芽孢杆菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫器官指数及胃肠道pH值的影响

试验在断奶仔猪日粮中添加不同比例的芽孢杆菌制剂,研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫器官指数及胃肠道pH值的影响。选择35日龄断奶仔猪96头,按性别比例一致的原则,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,每个重复为1栏。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.75%1、.5%、3%的芽孢杆菌制剂(即日粮中含有的活菌数为0.66×1010、1.32×1010、2.64×1010 cfu/kg),试验期35 d。结果显示:0.75%芽孢杆菌制剂组与对照组相比,平均日增重有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);胸腺器官指数,以0.75%芽孢杆菌制剂组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);空肠和盲肠pH值以0.75%芽孢杆菌制剂组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验表明:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加芽孢杆菌制剂具有促进仔猪生长,降低胃肠道pH值,增强免疫器官指数的趋势。     

芽孢杆菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、胃肠道发育的影响

本试验在断奶仔猪日粮中添加不同比例的芽孢杆菌制剂,研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、胃肠道pH、小肠形态发育及盲肠和结肠内容物中VFA的影响。选择35日龄断奶仔猪96头,按性别比例一致的原则,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,每个重复为1栏。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.75%、1.50%、3.00%的芽孢杆菌制剂(即每千克日粮中含有的活菌数为0.66×1010、1.32×1010、2.64×1010 cfu),试验期35d。试验结束时,每个重复选取1头接近平均体质量的仔猪进行屠宰,迅速结扎各胃肠段分界处,测定各段pH;取十二指肠、空肠前、中、后段及回肠做肠道组织切片;收集盲肠和结肠内容物测定挥发性脂肪酸含量。结果显示:(1)芽孢杆菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05);(2)空肠及盲肠部分,0.75%组的pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05);盲肠部分,1.50%组的pH较对照组显著降低6.86%(P<0.05);(3)与对照组相比,0.75%组显著提高了十二指肠、空肠中段的绒毛高度(P<0.05),显著降低了空肠前段、后段的隐窝深度(P<0.05),同时,显著提高了空肠中段、后段的绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P<0.05);(4)盲肠部分,0.75%组的丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05)。试验结果提示:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.75%的芽孢杆菌制剂可降低胃肠道pH,增加盲肠中挥发性脂肪酸的含量,促进小肠形态发育,进而说明芽孢杆菌制剂可优化胃肠道环境,促进断奶仔猪健康生长。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,选健康、体重接近（7.58 kg±0.23 kg）的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪96头,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每重复8头猪,其中处理1组为对照组,不添加枯草芽孢杆菌;其他3个处理组分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。试验期为40 d。结果显示,试验Ⅱ组的末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于对照组（P< 0.05）,但料重比差异不显著（P> 0.05）;日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪血清总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的影响均差异不显著（P> 0.05）,而试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组试验猪血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组（P< 0.05）;日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量的影响均差异不显著（P> 0.05）;日粮中添加0.2%枯草芽孢杆菌显著提高断奶仔猪血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（P< 0.05）。结果表明,在海南气候条件下,以试验Ⅱ组效果最好,建议生产中断奶仔猪日粮中枯草芽孢杆菌添加量为0.2%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌(PB6株)制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率和死亡率,提高生长性能,能够为养殖户和企业带来实际经济效益。本试验将96头断奶仔猪随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组添加克洛生11粉剂0.01%;Ⅱ组添加克洛生11粉剂0.02%,Ⅲ组添加克洛生11粉剂0.03%。结果表明:各试验验组平均日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的料重比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅲ组蛋白质消化率显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),但对照组、试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组间均差异不显著(P>0.05);对钙和磷的消化率各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组粪便中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌数均显著小于对照组(P<0.05);而乳酸菌和双歧杆菌均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。断奶仔猪日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(PB6株)制剂可显著改善其生产性能。     

凝结芽孢杆菌BC66对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及肠道形态结构的影响

为研究凝结芽孢杆菌BC66对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表现消化率及肠道形态结构的影响,试验选取同批次体况相近的21日龄[杜×长×大,(6.39±0.36)kg]断奶仔猪180头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复20头.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加1.0×106、1.0×107 cfu/g凝结芽孢...     

凝结芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道菌群和血液生化指标的影响

为了研究日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能、肠道菌群和血液生化指标的影响,试验选取21日龄健康断奶仔猪30头,随机分为3组(对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌2.0×106cfu/g、2.0×107cfu/g。预试期3 d,正试期21 d。于试验第21天采血,屠宰,测定其生长性能、肠道菌群和血液生化指标。结果表明:日粮中添加不同水平的凝结芽孢杆菌均显著降低了断奶仔猪的腹泻率(P0.05);提高了仔猪回肠内容物中乳酸菌的数量(P0.05),降低了回肠内容物中梭菌的数量(P0.05);提高了血浆中磷酸丝氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸等多种氨基酸的含量(P0.05),降低了磷酰乙醇铵的含量(P0.05)。说明在日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可以改善断奶仔猪的肠道菌群,降低仔猪的腹泻率。     

日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对仔猪血浆抗氧化指标和肠黏膜生长的影响

试验研究了日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对仔猪血浆抗氧化指标和肠黏膜生长的影响。选取30头体重相近的21日龄健康断奶仔猪随机分为3组(对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组),每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加2.0×10~6、2.0×10~7 CFU/g的凝结芽孢杆菌。正试期21 d,试验结束时前腔静脉采血后屠宰取样。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、空肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值、回肠总蛋白(TP)含量及RNA与DNA的比值均显著提高(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组仔猪血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组空肠TP含量及TP/DNA显著提高(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可以提高断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,促进仔猪肠道黏膜细胞的增殖与更新,从而改善了肠道黏膜形态结构。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对花马杂交F1代断奶仔鹿生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶花马杂交仔鹿的生长性能和血清指标的影响,试验选择1月龄断奶双阳梅花鹿与清原马鹿杂交F1代仔鹿32只(公、母各半),随机分为4组,每组8个重复(公、母各半),每个重复1只鹿,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组)分别饲喂日粮中添加0.01%、0.05%、0.10%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。结果表明:饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的试验仔鹿与对照组相比,仔鹿平均日增重显著提高(P0.05),料重比和腹泻率显著降低(P0.05),且日粮中添加0.10%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的效果更好。此外,添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对试验仔鹿的正常血清指标无显著影响(P0.05),说明在日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂能促进杂交断奶仔鹿的生长性能,且最佳添加量为0.10%。     

日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对仔猪血浆抗氧化指标和肠黏膜生长的影响

试验研究了日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对仔猪血浆抗氧化指标和肠黏膜生长的影响。选取30头体重相近的21日龄健康断奶仔猪随机分为3组(对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组),每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加2.0×10~6、2.0×10~7 CFU/g的凝结芽孢杆菌。正试期21 d,试验结束时前腔静脉采血后屠宰取样。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、空肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值、回肠总蛋白(TP)含量及RNA与DNA的比值均显著提高(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组仔猪血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P0.05);试验Ⅰ组空肠TP含量及TP/DNA显著提高(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可以提高断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,促进仔猪肠道黏膜细胞的增殖与更新,从而改善了肠道黏膜形态结构。     

芽孢杆菌在仔猪日粮中的应用效果初探

选择35d断奶的长×大仔猪120头,随机分为5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。处理组每克日粮中分别含有0(对照)、0.6×107、1×107、2×107cfu枯草芽孢杆菌或0.3×107cfu地衣芽孢杆菌,以研究芽孢杆菌在保育仔猪上的应用效果。结果表明:1×107cfu枯草芽孢组有降低饲料系数和促进仔猪生长的趋势,饲料系数较对照组降低了6.7%,平均日增重比对照组提高了3.61%,但差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。地衣芽孢杆菌显示出了一定抑制腹泻的趋势,但在促生长方面却表现出一定负面效应。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.