰腺的相对重量、血液尿酸及血糖水平。在相同蛋白质及能量水平的条件下，米糠对照组的生长性能并不比玉米对照组差，提示米糠日粮对肉鸭不具有明显的抗营养作用，但添加适量粗酶制剂可改善其生长机能     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. II. Changes in oil digestibility,metabolisable energy and attempts to increase the digestibility of the oil fraction in the diets of chickens and ducklings

1. In experiment 1, the effects of age on oil digestibility and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) were measured in chickens and ducklings between 3 and 28 d of age on a diet with 400 g rice bran/kg. In experiment 2, a biosurfactant and a food lipase were added to diets of chickens containing 200 and 400 g rice bran/kg. In experiment 3, chicken diets containing 0 or 400 g rice bran/kg were supplemented with a food lipase (2 concentrations) or a food enzyme or their combination. 2. In experiment 1, oil metabolisability and AME increased substantially as chickens aged. Oil metabolisability was much higher in ducklings, when comparisons were made with chickens of similar age. 3. In experiment 2, lipase or biosurfactant gave no improvement in bird performance. Growth rate and food conversion ratio were, respectively, 23% and 10% better on diets with 200 compared to 400 g rice bran/kg. 4. In experiment 3, there was a significant growth response to lipase plus the enzyme mixture on the diet with 200 g rice bran/kg. On the diet with 400 g rice bran/kg, growth improvement was seen with the enzyme mixture only. 5. In experiment 3, enzyme addition did not increase oil metabolisability or AME. At 4 to 8 d of age AME was higher on the diet without rice bran but oil metabolisability was the same as on the diet with rice bran. At 19 to 23 d of age AME was similar but oil metabolisability was higher on the diet with rice bran than without. Droppings' dry matter was higher on diets without than with rice bran (32.4 vs 27.1%). 6. The response to lipase and the combination of this and a food enzyme suggest that there may be benefit in examining this interaction further although they had no effect on oil metabolisability or on AME. It is concluded that a stable AME for rice bran cannot be provided for chickens until at least 21 d of age.     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. IV. Effects of addition of fish meal and a microbial phytase to duckling diets on bird performance and amino acid digestibility

1. Ducklings were given diets with vegetable protein (VP) and 0 or 600 g rice bran/kg; fish meal (60 g/kg) and a phytase (+,-) were added to the diets (VP + AP). An additional 40 g soyabean meal/kg was added to the diet with rice bran (VP ++). Amino acid digestibility and mineral retention were measured in the lower ileum of ducklings killed at 23 d of age. Acid insoluble ash was used as an inert marker. Trypsin and amylase activities were also measured and weights of the pancreas and small intestine recorded at slaughter. 2. Addition of soyabean meal (VP ++) to the diet with rice bran improved growth rate and food intake compared to the diet without (VP) and gave the same food intake and growth rate as the comparable basal diet (VP) without rice bran. Fish meal improved growth rate on the diets without rice bran and improved food intake on this diet (VP + AP). Rice bran depressed growth rate and food conversion ratio (FCR); protein source affected growth rate, food intake and FCR; phytase increased food intake only. There were several interactions. 3. Determined total amino acid composition of the diets appeared to meet the essential amino acid requirements of ducklings. Rice bran depressed the ileal digestibility of virtually all amino acids and phytase had no direct effect, although there were interactions. Fish meal addition to diets with rice bran improved the apparent digestibility of several essential amino acids as well as that of dry matter and crude protein. 4. Ileal retention of some minerals and tibia ash content were reduced by rice bran. Fish meal and phytase inclusion increased P retention and ash in tibia. 5. Higher intestinal trypsin activity and increased pancreas size were seen in ducklings on diets with rice bran compared to those without. Intestinal amylase activity was reduced in ducklings given rice bran, probably because of its low starch content. 6. The stimulating effect of fish meal on duckling performance was probably caused in part by the improvement in the digestibility of some amino acids. The addition of small amounts of minerals in fish meal may have increased mineral retention. Phytase gave benefits anticipated from our previous work, but also improved lysine and threonine digestibility in diets containing vegetable protein only.     

Effect of feeding rumen protected rice bran on calcium homeostasis of non‐lactating multiparous cows

Milk fever in dairy cows can be prevented by activating Ca homeostasis before calving. Homeostatic adaptation can be achieved by reducing dietary Ca availability. Formaldehyde‐treated rice bran was studied to supply rumen protected phytic acid to reduce Ca availability. Twelve multiparous dry cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square change‐over design with 5‐day periods to test three dietary treatments. Diets consisted of a forage mix (maize silage, grass silage and hay), being 77% of ration dry matter, supplemented with three concentrates: Control (no formaldehyde‐treated rice bran), T1 (100% formaldehyde‐treated rice bran) and T2 (99.5% formaldehyde‐treated rice bran with 0.6% Ca carbonate, to equal Ca content of Control). Dietary treatments did not affect urine pH (8.14, 8.13 and 8.11 for Control, T1 and T2 respectively) or dry matter intake (13.9, 13.7 and 13.8 kg for Control, T1 and T2 respectively). Including formaldehyde‐treated rice bran in the diet resulted in lower urinary Ca/creatinine ratio (0.970, 0.457 and 0.618 for Control, T1 and T2 respectively). A sudden increase of urinary Ca excretion took place after withdrawal of T1 and T2 at introduction of Control, peaking on the first day and coming back down progressively in the second and third days. Peak was greatest after T1 and was not observed in transitions between rice bran treatments. This is understood as indirect evidence of activation of intestinal Ca absorption during formaldehyde‐treated rice bran feeding, because renal adaptations to changes in blood Ca clearance are immediate and intestinal adaptations delay 2 days. It was concluded that including formaldehyde‐treated rice bran in rations before calving may represent a dietary strategy to prevent milk fever without reducing dry matter intake.