土壤调理剂的研究和应用进展

综述了土壤调理剂的研究和应用进展。土壤调理剂目前尚无统一定义,且存在不同的分类方法,其主要功能包括改良土壤质地与结构、提高土壤保水供水能力、调节土壤酸碱度、改良盐碱土、改善土壤的养分供应状况、修复重金属污染土壤等。在土壤改良过程中,针对不同土壤障碍问题有针对性地选择土壤调理剂将达到较好的改良效果。然而,土壤调理剂在推广应用中也暴露出一系列问题,包括潜在的环境风险、功能定位和认识问题、产品质量良莠不齐、包装标识混乱等,因此亟待建立一套完善的土壤调理剂科学评价体系。     

江苏中部典型农区耕地环境质量评价及应用研究——以海安县为例

通过对苏中典型县海安的土壤环境质量的监测,对照GB/T18407.1-2001《农产品安全质量 无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》、DB32/T343.1-1999《江苏省无公害农产品(食品)产地环境条件要求》及《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 标准,分别采用Nemerow综合指数法进行评价。结果表明: 全县5.30万hm2耕地土壤符合国家及地方无公害农产品(蔬菜、粮油)产地环境要求,占97.7%;以GB/T15618-1995中土壤自然背景值评价,全县综合污染指数为0.86,属尚清洁,其中1级土壤(清洁)占79.3%,土壤中污染因子分担率依次为As>Cr> DDT> Hg>Cu>Pb>Cd>六六六,主要是少部分老棉区受农药(DDT、Hg、As制剂)轻污染,与70~80年代耕地利用方式及农民的用药有密切的关系,总体表现为里下河>沿海>沿江。通过研究提出了土壤利用与修复的规划。     

土壤酶对土壤环境质量指示作用的研究进展

土壤环境质量是土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染的能力。各种污染物(农业、工业)进入土壤后,都会对土壤的环境质量造成一定的影响。土壤酶作为土壤中的重要组成部分,是土壤中产生专一生物化学反应的生物催化剂,对土壤环境质量的变化反应迅速,常被用来作为指示土壤环境质量的生物学指标。因此本文综述土壤酶对化肥、农药、污水污泥、城市垃圾和重金属的指示作用,为污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

“十四五”土壤质量与食物安全前沿趋势与发展战略

土壤质量与食物安全和人体健康息息相关。土壤质量与食物安全这一分支学科作为"十四五"土壤科学发展战略重要的组成部分,致力于治理与改善耕地土壤质量以应对粮食安全危机。文献计量结果表明,与发达国家相比,中国在该领域的研究起步较晚,但近年呈现加速上升甚至有超越的趋势。随着气候及环境污染问题凸显,国际上的相关研究热点集中于环境监测、土地利用、施肥管理、污染修复(重金属、抗生素、有机农药和病原微生物)及可持续发展等方面。本学科以土壤质量、土壤污染和粮食安全为重点研究方向,通过与地理信息学、环境科学、应用数学、医学等学科的交叉融合,借助同位素源解析、生物地球化学循环、分子生物学等前沿性理论与技术,未来将解决区域土壤质量监测、养分质量管理、食物安全与人体健康风险、土壤-作物系统中污染物迁移转化及阻控修复等关键科学问题。     

固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

由于人类的过度开发,部分地区土壤重金属污染日趋严重。采用向污染土壤中施加各类固定化试剂,通过其对重金属的吸附、沉淀(共沉淀)、离子交换及络合作用等将重金属固定在土壤中,降低其在环境中的迁移性和生物可利用性,最终达到减少重金属污染环境风险的目标,是修复重金属污染土壤的有效手段之一。本文概述了近年来国内外报道的各种土壤固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用和修复机理,并从构效关系等角度出发,展望了固定剂在土壤修复应用中的未来发展。     

地球化学工程技术修复农田土壤重金属污染研究进展

随着我国农田土壤重金属污染的加剧,传统的物理、化学和生物修复方法不能完全满足农田土壤修复的要求,亟待寻找高效稳定、成本低廉且无二次污染的农田土壤修复技术。地球化学工程技术即是遵循这一理念的修复技术之一。本文就地球化学工程技术在农田土壤修复中的应用现状与阶段性成果进行了回顾,着重概述了地球化学材料固定与钝化,地球化学工程阻隔,地球化学转化、吸收与浓集以及地球化学自然降解与衰减等4类技术在土壤修复中的研究进展和实践成果。并在此基础上讨论了应用地球化学工程技术进行农田土壤修复的优势和不足,展望了地球化学工程技术修复农田土壤的应用前景和发展趋势,提出注重多种修复技术的联合使用、开发功能化纳米材料与磁性纳米复合材料进行修复及加快土壤修复理论成果转化的研究方向。     

An Integrated Feasibility Study on Designing Remediation Systems for Petroleum-Contaminated Sites

This paper presents an integrated feasibility study on designing systems for remediating petroleum-contaminated sites. Its consists of components of site-condition investigation, multiphase multicomponent transport modeling, remediation technology screening, and remediation-system design. These components are incorporated within a general framework to effectively address the system complexities. Application of the developed method to a petroleum-contaminated site in western Canada indicates that reasonable results have been generated. A comprehensive remediation plan that contains landfarming, soil vapor extraction, and in-situ bioremediation was recommended. The developed system could help petroleum industries to reduce costs at consulting, planning, design, and operation stages of their remediation practices.     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.     

土壤微生物生物量作为红壤质量生物指标的探讨

本文测定了中国科学院红壤生态实验站内林地,不同施肥制度的红壤旱地和受有机农药污染地的土壤微生物生物量,探讨了土壤微物量作为红壤生态系统土壤质早让放和可行性。     

油污土壤修复微生物的筛选及其影响因素

[目的]探讨微生物原位修复的主要影响因素及水平(正交设计)之间的关系,为石油污染场地生物修复工程的参数设计提供一定理论依据。[方法]选取5因素4水平的正交设计,考察污染强度、营养物、氧化剂、表活剂、接菌量等因素对土壤修复效果的影响。[结果]以原油为唯一碳源经过初步筛选,获得16株石油烃降解优势菌,经过菌群复筛,获得2株偏利共生协同真菌DPF2,DPF4,协同降解率最高,7d达87.77%。选择其进行室内油污土壤的微生物修复模拟试验,60d石油污染强度为10的油污土壤降解率最高,可达94.12%。污染强度为25的油污土壤降解率为90.17%,SPSS数据分析表明生物修复影响的最大影响因素是氧化剂、表活剂和营养物,其次是污染强度、接菌量。[结论]初期添加表活剂、氧化剂、营养剂能对石油生物修复具有重要意义。污染强度仅在35d前有一定影响,在修复后期影响最小。在整个修复过程,接菌量方差均值与其他因素比较都最小,因此其因素水平对石油降解能力的影响不显著。     

南太行典型区小流域土壤铅含量空间分异及影响因素分析

为揭示小流域尺度土壤铅（Pb）含量的空间分异规律及影响机制，提高土壤污染修复与管控效率。该研究以蟒河小流域为研究区，采集121份土壤表层（0～20 cm）样品和15份环境辅助样品，利用经典统计学、地统计学和地理探测器等模型方法对土壤Pb空间分异特征及其影响因素展开研究。结果表明：1）蟒河小流域土壤Pb含量的平均值为110.40 mg/kg，高于区域背景值，部分点位超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值，存在污染风险；2）土壤Pb含量变异程度为强变异，且不同方向均存在较强的变异程度，南-北（0°）和东北-西南（45°）变异在空间变异中占主导作用，变异程度受成土母质、地形等结构性因素影响大。3）经验贝叶斯克里金空间插值显示土壤Pb含量整体由西南向东北带状逐步增加，局部特征明显，东北部山前平原和中部平原区域是土壤Pb污染风险监测的重点区；4）地质类型和土地利用对土壤Pb含量空间分布差异具有最强解释力，叠加距矿山距离和工业距离等因素后，其交叉作用影响程度显著增加，地质地形、大气等自然因素叠加工矿企业及农业生产等复杂环境下区域重金属污染综合研究是未来面临并需要研究的重要内容。该研究可为南太行典型区复杂环境下土壤重金属污染防治与修复治理提供精准支撑。     

土壤环境污染与农产品质量

通过分析土壤污染的原因、特点、我国土壤污染现状以及与农产品质量关系,提出了协调人与自然关系,积极研究土壤环境污染的控制方法与修复技术;加强无污染生产资料的开发技术研究,减轻土壤环境污染;走节约资源,提高效率,减少污染的绿色农业发展之路,确保粮食生产和农产品食用安全。     

Application of an insoluble polyacrylate polymer to copper-contaminated soil enhances plant growth and soil quality

Abstract. We investigated whether an insoluble polyacrylate polymer could be used to improve the quality of a copper-contaminated soil. Growth of annual medic ( Medicago polymorpha L.) was stimulated in the polymer-amended soil, such that total biomass produced was three times that of plants from unamended soil. Roots of plants cultivated in the polymer-amended soil had a concentration of copper that was 73% of that in plants from the unamended soil. Biological N₂ fixation was enhanced in the polymer-amended soil. Soil enzymatic activities at the end of the experiment were correlated with plant growth and copper concentration of plants grown in soils with different levels of copper, which were achieved by mixing the contaminated soil with varying proportions of a soil of low copper content. Shoot dry weight was positively correlated with acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and urease, whereas copper concentration in the roots of the annual medic was negatively correlated with acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase, cellulase and urease. The results are consistent with soil remediation by the polyacrylate polymer. Soil quality as inferred from plant growth, biological N₂ fixation and soil enzymatic activities improved as a result of the remediation process.     

中国设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染阻控技术研究进展

长期集约化耕作导致中国设施土壤重金属累积和面源污染风险增加的状况已引起广泛关注。该研究总结了中国设施土壤重金属累积状况及其来源,发现长期盲目投入肥料及农药是引发设施菜田土壤重金属累积问题的主要原因。目前,设施土壤重金属累积呈现出广泛性和中轻度污染特征,其中镉是主要的污染元素。遵循面源污染治理中“源头预控-过程阻断-末端修复”原则,基于国内外文献综述,该文总结归纳出适用于设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染的联合阻控技术及作用机制。首先在灌溉和肥药投入等源头环节减少重金属输入;其次在作物种植过程中,通过选用重金属低积累特性的蔬菜种类或品种,结合水肥一体化施用大分子有机水溶性肥料或叶面喷施具有阻控重金属作用的营养型阻控剂,抑制作物吸收重金属;最后在末端修复环节,利用具有多元功能的土壤改良剂或微生物菌剂进行土壤钝化修复,或采用具有超重金属富集能力且能提高设施土壤生物多样性的植物作为填闲作物,实现生物修复的目标。该联合阻控技术的原则在于协同考虑污染防治、土壤改良、减肥增效等农学和环境目标,集成土壤修复与改良、水肥一体化、填闲作物栽培等技术,并兼顾设施土壤重金属污染修复工程所面临的投入品成本较高、经济效益不明显、缺失可持续改良导致效果不稳定等问题,优推能够钝化重金属并改良土壤的多功能土壤改良剂以及具有阻控重金属吸收、提高作物抗逆性的多功能有机水溶性肥料。上述措施能解决设施土壤普遍存在的重金属累积问题,提升土壤的安全生产能力,可为设施农业可持续发展提供更有效的技术支撑。     

中国21世纪水土保持工作的思考

水土资源是人类生存的基本资源 ,是国民经济持续发展的基础。按照国家生态环境建设规划要求 ,2 1世纪水土保持工作任务繁重而艰巨。 2 1世纪水土保持的特点是内涵不断扩充 ,综合性日益突出 ,大量运用高新技术 ,产业进一步发展。建议提高水土流失治理的科技含量 ,培养和建立一支高水平、高素质的水土保持队伍 ,引进新的监测技术与管理手段 ,建立一批高水平的综合治理试验示范工程和基地     

大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征

对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。     

Microbial Monitoring of the Recovery of Soil Quality During Heavy Metal Phytoremediation

Soil pollution with heavy metals is a worldwide environmental problem. Phytoremediation through phytoextraction and phytostabilization appears to be a promising technology for the remediation of polluted soils. It is important to strongly emphasize that the ultimate goal of a heavy metal remediation process must be not only to remove the heavy metals from the soil (or instead to reduce their bioavailability and mobility) but also to restore soil quality. Soil quality is defined as the capacity of a given soil to perform its functions. Soil microbial properties are increasingly being used as biological indicators of soil quality due to their quick response, high sensitivity, and, above all, capacity to provide information that integrates many environmental factors. Indeed, microbial properties are among the most ecologically relevant indicators of soil quality. Consequently, microbial monitoring of the recovery of soil quality is often carried out during heavy metal phytoremediation processes. However, soil microbial properties are highly context dependent and difficult to interpret. For a better interpretation of microbial properties as indicators of soil quality, they may be grouped within categories of higher ecological relevance, such as soil functions, ecosystem health attributes, and ecosystem services.

     

Biological Indices for Soil Quality Evaluation: Perspectives and Limitations

Soil quality is threatened by the increase in human population and by the fact that most of the cultivable land is intensively used. The initial interest in this topic focused on defining soil quality but shifted into how to measure soil quality in the late 1990s. There is a general agreement that soil biochemical, microbiological and biological properties are more suitable than physical and/or chemical properties for the purpose of estimating alterations in soil quality and hence soil degradation. To date, most studies have used microbial biomass, soil respiration and enzymatic activities to obtain soil quality indices, whereas less focus has been given to soil fauna (microarthropods and nematodes). This article aims to do a critical review of soil quality indices based on soil biological and biochemical activities, mainly microbial biomass, soil respiration and the activity of several enzymes. Limitations within the database of articles that are focussed on broad scale application of soil quality indices include the difficulty of selecting the highest quality soils for comparison purposes, lack of standardisation of analytical methods, and inclusion of an insufficient number of soil types and ecosystems. There is a need to validate soil quality indices, both, spatially and temporally and to explore the use of indices that integrate faunal and microbial measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市土壤重金属污染特征分析

目前越来越多的大城市的土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,这将深刻影响到城市环境质量和人体健康。因受人类活动的强烈扰动,城市土壤重金属污染特征与传统意义上的土壤重金属污染特征差别很大,文章就城市土壤重金属污染特征做了详细的分析,并提出了一些相应的管理对策。     

植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤研究进展

土壤健康是粮食安全的保障,人类活动给土壤造成的污染亟待治理。镍是人体必需微量元素,但过量的镍具有较大的毒性。目前我国土壤中镍污染比较严峻,应尽快响应《土壤污染防治行动计划》来改善土壤中镍污染状况。本文综述了植物–微生物联合修复技术的基本原理,微生物在镍污染土壤中对植物生长状况、有效态镍含量以及植物吸收镍的影响,对寻找合适的植物和微生物修复镍污染土壤具有重要意义;最后,提出将有机酸运用到植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤中、建立PGPB库和寻找我国超富集植物等下一步研究的重点。