CNCPS及体外产气法评价青海地区6种常用粗饲料的营养价值

本研究以豌豆秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、苜蓿干草、小麦秸秆、燕麦青干草、青贮玉米秸秆为研究对象,先采用概略养分法和康奈尔净碳水化合物—蛋白质体系(CNCPS)进行6种粗饲料养分含量的化学分析,再利用体外产气法进一步评价6种粗饲料在牦牛瘤胃内的发酵产气参数,为以上粗饲料在牦牛养殖中的应用提供重要基础数据。结果表明:苜蓿干草CP、CNSC含量最高,NDF含量最低,具有良好的营养价值,是优质粗饲料;小麦秸秆CP、CNSC含量最低,NDF含量最高,营养价值较差;青贮玉米秸秆和燕麦青干草CC和PC含量较低,营养价值优于豌豆秸秆、小麦秸秆、蚕豆秸秆;6种粗饲料48h积累产气量和有机物消化率由大到小依次为青贮玉米秸秆燕麦青干草苜蓿干草豌豆秸秆小麦秸秆蚕豆秸秆,代谢能由大到小依次为青贮玉米秸秆苜蓿干草燕麦青干草豌豆秸秆小麦秸秆蚕豆秸秆,苜蓿干草和燕麦青干草ME没有显著差异; CNCPS测定指标较多,可在一定程度上反映动物对饲料利用情况,对饲料营养价值的评价更精确;青贮玉米秸秆有益于反刍动物瘤胃微生物的发酵和利用。     

青海省反刍动物常用粗饲料营养价值研究进展

反刍动物饲草料营养价值的评定包括饲料营养成分的评价和利用率的评价两部分。文章针对青海省的饲料资源,将青海省境内11种粗饲料青稞秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆、豌豆秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、马铃薯秸秆、燕麦青干草、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、苜蓿以及青贮玉米秸秆的常规营养数据、产气法测得的发酵指标以及部分能值加以归纳,通过预测方程计算部分可消化蛋白及消化率数值,以对青海地区放牧家畜的日常饲养发展提供参考。     

燕麦青干草营养成分分析及活体外瘤胃发酵参数测定

以目前内蒙古阴山北麓普遍种植的燕麦青干草为试验材料,通过营养成分分析、活体外消化率测定、活体外发酵产气量测定等试验,与青贮玉米秸、谷草等秸秆饲料进行比较,对燕麦青干草进行营养价值的初步评定。结果表明,燕麦青干草干物质的CP、DMD、OMD、CPD、NDFD及ADFD都要显著高于青贮玉米秸及谷草,其碳水化合物组分含量高或被利用的比例大,且挥发性脂肪酸总量较高,有利于瘤胃发酵的调控。     

苜蓿对奶牛业的发展有重要作用

苜蓿(Medicigosativa)是一种优质高产,各种家畜都喜食的多年生豆科牧草,它是世界上广泛种植的优良牧草,也是我国种植面积最大,分布最广的人工牧草,以“牧草之王”而著称。苜蓿不仅产量高,而且草质优良,各种营养成分齐全,营养价值高,尤其是粗蛋白质、维生素和无机盐含量丰富,干物质中粗蛋白质含量15%～25%。优质苜蓿干草的粗蛋白含量通常在18%以上(风干基础),高于几乎所有的禾本科牧草、籽实类能量饲料和秸秆,是奶牛良好的蛋白质来源。青饲或青贮饲喂奶牛可增加产奶量,无论是青饲、青贮或调制干草,均可与精饲料媲美。而且种植苜蓿在改土肥田…     

高寒地区捆裹青贮燕麦饲草饲喂绵羊效果的试验研究

在高寒地区选择青海欧拉型藏羊在饲养管理完全相同且同等补饲精饲料［0.25 kg/（只·d）］的情况下,分组饲喂捆裹青贮燕麦饲草、全株玉米青贮饲草、燕麦青干草和小麦秸秆51 d。结果表明,捆裹青贮燕麦饲草（全干物质%）粗蛋白较全株玉米青贮饲草、燕麦青干草和小麦秸秆分别提高13.77%、94.23%和130.13%,粗纤维较全株玉米青贮饲草高52.35%,较燕麦青干草和小麦秸秆分别降低11.14%和26.73%;捆裹青贮燕麦饲草日均饲草采食量较燕麦青干草和小麦秸秆分别提高130.93%和199.58%,差异均极显著（P〈0.01）,较全株玉米青贮饲草提高4.28%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;饲喂捆裹青贮燕麦饲草日增重达197.35 g/（只·d）,较全株玉米青贮饲草提高10.85%,差异不显著（P〉0.05）,较燕麦青干草和小麦秸秆分别提高40.96%和101.71%,差异均极显著（P〈0.01）;捆裹青贮燕麦饲草日均盈利1.71元/（只·d）,较小麦秸秆、燕麦青干草和全株玉米青贮饲草分别多盈利1.17、0.96和0.50元/（只·d）,分别提高216.67%、128.00%和41.32%。捆裹青贮燕麦饲草饲喂绵羊经济效益明显,在高寒地区可进行大力推广应用。     

张家口地区肉羊常用粗饲料分级指数的测定

为了评价张家口地区肉羊常用6种粗饲料品质,试验采用实验室常规分析和体外模拟试验的方法,测定了6种粗饲料的常规营养成分、干物质体外消化率,并用模型计算出代谢能和干物质采食量,以中性洗涤纤维为纤维素指标计算得出6种饲草的分级指数。结果表明:6种粗饲料品质优劣顺序为苜蓿干草燕麦干草玉米青贮羊草玉米秸谷草。     

体外产气法与尼龙袋法评定青海当地燕麦青干草营养价值

试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的4岁1/2野血大通牦牛作为试验动物,同时运用尼龙袋法和体外产气法评定青海当地燕麦青干草营养价值。结果表明,燕麦青干草中粗蛋白质含量为7.17%,粗脂肪含量为2.23%,中性洗涤纤维含量为54.86%,酸性洗涤纤维含量为29.15%;72 h干物质降解率产气法测定值为87%,尼龙袋法测定值为80.56%;估测得出燕麦青干草有机物质消化率89.30%,代谢能为13.99(MJ/kg DM)。用尼龙袋法测定的燕麦青干草的干物质降解率在4、6、8 h均略高于体外产气法测定值, 12、24、36、48、72 h测定的干物质降解率均略低于产气法测定值,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。对2种方法测定值作相关性分析,得出r＝0.98,表明这2种方法所测定出来的数据正相关。     

体外产气法评价青海地区油菜秸与5种作物秸秆组合效应

本研究旨在采用体外产气法评价青海地区油菜秸分别与小麦秸、蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸和青贮玉米秸组合的产气发酵特性,以加快该地区作物秸秆类粗饲料的科学利用。试验采集青海省西宁市周边农牧交错区的油菜秸、小麦秸、蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸等作物秸秆,以牦牛为瘤胃液供体动物,进行油菜秸分别与5种作物秸秆组合的体外产气试验。结果表明:油菜秸秆与其他五种作物秸秆以不同比例搭配组合后,可产生不同程度的正负组合效应,且油菜秸分别与小麦秸、豌豆秸以50∶50比例组合较为合适,与马铃薯秸、青贮玉米秸以25∶75比例组合较为合适,与蚕豆秸以75∶25比例组合较为合适。通过作物秸秆类粗饲料间营养组合互补能有效提高牦牛对单一作物秸秆的体外消化率,为该地区农牧交错带牦牛冷季补饲的粗饲料合理利用提供科学指导。     

3种饲草不同配比的体外消化特性及组合效应分析

本研究旨在实现低质粗饲料的有效利用,为我国北方地区饲草型发酵全混合日粮确定最佳粗饲料组合配方。将玉米秸、苜蓿、燕麦草3种饲草通过机械预处理,按不同比例混合后进行体外发酵,根据混合饲草的体外发酵指标(pH、IVDOM、GP、TVFA等)以及组合效应进行综合评定。结果表明,玉米秸+燕麦草组合体外发酵各指标及组合效应效果不佳;玉米秸+苜蓿干草组合中,处理组D(玉米秸∶苜蓿干草=60%∶40%)和处理组E(玉米秸∶苜蓿干草=50%∶50%)体外发酵指标(pH、IVDOM、GP、TVFA)值及正组合效应高于或显著高于其他组合(P0.05);玉米秸+苜蓿干草+燕麦草组合中,处理组R(玉米秸秆∶苜蓿干草∶燕麦干草=50%∶30%∶20%)和处理组Q(玉米秸秆∶苜蓿干草∶燕麦干草=50%∶40%∶10%)体外发酵指标值及正组合效应高于或显著高于其他组合(P0.05)。综合考虑,玉米秸+苜蓿干草和玉米秸+苜蓿干草+燕麦草两个组合中,苜蓿的添加比例在30%以上时,体外发酵积累的pH、IVDOM、GP、TVFA值及组合效应显著增加,能明显地提高秸秆的消化率或降解率,饲草间产生正组合效应更显著。     

杂交构树、玉米秸秆青贮和燕麦青干草不同配比的体外消化特性及组合效应

本试验旨在探究不同配比杂交构树、玉米秸秆青贮和燕麦青干草组合的体外消化特性及组合效应,以筛选出三种饲草间最适组合配比。采用单因素试验设计,将杂交构树、玉米秸秆青贮和燕麦青干草组成不同配比的混合粗饲料,以精粗比40:60混合作为发酵底物,进行48 h的山羊瘤胃体外发酵试验,共15个处理,每处理3个重复,测定48 h总产气量、pH、氨态氮、微生物蛋白、干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率,计算单项组合效应和多项组合效应。结果显示:混合饲草比单一饲草更能提高体外发酵效果,组合杂交构树:燕麦青干草=50:50、杂交构树:燕麦青干草=75:25、杂交构树:玉米秸秆青贮=50:50体外发酵效果不佳及多项组合效应为负,筛选出三个最优组合为玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=50:50、玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=25:75和杂交构树:玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=50:25:25,且玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草比例1:1组合效应较好。     

体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜常用粗饲料组合效应

采用体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜的3种常用粗饲料青贮玉米（Zea mays）秸秆、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青干草和燕麦（Arrhenatherum elatius）青干草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,理论最大产气量、48 h产气量分别与中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白（NDS/CP）（P＜0.001）、有机物（OM）（P＜0.01）,中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）（P＜0.001）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）（P＜0.05）和粗蛋白（CP）（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系;产气速率常数分别与OM（P＜0.001）、NDS（P＜0.001）和NDS/CP（P＜0.01）呈正相关关系,分别与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.001）;产气延滞时间与ADF（P＜0.01）和NDF（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与OM（P＜0.01）、NDS（P＜0.05）和NDS/CP（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系,说明了组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响。3种粗饲料两两组合搭配时,青贮玉米秸秆与苜蓿青干草以25∶75比例、青贮玉米秸秆与燕麦青干草以50∶50比例、苜蓿青干草与燕麦青干草以25∶75或50∶50比例组合时较为合适,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈现组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势。     

Amino acid profiles of rumen undegradable protein: a comparison between forages including cereal straws and alfalfa and their respective total mixed rations

Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。     

不同粗饲料对绵羊瘤胃内微生物的羧甲基纤维素酶活的影响

对5种粗饲料,8个时间点黏附于饲料颗粒上的瘤胃微生物的羧甲基纤维素酶活的动态变化进行研究。用4只羊,分7批进行尼龙袋试验,与早晨饲喂后2h一次性投入瘤胃腹囊处,时间点取0,6,12,24,36,48,60,72h8个点。结果:对于不同饲料的瘤胃微生物(PAM)羧甲基纤维素酶活来讲,随着时间的推移,羧甲基纤维素酶活均有一个峰值出现,只是出现时间的先后顺序不一,峰值大小不一。试验中峰值出现的先后顺序为:苜蓿、披碱草、玉米秸、麦秸和谷秸(最后两者相等),时间分别为24,36,48和60h。峰值大小顺序为麦秸、玉米秸、谷秸、苜蓿、披碱草。不同饲料的平均羧甲基纤维素酶活差异显著(P<0.05),由高到低的顺序为麦秸、玉米秸、披碱草、谷秸、苜蓿。试验表明不同粗饲料对PAM羧甲基纤维素酶活有显著影响。     

体外产气法评价青海高原燕麦青干草与天然牧草组合效应

本研究采用体外产气法评价了青海高原反刍家畜补饲用燕麦青干草分别与藏嵩草、金露梅+珠芽蓼、线叶嵩草3种天然牧草均按0∶100,25∶75,50∶50,75∶25,100∶0的比例两两组合后的发酵产气特性。结果表明,48 h产气量、理论最大产气量与NDS(P＜0.01)呈正相关关系,而与NDF(P＜0.01)、HC(P＜0.01)呈负相关关系;产气速率常数与HC(P＜0.01)呈负相关关系;产气延滞时间与ADF(P＜0.001)、NDF(P＜0.05)呈正相关关系,而与CP(P＜0.01)、NDS(P＜0.05)呈负相关关系。不同牧草组合在发酵12～24 h的正组合效应较高,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势;且以燕麦青干草作为补饲草进行该地区天然草地反刍家畜的冷季营养补饲时,燕麦青干草分别与藏嵩草、金露梅+珠芽蓼、线叶嵩草草地型牧草均以50∶50比例组合较为合适。因此,做好牧草间的科学搭配组合是提高青海高原天然草地冷季牧草利用率的有效途径之一。     

Foraging enrichment for stabled horses: effects on behaviour and selection

The restricted access to pasture experienced by many competition horses has been linked to the exhibition of stereotypic and redirected behaviour patterns. It has been suggested that racehorses provided with more than one source of forage are less likely to perform these patterns; however, the reasons for this are currently unclear. To investigate this in 4 replicated trials, up to 12 horses were introduced into each of 2 identical stables containing a single forage, or 6 forages for 5 min. To detect novelty effects, in the first and third trials the single forage was hay. In the second and fourth, it was the preferred forage from the preceding trial. Trials were videotaped and 12 mutually exclusive behaviour patterns compared. When hay was presented as the single forage (Trials 1 and 3), all recorded behaviour patterns were significantly different between stables; e.g. during Trial 3 in the 'Single' stable, horses looked over the stable door more frequently (P<0.001), moved for longer (P<0.001), foraged on straw bedding longer (P<0.001), and exhibited behaviour indicative of motivation to search for alternative resources (P<0.001) more frequently. When a previously preferred forage was presented as the single forage (Trials 2 and 4) behaviour was also significantly different between stables, e.g in Trial 4 horses looked out over the stable door more frequently (P<0.005) and foraged for longer in their straw bedding (P<0.005). Further study is required to determine whether these effects persist over longer periods. However, these trials indicate that enrichment of the stable environment through provision of multiple forages may have welfare benefits for horses, in reducing straw consumption and facilitating the expression of highly motivated foraging behaviour.     

Fermentation of six different forages in the semi-continuous fermentation technique Caesitec

The aim of the present study was to compare carbohydrate degradation of forages which store carbohydrates either predominantly as fructan or starch, in horses’ hindgut. The effects of an abrupt change from hay‐based feeding to green fodder‐based feeding on the caecal flora were tested with the in vitro hindgut simulation technique ‘Caesitec’. Six trials with different forages (English ryegrass, tall fescue, grass mixture‐horses, grass mixture‐cows, lucerne, white clover) were conducted. During a 4‐day stabilisation period, samples were taken once a day before loading the fermenters with hay. After diet‐change to forage‐based feeding, samples were taken four times a day. Ammonia and pH‐value were measured before and 1, 2 and 6 h after loading the ‘Caesitec’. Gas formation was measured daily. Bacterial numbers, lactate and short chain fatty acids were detected at four time‐points of each trial. The grass mixtures contained the highest amounts of fructan. The pH‐values were in the physiological range from pH 6 up to 7 (6.58–6.83) by feeding all forages. Gas formation, anaerobic and aerobic bacterial numbers increased after diet change from hay to any forage. The maximum amount of fructan (3.75 g/kg) in swiss pasture did not cause a permanent pathological change in the hindgut‐flora.     

奶牛常用饲草的体外发酵CH4产量研究

为研究不同饲草对反刍动物甲烷(CH4)排放量的影响,利用虚拟仪器技术设计的体外发酵产气自动记录系统,结合气相色谱仪,测定了奶牛业常用饲草体外发酵72 h后的发酵指标。结果表明:发酵72 h后,供试饲草的CH4产量介于56.85～74.63 mL.g-1DMloss,最高的为玉米(Zea mays L.)秸秆,最低的为苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)干草Ⅰ。体外发酵程度由高到低依次为青贮玉米、苜蓿干草Ⅰ、苜蓿干草Ⅱ、羊草(Leymus chinensis T.)干草、苜蓿茎秆、玉米秸秆。各饲草的产气动态均呈指数函数变化,趋势相似,在0～24 h内累计产气量迅速增加,24～36 h内增长速率渐缓,36 h以后速率趋于平缓。各饲草的CH4产量与其中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量成显著正相关(P<0.05),与其粗蛋白(CP)含量成极显著负相关(P<0.01);通过逐步回归分析,建立常规养分含量与CH4产量的回归模型:PCH4=60.02-0.91×CP+0.44×ADF(R2=0.96)。综上表明,饲草的CH4产量与其品质有关,优质饲草体外发酵程度高,CH4产量低,从而提高饲料利用率、减少温室效应,而劣质饲草则相反。