基于SWAT模型的罗玉沟流域森林植被变化的水文生态响应研究

以甘肃天水罗玉沟流域为研究区,应用分布式水文模型（SWAT）对该流域的径流、泥沙和水质状况进行模拟研究,并重点探讨了降雨和森林植被变化对水文生态响应的影响。结果表明:降雨因子对径流的影响略大于对泥沙的影响;森林植被具有明显的减水减沙生态水文功能,尤其对泥沙的影响更大于对径流的影响。     

岔巴沟流域汛期径流模拟及地表产流特征分析

气候变化是影响流域水文循环过程的重要驱动因素,近年来,气候变化导致极端降雨—径流事件的频繁发生对人类社会经济发展构成了严重的威胁。因此,迫切需要开展流域水文模拟和产流特征分析。土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)是一种具有物理机制的分布式水文模型,已被广泛用于评价变化环境下的水文过程。以黄土高原岔巴沟流域为研究区,通过利用与黄土高原地区产流模式更为接近的Green-Ampt下渗法驱动SWAT模型模拟了岔巴沟流域日尺度的水文过程,并以水文响应单元为分析对象,结合4个降雨—径流事件的地表产流量和地表径流系数分析了降雨强度和前期土壤含水量对不同土地覆被产流特征的影响。结果表明：(1)基于Green-Ampt下渗法驱动的SWAT模型率定期和验证期E_NS为0.76,0.74,R²为0.78,0.75,模型能够较好地模拟日尺度流域水文过程;(2)流域不同土地覆被下地表径流系数随最大雨强的增加呈显著上升趋势,且最大降雨强度大于16 mm/h后地表径流系数显著增加,当土地覆被为耕地时降雨转化为地表径流的比例最大,其次为草地和林地;(3)前期土壤含水量的大小可以揭示大...     

Surface runoff and soil erosion estimation using the SWAT model in the Keleta Watershed,Ethiopia

This study evaluates surface runoff generation and soil erosion rates for a small watershed (the Keleta Watershed) in the Awash River basin of Ethiopia by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Calibration and validation of the model was performed on monthly basis, and it could simulate surface runoff and soil erosion to a good level of accuracy. The simulated surface runoff closely matched with observed data (derived by hydrograph separation). Surface runoff generation was generally high in parts of the watershed characterized by heavy clay soils with low infiltration capacity, agricultural land use and slope gradients of over 25 per cent. The estimated soil loss rates were also realistic compared to what can be observed in the field and results from previous studies. The long‐term average soil loss was estimated at 4·3 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹; most of the area of the watershed (∼80 per cent) was predicted to suffer from a low or moderate erosion risk (<8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), and only in ∼1·2 per cent of the watershed was soil erosion estimated to exceed 12 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Expectedly, estimated soil loss was significantly correlated with measured rainfall and simulated surface runoff. Based on the estimated soil loss rates, the watershed was divided into four priority categories for conservation intervention. The study demonstrates that the SWAT model provides a useful tool for soil erosion assessment from watersheds and facilitates planning for a sustainable land management in Ethiopia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SWAT模型在黄土丘陵区燕沟流域的应用研究

SWAT是基于物理机制的分布式水文模型,能够准确地模拟及预测不同下垫面的径流量。应用SWAT模型对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域2002—2008年逐月径流量进行了模拟。结果表明,模拟率定期和验证期的Nash—Sutticliffe效率系数分别为0.76和0.81,相关系数r2分别为0.79和0.80。模型模拟精度高于评价标准(模拟效率Ens>0.5,r2>0.6),说明SWAT模型适用于黄土丘陵区小流域,模拟效果很好,可以用来监测预报黄土丘陵区的汛情,具有很强的实用性。     

东南沿海地区小流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应

[目的]研究我国东南沿海小流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为该区水土资源合理配置和可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]以东南沿海福建省晋江山美水库集水区为例,运用SWAT水文模型。[结果](1)研究区土地利用变化表现为林地转向园地和建设用地、耕地转向建设用地的特征。(2)固定其他条件,将构建的模型2006年土地利用数据替换为1995年,对比分析发现2000—2010年全流域和典型子流域的年径流深增加,洪水期平均径流增加,枯水期径流基本减少。(3)从全流域空间角度看,径流量均增大,特别是研究区西部地区和东南部地区;同时径流量变率增大,稳性减小。(4)园地、林地、建设用地和水田是驱动区内水文变化的主要因子。[结论]研究区土地利用与覆被变化导致"洪水量更大,枯水量更小"的径流变化趋势。河川径流的变化受各地类变化的组合叠加效应影响,这种叠加效应还须进一步研究。     

基于SWAT模型的中尺度流域产流产沙模拟研究

以黄河下游小花间（小浪底-花园口）区域洛河卢氏水文站以上流域为研究区,在GIS技术支持下,应用分布式模型SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）进行了流域产流产沙模拟。采用卢氏水文站1992～1997连续6年的实测月均径流和泥沙数据对模型进行了校准:在模型校准过程采用自动数字滤波技术将径流总量划分为直接径流和基流,并分别对直接径流和基流进行了校准,以达到径流总量的拟合,在此基础上对流域泥沙负荷进行了校准;采用1998～1999连续2年的实测月均径流和泥沙数据对模型的适用性进     

基于SWAT模型的大宁河流域非点源污染空间特性研究

以三峡库区大宁河流域为研究区域,应用SWAT模型进行了流域农业非点源污染负荷的模拟计算。利用巫溪水文站2000-2004年的实测日径流和泥沙数据进行了模型的率定与验证。验证结果表明,SWAT模型适用于大宁河流域。利用验证后的模型分析了大宁河流域2003年的非点源污染空间分布特征,结果发现,大宁河流域西部地区是土壤侵蚀发生相对严重的地区,有机氮产小的地区和高泥沙量产出的地区大致相同。总体上,大宁河流域非点源污染的产生量西部高于东部,南部高于北部,中部地区最小。针对SWAT模型的空间分析结果提出了该区非点源污染的防治措施。     

黄土高原泾河流域梯田对河道径流及生态基流影响

[目的]定量分析泾河流域梯田建设对河道径流、生态基流的影响程度,为流域梯田建设提供一定理论支撑。[方法]采用合作开发的嵌入梯田模块的SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟河道径流量。[结果]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在模拟河道径流时可满足模型模拟精度的要求;随着梯田面积增加,河道年径流量减少,生态基流保障程度提高,年、月生态基流不满足天数降低;梯田的年平均减流量为4.25×104 m3/(km2·a);梯田具有蓄洪补枯作用,且对丰水期的调控效果高于枯水期,对河道生态基流的影响为:枯水期平水期丰水期。[结论]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在该流域具有较好的适用性,提高流域内梯田面积是滞洪补枯的有效手段之一,在一定程度上保障了河道生态基流。     

流域水文模型在川中丘陵区小流域水沙过程研究中的应用

流域水文模型对定量评价水沙的输出响应具有重要的作用。探讨了新安江流域水文模型在川中丘陵区小流域水沙过程研究中的应用，结果表明该模型对水沙过程的模拟效果良好，确定性系数达到0．8以上。为川中丘陵区小流域水沙输出的定量评估提供了一种有效的方法和思路。     

Evaluation of Sediment Deposition in a Mediterranean Reservoir: Comparison of Long Term Bathymetric Measurements and SWAT Estimations

This study aims to demonstrate that the SWAT model can be used to predict discharge and sediment yield values in reservoir contributing catchments helping also to define the main factors that determine sedimentation rates in semi‐arid Mediterranean environments. This aim was achieved by comparing SWAT simulation results with water flows (over 29 years) and sediment deposition (over 47 years) volumes collected (by a campaign of bathymetric surveys) in a Sicilian reservoir. The mean monthly runoff coefficient calculated for the period 1980–2008 was 0·17. The mean sedimentation volume in the reservoir during the period 1963–2009 was 51,000 m³ year⁻¹. Field surveys and collection of spatially distributed databases of soil, topography and climate were carried out in order to characterize the contributing catchment. The SWAT model was applied to simulate sediment volumes cumulated over group of years as well as water flow volumes reaching annual and monthly the reservoir. The performance of the hydrological and erosion components of the model was evaluated by a combination of both summary and difference statistical measures after a sensitivity analysis and a calibration/validation process. The model was able to simulate observed runoff volumes at both annual and monthly scale. The mean sedimentation volume simulated by SWAT during the whole period was 8·1% lower than the value obtained by the bathymetric measurements (equal to 72·10³ Mg) with very good values of the efficiency coefficient (equal to 0·91). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应

[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。     

基于SWAT模型的平原河网区水文过程分布式模拟

目前普遍使用的基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的分布式建模方法仅适用于山地、丘陵等高差较大的地区,对于具有复杂水文结构特点的平原河网区尚无有效的解决方案。该文选择太湖流域湖西区作为研究区,基于SWAT模型探索出一套完整的针对平原河网区的分布式建模方案。该方案采用概化、打断的方式将交叉、环状河网处理成单一的枝状河网,采用按河道分流比例跨子流域调水的方式来还原原始河道的传输过程,采用添加"虚拟水库"的方式来模拟人工圩区内外的水量交换。通过对太湖湖西区2008-2010年的月均径流量进行模拟验证,根据模拟值和观测值计算的荣登桥、胡家圩及宜兴3个水文站的相关系数r和纳什(Nash-Sutcliffe)系数Ens分别为0.94、0.95、0.93和0.84、0.80、0.67,说明了这种建模方法在平原河网区具有较好的适用性。     

基于SWAT模型的降雨数据适用性评价

为评价降雨产品在流域尺度水文模拟中的适用性,该文首先依据实际降雨数据评价GLDAS、TMPA和ERA-Interim 3种降雨产品在研究流域的可替代性。多指标模糊优选评价表明,基于双线性插值法的TMPA和ERA-Interim降雨产品数据在日、月尺度上的模拟效果均较好,相对误差(Bias)分别为5.48%和7.46%,均小于10%,相关系数(CC)在0.82~0.98之间,具有站点降雨的可替代性,可作为水文模型的输入。然后用此2种降雨产品分别驱动SWAT模型,进行研究流域的水文模拟精度分析。TMPA产品的日、月尺度水文模拟结果的Bias分别为10.88%和11.03%,纳什系数(NSE)分别为0.46和0.78,而ERA-Interim的日、月尺度水文模拟结果的Bias分别为9.11%和9.27%,NSE分别为0.44和0.70。以Bias、CC和NSE为特征指标的多指标模糊优选模型的评价结果为:TMPA产品日、月尺度水文模拟结果的相对隶属度值分别为0.51和0.53,大于ERA-Interim的相对隶属度值0.49和0.47,表明TMPA产品更适用于流域尺度的水文模拟。该文评价方法及结论可为类似流域尺度的水文模拟提供参考。     

Evaluation of Surface Runoff Prediction by AnnAGNPS Model in a Large Mediterranean Watershed Covered by Olive Groves

The distributed parameter and continuous simulation Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model was implemented in the watershed Anzur (Spain) covered by olive groves, to assess its prediction capability of surface runoff at the large watershed scale in semi‐arid conditions. A 5‐year database reporting hydrological, geomorphological and land use characteristics of the watershed allowed model implementation. Almost 180 surface runoff events were modelled by AnnAGNPS and compared with the corresponding observations through statistical indexes and grouping the runoff events in order to evaluate the model at different temporal scales (event, monthly and seasonal). AnnAGNPS evaluation showed that, in general, runoff was estimated by the default model with low accuracy at all the investigated time scales, likely, as a result of a simple representation of spatial variability. Calibration (by reducing initial curve numbers (CN) of the olive groves) provided more accurate and satisfactory predictions of event, monthly and seasonal runoff volumes with a low effort in the parameterisation approach. The best model performance was achieved at the event scale. The runoff prediction reliability may be attributable to the AnnAGNPS inaccuracy in adjusting CN values during the continuous simulation of the soil moisture conditions, because estimations of daily evapotranspiration values are quite realistic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于小流域产流特征的磷流失关键源区识别

以密云区石匣小流域为研究区,根据不同降雨类型,采用超渗产流机制的径流曲线模型(SCS-CN)和蓄满产流机制的变源曲线模型(CN-VSA)进行产流特征分析,并利用磷指数模型识别不同产流机制下石匣小流域的磷流失关键源区。结果表明:1)中雨量、高雨强的降雨类型导致的超渗产流机制,使流域的东部、南部土壤较为湿润的区域以及流域的东北部和西部的易产流的耕地区域产流量较高,产流量介于15~30 mm,产流面积约占整个流域面积的14.2%;北部林地区域产流量较低,产流量低于15 mm,产流面积约占整个流域面积的85.8%;2)低雨量、低雨强的降雨类型导致的蓄满产流机制,使流域几乎所有区域不出现产流,产流量低于15 mm的区域面积占比达99.9%;高雨量、中雨强降雨类型导致的蓄满产流机制,使水库及流域水系周围产流量最高,产流量高于30 mm,其区域面积占14.6%、产流量介于15~30 mm之间的区域面积占17.7%、产流量低于15 mm的区域面积占67.7%;3)该研究区土壤侵蚀程度较弱,部分地区产流量较高,存在较高产流风险;4)超渗产流机制下,石匣小流域南部有磷流失风险,约占1.4%的面积;蓄满产流机制下,石匣小流域南部及北部有磷流失风险,约占2.3%的面积,蓄满产流机制下的磷流失风险较大。总体来说,石匣小流域磷流失风险较低,研究区域的南部靠近密云水库附近的区域为磷流失关键源区,需重点治理。     

Evaluation of runoff,peak flow and sediment yield for events simulated by the AnnAGNPS model in a belgian agricultural watershed

The AnnAGNPS model, widely utilized as a practical tool for addressing erosion problems and land use planning, was implemented in a small agricultural watershed located in central Belgium, to assess its prediction capacity of runoff, peak flow and sediment yield in humid temperate conditions. Model performance was evaluated at the event scale by using a database reporting hydrological, geomorphologic and land use data collected during a 2‐year period. Seventeen events were modelled and compared with the corresponding observations at the watershed outlet. The model performed well in predicting the largest runoff volumes, as shown by the high values achieved for the coefficients of efficiency (E = 0·89) and determination (r² = 0·92). However, some events resulted in zero runoff simulation. The prediction capability for peak flow and sediment yield was poor (E = 0·35 and 0·16, respectively). This inaccuracy can have several causes: the internal model deficiencies may be due to the incomplete representation of watershed complex processes, while external problems may be related to the conditions within the modelled watershed and the quality of recorded data. On the whole the AnnAGNPS model may be considered as being suitable to simulate the significant runoff events in the experimental watershed. However, the model may be seen as better suited for comparative assessments of alternative management and policy scenarios and for gross estimation of nutrient loads rather than the precise prediction of a single event, consequently helping in the prediction of land degradation problems in the experimented conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of land management on runoff and soil losses from two small watersheds in St Lucia

The influence of land use on runoff and soil loss was assessed on two small watersheds in the Eastern Caribbean island of St Lucia, under contrasting land management regimes. The data generated from these watersheds revealed that the soil losses from an intensively cultivated agricultural watershed were 20‐times higher in magnitude than that of a forested watershed both for peak rainfall event and for total duration of analysis. This was due to higher surface runoff rates and exposure of soil to direct raindrop impact within cultivated areas. Whereas the forest canopy cover in combination with higher infiltration capacities of the forested land reduced the erosive runoff from the forest watershed and thus the soil loss. Moreover, the energy intensities of large storms in excess of 40 mm were estimated and found to range between 400 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 1834 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹. 1

1 Megajoules‐millimeters per hectare‐hour.

Soil loss from the agricultural watershed was strongly correlated (R² = 0·85) to storm energy‐intensity (EI₃₀). However, the correlation of soil loss with the EI₃₀ (R² = 0·71) was poor for the forest watershed due to the effect of canopy vegetation, which significantly reduced the energy of raindrop impact. Over the study period, cumulative soil losses were 10·0 t ha⁻¹ for the agricultural site and 0·5 t ha⁻¹ for the forest site. 2

2 Metric tons per hectare.

The largest storm observed during the study period resulted in erosion losses of 3·78 t ha⁻¹ and 0·2 t ha⁻¹ from the agricultural and forest sites respectively. The regression models were developed using the measured data for prediction of runoff and soil loss over the watersheds of St Lucia under similar conditions. This study contributed towards efficient watershed management planning and implementation of suitable water conservation measures in St Lucia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土区小流域土壤侵蚀系统模拟的研究

中国黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重的地区之一 ,土壤侵蚀量是正确评价综合治理的一个重要指标。本文对黄土区小流域土壤侵蚀系统进行计算机模拟 ,它是在与地理信息系统支持平台松散耦合的基础上 ,利用DEM提供地形特征的功能 ,运用水文模型进行流域径流水文分析 ,并在此基础之上 ,结合通用水土流失方程式的侵蚀泥沙模型及其沿程传递模型 ,建立了分布型小流域土壤侵蚀模拟模型 ,用它可以计算不同时间和空间的土壤侵蚀量。最后将研究成果应用于试验流域——宁夏西吉县黄家二岔小流域 ,经过验证 ,具有一定的可靠性 ,可以用于黄土区流域的土壤侵蚀量的模拟运算 ,这将进一步提高小流域综合治理的水平。     

Estimation of Runoff,Peak Discharge and Sediment Load at the Event Scale in a Medium‐Size Mediterranean Watershed Using the Annagnps Model

In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model has been used to estimate runoff, peak discharge and sediment load at the event scale in a Mediterranean watershed. The study area is the Carapelle torrent, Southern Italy (area = 506 km²), where continuous rainfall, streamflow and sediment load data are available. Nineteen flood events have been registered in the period 2007–2009 and were used for the application of the model. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model at the event scale, in a medium‐size watershed, given the specific conditions of the semi‐arid environments. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assign the correct parameterization: the mean normalized output variation of the most meaningful input parameters pointed out the influence of the curve number on runoff, peak discharge and sediment load predictions (values greater than 1); the MN Manning's roughness coefficient and K, C and P factors of the universal soil loss equation showed a moderate influence on sediment load simulations (values between 0·5 and 1). The selection of the Soil Conservation Service synthetic storm types has been based on the observed storm events analysis to improve the peak discharge simulations. The model prediction has proved to be good for runoff (R² = 0·74, NSE = 0·75, W = 0·92) and peak discharge (R² = 0·85, NSE = 0·70, W = 0·94), and satisfactory for sediment yield (R² = 0·70, NSE = 0·63, W = 0·91). The relative error is lower for high events; this result is quite interesting in semi‐arid environments, where most of the annual sediment yield is concentrated in a few, severe events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HBV水文预报模型在白龙江流域的应用研究

[目的]在白龙江流域武都站以上区域构建HBV水文模型,通过对区域日径流模拟研究,来评估模型在该区域的适用性。[方法]在参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型参数进行率定和验证,并分析径流和降水量的年际变化特征。[结果](1)在率定期Nash—Sutcliffe效率系数Ens=0.65,确定性系数R2=0.74,验证期Ens=0.60,R2=0.70,HBV模型在该流域模拟精度较高,具有较好的适用性;(2)降水量与模拟径流变化趋势对应,HBV模型较好地模拟出了洪水对降水的响应过程。[结论]HBV模型可进一步用于研究气候变化对白龙江流域水资源的影响。