新疆尼勒克县种蜂场小蜂螨给蜂农养蜂造成沉重打击

2013年，新疆尼勒克养蜂受到了小蜂螨的危害，加之采蜜季节阴雨天气过多，导致蜂农养蜂受到沉重打击，给新疆尼勒克养蜂生产造成了很大影响，同时也对新疆黑蜂的保种、育王等工作造成一定的困难。针对这样的病害，新疆伊犁州尼勒克县种蜂场蜂业有关人员联系蜂农，讨论并制定了一系列的措施来预防下一年螨害继续危害新疆伊犁州尼勒克县种蜂场蜂群。     

蜂农参加养蜂综合保险的意愿及影响因素—基于河南省160户蜂农的调查

养蜂业是一个风险极大的农业弱势产业。浙江省江山市率先在国内尝试实施了养蜂综合保险并取得了满意的效果，为了将养蜂综合保险实施办法在其他省份和地区积极推广，根据河南省160户蜂农的实地调研数据，运用logistic归模型实证分析了蜂农参加养蜂综合保险的意愿及影响因素。研究结果表明：影响样本蜂农参加养蜂综合保险的主要影响因素为蜂农的年龄、受教育水平、从业时间、业别分布与养蜂收益情况。蜂农的家庭人口总数、饲养蜂群数、放蜂方式、身体健康状况与居住地地形特征对其参与养蜂综合保险意愿的影响不显著。提出了大力开展养蜂综合保险宣传、提高政府对养蜂综合保险的补贴力度、通过多种途径提高蜂农的养蜂收入等政策建议．以促进养蜂综合保险的顺利推广实施。     

Vertical transmission of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

The mode of transmission between hosts (horizontal versus vertical) of disease agents is important for determination of the evolution of virulence in pathogens. For disease management, it is imperative that the epidemiology of the disease is understood and pathogen transmission rates between hosts is a key factor for this understanding. Surprisingly little is known about transmission rates in honey bee pathology. We have studied the rate of vertical transmission of Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bee colonies, as colonies reproduce by colony fission (swarming), by culturing for the spores from repetitive samples of adult bees. The results demonstrate vertical pathogen transmission to daughter swarms. The spore density declines over time in both mother colonies and daughter swarms if mother colonies do not exhibit clinical disease symptoms. Occasional positive samples more than a year post swarming, also in daughter swarms, indicate production of infectious spores from diseased larvae, without clinical disease observable by beekeepers, and/or maintenance of infective spores in the hive environment, allowing both horizontal and vertical transmission to be maintained. The results suggest that the virulence of AFB, being lethal at colony level in contrast to other bee diseases shaped by evolution, could be dependent on apicultural practices and that the pathogen probably would be maintained without causing frequent colony mortality in a natural system.     

A Retrospective Survey of Diseases of Feedlot Cattle in Alberta

A survey of feedlot managers was used to obtain information on disease occurrence, management practices and preventive techniques employed in feedlots in Alberta. Respiratory diseases were reported to be the most frequent causes of sickness and death. Costs associated with disease occurrence were estimated to be C $15.6 million in feedlots in Alberta annually during the period under study.     

A needs-assessment and demographic survey of infection-control and disease awareness in western US animal shelters

A cross-sectional needs-assessment survey was used to characterize animal shelters in a 6-state region in the western US and describe infection-control practices and disease awareness. Survey questions focused on shelter demographics, infection-control practices and policies, awareness and concern over infectious and zoonotic diseases, staff and volunteer training relating to infection-control and disease awareness, use of diagnostic tools, and isolation procedures and protocols. Fifty percent of shelters responded to the survey and represented a wide variety of shelter types, sizes and locations. The top-three diseases of concern to shelters were feline upper respiratory disease (FURD), canine parvovirus and ringworm. Concern over these diseases was greater in open-admission shelters (compared to limited admission or no-kill/sanctuary) (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.1-12.5) and in shelters with a desire for more zoonotic-disease training (OR=6.1, 95% CI 1.5-24.8) (compared to shelters desiring infectious-disease training, training on cleaning and disinfection or those who have no need for further training). In 45% of responding shelters many to most animals arrive with infectious diseases. Written protocols for preventive medicine exist in 88% of shelters, cleaning and disinfection protocols in 75%, specific disease protocols for outbreak situations in 36% and infection-control manuals in 15%. Veterinarians are in charge of infection-control in 6% of shelters. Approximately 45% of shelters vaccinate dogs and cats for rabies. Infectious-disease training is provided to 30% of staff and 35% of volunteers upon hire. Overall, volunteers received less training in infectious- and zoonotic-disease identification, prevention and control than staff members. Ninety percent of shelters said they would benefit from training in infectious and zoonotic disease. Results from this study can be used to assess and address needs in animal shelters relating to infection-control, infectious and zoonotic-disease awareness and can help guide development of shelter staff and volunteer training.     

美国和加拿大蜂群越冬损失情况及其原因

蜂群崩溃综合症（CCD）自2006年首次报道以来,引起欧关各界的广泛关注。受影响的蜂群大批工蜂不明原因突然消失,蜂群垮群,对北美洲的养蜂业造成严重影响。而北美洲蜂农所要面对的挑战并非仅仅是CCD,而是更为广义的蜂群损失,其中越冬期蜂群损失尤其严重。自2006年以来,美国和加拿大的越冬蜂群死亡率一直居高不下。基于此,简要介绍美国和加拿大近年来的越冬蜂群死亡情况,并分析了蜂群损失率高的一些可能原因。     

蜜蜂生物学与饲养管理技术研究进展

蜜蜂生物学与饲养管理技术研究是发展现代养蜂业的重要内容。近年来,世界各国养蜂业从事人员通过不断地探索与实践,在蜜蜂生物学领域取得了大量成果,并研发出了大量新的蜜蜂饲养管理技术和配套设施。对近3年国内外蜜蜂生物学与饲养技术进行综述,为促进我国养蜂业的发展提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of Specific Infection Control Practices Used by Companion Animal Veterinarians in Community Veterinary Practices in Southern Ontario

This study evaluated specific infection control practices in community veterinary practices in southern Ontario. Environmental disinfection, management of infectious patients and antimicrobial use in clean surgical procedures were investigated. Community companion animal veterinary practices (n = 101) in Southern Ontario were recruited, and a questionnaire was administered to one veterinarian and one veterinary technician from each practice. The veterinarian questionnaire gathered data on clinic demographics, management of infectious patients, infectious diseases of concern, environmental disinfection and antimicrobial use in surgical procedures. The veterinary technician questionnaire gathered data on environmental disinfection. None of the veterinary practices had a formal infection control programme. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 66) of the veterinary practices did not have an isolation area and 61% (n = 40) of these practices did not employ any specific infection control measures for infectious cases. The products most frequently used for environmental disinfection were hydrogen peroxide based or quaternary ammonium compounds. Bleach was the agent most commonly used for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids; however 60% of the veterinarians and 40% of the veterinary technicians did not identify a product for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids. Twenty‐four per cent of the veterinarians reported using antimicrobials in animals undergoing elective sterilization surgeries and 60% reported using antimicrobials in other clean surgical procedures. There is a need for community veterinary practices to develop infection control programmes specific to their individual practice. In addition, veterinarians should discontinue the common use of antimicrobials for clean elective sterilization surgical procedures.     

Seroepidemiological survey of maedi-visna virus infection in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec.

Maedi-visna, a chronic viral disease of adult sheep characterized by progressive dyspnoea or neurological manifestations, was first recognized and described clinically in Canada in 1970. Seroepidemiological study was conducted in sheep and goats in various areas of Quebec. Sera of 10% of the animals of selected flocks were collected and specific antibodies against maedi-visna virus were tested by a modified direct complement fixation test. Results show seropositive rate of 67.6% for Sherbrooke sheep; of 40.5, 41.1 and 47.1% for Quebec, Saint-Hyacinthe and Nicolet sheep respectively and only 29.2 and 20.0% positive sera in l'Assomption and Rimouski animals. Prevalence rate of positive goats varied according to geographic areas (0 to 36.8%). Statistical analysis of various factors, e.g. age, breed, mode of raising, origin and size of flock showed no relation between these factors and the geographic areas. But, some clinical problems in the sheep flocks such as cough, rapid breathing, mortality and abortion were associated with high infection rate (greater than or equal to 50%) to maedi-visna virus. In goats, no correlation was demonstrated between these clinical signs and serological results. Our results suggest that it is important to consider this disease in an adequate program of preventive medicine in Quebec.     

山东省意大利蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染情况调查及防控建议

蜜蜂慢性麻痹病是由蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒引起的对蜂群造成毁灭性破坏的病毒病,该病的发生与蜂群的环境因素有密切关系。因此,明确蜜蜂慢性麻痹病的感染情况,有利于该病的预防。研究采用实地考察和高效灵敏的PCR检测相结合的方法,对山东省17个地市意大利蜜蜂蜂场的蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染情况进行了调查。结果显示,山东省蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染率为7.5%。根据调查结果提出了相应的防治措施,为山东省蜜蜂慢性麻痹病的防控以及养蜂业的健康持续发展提供了科学的理论依据。     

The application of medical informatics to the veterinary management programs at companion animal practices in Alberta,Canada: A case study

Companion animals closely share their domestic environment with people and have the potential to, act as sources of zoonotic diseases. They also have the potential to be sentinels of infectious and noninfectious, diseases. With the exception of rabies, there has been minimal ongoing surveillance of, companion animals in Canada. We developed customized data extraction software, the University of, Calgary Data Extraction Program (UCDEP), to automatically extract and warehouse the electronic, medical records (EMR) from participating private veterinary practices to make them available for, disease surveillance and knowledge creation for evidence-based practice. It was not possible to build, generic data extraction software; the UCDEP required customization to meet the specific software, capabilities of the veterinary practices. The UCDEP, tailored to the participating veterinary practices’, management software, was capable of extracting data from the EMR with greater than 99%, completeness and accuracy. The experiences of the people developing and using the UCDEP and the, quality of the extracted data were evaluated. The electronic medical record data stored in the data, warehouse may be a valuable resource for surveillance and evidence-based medical research.     

Biotic and abiotic stresses on honeybee health

Honeybees are the most critical pollinators providing key ecosystem services that underpin crop production and sustainable agriculture. Amidst a backdrop of rapid global change, this eusocial insect encounters a succession of stressors during nesting, foraging, and pollination. Ectoparasitic mites, together with vectored viruses, have been recognized as central biotic threats to honeybee health, while the spread of invasive giant hornets and small hive beetles also increasingly threatens colonies worldwide. Cocktails of agrochemicals, including acaricides used for mite treatment, and other pollutants of the environment have been widely documented to affect bee health in various ways. Additionally, expanding urbanization, climate change, and agricultural intensification often result in the destruction or fragmentation of flower-rich bee habitats. The anthropogenic pressures exerted by beekeeping management practices affect the natural selection and evolution of honeybees, and colony translocations facilitate alien species invasion and disease transmission. In this review, the multiple biotic and abiotic threats and their interactions that potentially undermine bee colony health are discussed, while taking into consideration the sensitivity, large foraging area, dense network among related nestmates, and social behaviors of honeybees.     

Zoological medicine and public health

Public-health issues regarding zoological collections and free-ranging wildlife have historically been linked to the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases and accidents relating to bites or injection of venom or toxins by venomous animals. It is only recently that major consideration has been given worldwide to the role of the veterinary profession in contributing to investigating zoonotic diseases in free-ranging wildlife and integrating the concept of public health into the management activities of game preserves and wildlife parks. At the veterinary undergraduate level, courses in basic epidemiology, which should include outbreak investigation and disease surveillance, but also in population medicine, in infectious and parasitic diseases (especially new and emerging or re-emerging zoonoses), and in ecology should be part of the core curriculum. Foreign diseases, especially dealing with zoonotic diseases that are major threats because of possible agro-terrorism or spread of zoonoses, need to be taught in veterinary college curricula. Furthermore, knowledge of the principles of ecology and ecosystems should be acquired either during pre-veterinary studies or, at least, at the beginning of the veterinary curriculum. At the post-graduate level, master's degrees in preventive veterinary medicine, ecology and environmental health, or public health with an emphasis on infectious diseases should be offered to veterinarians seeking job opportunities in public health and wildlife management.     

Hunters’ knowledge,attitudes, and practices towards wildlife diseases in Ohio

This article used ethnographic methods to examine how Ohio hunters’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices affect risk exposure to infectious disease. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with hunters from Southeast Ohio, and an online survey was distributed to a random sample of licensed Ohio hunters. Data analyses indicated that Ohio hunters learn about wildlife disease through word-of-mouth, hunting publications, and online sources. They perceived low-to-no risk of exposure to infectious diseases. Although hunters were generally knowledgeable about infectious wildlife diseases, they were more concerned about the impact on wildlife populations than their own health. The results contribute to a better understanding of the role of hunter behavior in response to disease events, the identification of future interventions that would most effectively inform hunters about wildlife diseases, and how to minimize their risk of exposure.     

Herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in US dairies and association between familiarity of the herd manager with the disease or prior diagnosis of the disease in that herd and use of preventive measures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations among herd infection status, herd management practices, and familiarity of the herd manager with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) or prior disease diagnosis in that herd to support development of Johne's disease-control programs. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 1,004 US dairies, each with > or = 30 cows, representing 79.4% of US dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Questionnaires were administered to dairy managers, and blood samples were collected from cows during herd visits. Sera were tested for antibodies to M paratuberculosis, using a commercially available ELISA. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between use of management practices, herd disease status, and familiarity of the manager with Johne's disease or prior diagnosis of Johne's disease in that herd. RESULTS: Results from serologic testing revealed that 3.4% of cows and 21.6% of dairy herds were infected with M paratuberculosis. Factors associated with infection included number of cows in herd, region of country, percentage of cows born at other dairies, group housing for periparturient cows, and group housing for preweaned calves. Few preventive practices were positively associated with prior diagnosis of Johne's disease (time of separation of newborn calf from dam) or familiarity of the manager with the disease (teats and udder washed before colostrum collected). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Risk factors associated with Johne's disease in this study confirmed those management practices generally recommended for disease control. An educational problem, however, is the finding that herd managers familiar with Johne's disease generally use management practices similar to those used by managers unfamiliar with the disease.     

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Quebec: antibody prevalence and disease outbreak.

The prevalence of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Quebec and the role of the virus in a respiratory disease outbreak was investigated. The indirect immunofluorescent, neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition techniques were used to carry out this study. Of the 1,444 adult animals examined 519 (35.9%) had antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. These positive reactors were found in each agricultural region of Quebec. The highest (53.0%) and the lowest (21.8%) prevalence was observed in the sera collected by the laboratories of St. Hyacinthe and Sherbrooke. During a respiratory disease outbreak affecting 77 calves on a farm, bovine respiratory syncytial virus was shown to be associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine parainfluenza type 3, bovine viral diarrhea viruses and bovine adenovirus type 3 as detected by seroconversion. Of the 38 seroconverted animals 14 were seropositive to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.     

A review of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in cats in Canada

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are common and important infectious diseases of cats in Canada. Prevalence data are necessary to define prophylactic, management, and therapeutic measures for stray, feral and owned cats. Recently, comprehensive data on the seroprevalence of retrovirus infections of cats in Canada have become available and are reviewed. Further investigation into geographic variations in retrovirus seroprevalence within Canada is warranted, and may provide information to improve recommendations for testing and prevention. As well, more information is needed on FIV subtypes in Canada to improve diagnostics and vaccines, as well as to provide information on disease outcomes.     

Slow infection control by vaccination: paratuberculosis

Classical causality models for infectious diseases have fulfilled an important role in the progress of medical sciences, however, new forms of association where weakly pathogenic agents cause widespread infections that mostly do not progress to disease, but that if they do so, cause protracted clinical courses where the host resources are exhausted fit better with the slow infection concept proposed over half a century ago. This model could show an infectious cause behind some diseases that have never fulfilled the conventional criteria. While new mechanisms of causation are defined, these diseases still need to be controlled to allow sustainable animal production. Here, I discuss the case of paratuberculosis control by vaccination as an example of the benefits of using a theoretically preventive treatment to modify the course of infection towards preventing clinical disease even though the infection itself might not be fully controlled.     

Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

This review focuses on the status of infectious diseases that are serious for animal health and have adverse economic effects in Mongolia. Data presented here are limited due to the lack of published or other easily available documents. Foot-and-mouth disease continues to cause substantial economic losses as exemplified by the outbreak of infection with serotype O PanAsia lineage virus. In the case of the 2001 outbreak, a 65% reduction in export revenues was recorded. In order to ascertain the free status of Mongolia from rinderpest, sero-epidemiological surveillance has been carried out since 2001. In 2004, Mongolia was certified free from rinderpest by Office International des Epizooties (OIE). A sharp rise in both animal and human brucellosis incidence has become a serious problem. Rabies and anthrax remain endemic with occasional human cases. Other prevailing infectious diseases are contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious agalactia, enterotoxemia and pasteurellosis. The current programs for the control of infectious diseases in livestock in Mongolia lack a definite policy that would enable rapid implementation. A large-scale surveillance of infectious diseases in animals and management of appropriate preventive measures are urgently required in Mongolia.     

Survey of the health and husbandry of small poultry flocks in Great Britain

An investigation into the health and husbandry of 15 small poultry flocks was undertaken. Each flock was visited in July and a questionnaire on management practices and disease history was completed. The flocks were clinically examined and serological tests for Salmonella pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, eggdrop syndrome 76, adenoviruses and reoviruses were carried out. Oesophageal and cloacal swabs were cultured for mycoplasma and pullorum reactors were cultured. M gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis and M gallinarum infections were detected and serological reactions for all the viral diseases, except egg drop syndrome 76, were found. Evidence of Newcastle disease and pullorum disease was encountered. Lice were present in five flocks and mites in four flocks. Welfare standards varied.