流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应及其影响因素研究进展

侵蚀输沙空间变异及其尺度效应是流域水文过程研究的一个重要内容,对流域水土流失控制和水沙资源科学管理具有重要意义。通过对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究成果的系统回顾,从坡面到流域,阐述了降雨、土壤和植被等环境要素对侵蚀输沙尺度效应的影响,梳理了尺度效应产生机制方面的认知,总结了不同条件下坡面产流和侵蚀输沙尺度转换的代表性方法。在此基础上,对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究的发展趋势进行了讨论,未来应增加新技术和数据的应用,建立具有明确物理机制的侵蚀输沙空间尺度转换方法,同时,急需突破剧烈环境变化对空间尺度效应影响的研究。本文的梳理与总结可为流域侵蚀输沙过程的深入研究提供参考,为土壤侵蚀防治和河流水沙的综合管理提供一定的科学支持。     

金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤退化机理研究——土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用

云南省金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤侵蚀普遍而严重 ,对土壤退化有关键性影响。通过对该区不同退化土壤的侵蚀状况 ,从土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的空间分布格局 ,土壤侵蚀对土壤退化类型的发生和作用机制 ,探讨了土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用和影响。结果表明 :(1)侵蚀和水土流失是造成土壤退化的要因 ,不同侵蚀类型及其强度控制了土壤退化的空间分布 ;(2 )土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用机制主要是 :不同土壤侵蚀强度 ,决定了土壤退化发生类型的数量和程度 ;通过对该区几类主要土壤退化类型发生机制进行分析 ,看出土壤侵蚀是以冲刷剥蚀、搬运扩散和沉积掩埋等作用为主 ,造成和加速了土壤退化的发生和发展。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展

土壤侵蚀制约着社会、经济、环境的协调发展,已经成为全球性的主要环境问题之一。本文从雨滴击溅侵蚀、坡面水蚀过程、坡沟系统水沙传递关系和沟道侵蚀输沙等四个过程系统地分析了土壤侵蚀过程研究中取得的进展和存在的不足,简述了国内外土壤侵蚀预报研究的历史,总结了植被措施和工程措施对水土流失的调控作用机理和水土保持效益等有关问题,对土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学今后的研究方向提出见解,指出了加强对土壤侵蚀过程与机理、大尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型、土壤侵蚀与水土流失治理环境效应评价和水土流失调控技术的科技转化等亟待解决问题的研究深度和广度。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

流域侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律研究

 侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。     

Evaluating an integrated approach to catchment management to reduce soil loss and sediment pollution through modelling

Abstract. Soil erosion and sediment delivery cause many environmental problems posing a substantial financial burden upon society. Policy makers therefore look for a strategy to minimize their impact. The spatial nature of soil erosion and sediment delivery, as well as the variety of possible soil conservation and sediment control measures, requires an integrated approach to catchment management. To evaluate such management, a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model is necessary. Such a model (WaTEM/SEDEM) was applied to three agricultural catchments in Flanders (Belgium). The model was first used to identify where the measures to control soil loss should be taken. Secondly, a scenario analysis was used to select the most effective set of techniques. The findings showed that soil conservation measures taken in fields are not only effective in reducing on-site soil loss, but also in drastically reducing sediment yield. Off-site sediment control measures appear to be much less effective in reducing sediment yield than previously thought. The results also suggest that data from field experiments cannot be extrapolated to a catchment scale.     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及对侵蚀产沙过程的影响

为揭示细沟形态对侵蚀产沙过程的影响,选取66、94、127 mm/h三个雨强条件,对20°陡坡坡面进行了坡面水蚀精细模拟降雨试验,选取沟长、沟宽、沟深等指标刻画细沟形态随降雨历时的变化规律。结果表明:1)降雨强度对细沟长度的影响显著,细沟宽度变化受降雨历时的影响较大,细沟深度的变化对降雨强度表现出较强的分异规律。2)细沟形态参数之间不是相互独立的,存在明显的相关关系,说明细沟形态的演变是一个多维度过程。3)细沟的形成和发展与坡面水沙过程关系密切,细沟形态参数与含沙量、侵蚀速率之间均存在较显著的对数函数关系。该研究可以为细沟侵蚀动态模型的建立提供基础数据。     

湘中低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀时空变化及其对环境干扰的响应

为揭示土壤侵蚀时空变化及其对环境干扰的响应,综合运用CSLE、熵权TOPSIS、障碍度模型等分析方法,剖析湘中丘陵区2000—2015年土壤侵蚀的时空变化和诊断土壤侵蚀风险的障碍因素并提出针对性建议。结果表明:(1)湘中低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,面积占比在50%以上;(2)2000—2015年土壤侵蚀流失量呈减小趋势,约下降了49.75%;(3)土壤侵蚀强度和风险在空间上有显著差异,高值区主要集中在湘中丘陵区西部和南部;(4)湘中低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀主要是由人为干扰引起的,其贡献率达73.76%,是自然干扰的3.62倍,未来应坚持自然恢复为主,避免过度人工干扰。综上,湘中低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,存在显著的时空变化特征,人为干扰是其变化的关键驱动力。     

对土壤侵蚀研究的几点思考

土壤侵蚀是现代地理环境条件下改变地貌景观的主要过程,也是引起土壤质量退化、沙漠化与石漠化的核心因素,与土壤、生态、水文等多个地表过程密切相关。虽然土壤侵蚀研究需要气候、地质、地貌、土壤、水文、生态等相关学科的基本知识,分析土壤侵蚀发生、发展过程的动力机制,但需要明确界定土壤侵蚀研究的时空尺度。土壤侵蚀与水土保持之间相互联系、相互促进。土壤侵蚀研究的时间尺度以次降雨、月、年为主,研究主题为次降雨侵蚀过程、土壤侵蚀季节变化与年际变化,时间尺度不宜超过100年。土壤侵蚀研究的空间尺度以小流域为主,基于土壤侵蚀垂直分带性,可以进一步分为样点、坡面、沟坡与小流域。在不同空间尺度上,研究内容与研究方法差异明显。土壤侵蚀过程包括土壤分离、泥沙输移和泥沙沉积,各个过程的主控因素存在差异,研究成果积累差异明显,研究重点会随着时空尺度的变化而有所不同。在土壤侵蚀过程研究中,应充分理解分离控制和输移控制及其时空转换阈值。虽然土壤侵蚀研究已经取得了大量成果,但在细沟网络结构及其时空变化、泥沙沉积过程、沟蚀形成与演变动力机制、重力侵蚀发育过程动力学机理、小流域土壤侵蚀过程模型等诸多方面,亟待加强研究。     

Using Cs measurements to validate the application of the AGNPS and ANSWERS erosion and sediment yield models in two small Devon catchments

Distributed erosion and sediment yield models are being increasingly used for predicting soil erosion and sediment yields in agricultural catchments. In most applications, validation of such models has commonly been restricted to comparison of the predicted and measured sediment output from a catchment, because spatially distributed information on rates and patterns of soil redistribution within the catchment has been lacking. However, such spatially distributed data are needed for rigorous model testing, in order to validate the internal functioning of a model and its applicability at different spatial scales. The study reported in this paper uses two approaches to test the performance of the agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS) and areal non-point source watershed environmental response simulation (ANSWERS) erosion and sediment yield models in two small catchments in Devon, UK. These involve, firstly, comparison of observed and predicted runoff and sediment output data for individual storm events monitored at the basin outlets and, secondly, information on the spatial pattern of soil redistribution within the catchments derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements. The results obtained indicate that catchment outputs simulated by both models are reasonably consistent with the recorded values, although the AGNPS model appears to provide closer agreement between observed and predicted values. However, the spatial patterns of soil redistribution and the sediment delivery ratios predicted for the two catchments by the AGNPS and ANSWERS models differ significantly. Comparison of the catchment sediment delivery ratios and the pattern of soil redistribution in individual fields predicted by the models with equivalent information derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements indicates that the AGNPS model provides more meaningful predictions of erosion and sediment yield under UK conditions than the ANSWERS model and emphasises the importance of using information on both catchment output and sediment redistribution within the catchment for model validation.     

黄土区不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域三个层次。坡面尺度主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度不但要考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙及泥沙输移的影响;区域尺度主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。     

基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的洮河源区土壤侵蚀产沙模拟及其空间驱动力分析

[目的]全面认识长时间尺度的土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素对土壤侵蚀治理具有重要意义。探究流域1998—2018年土壤侵蚀和产沙时空变化特征及其空间驱动力因子,为洮河源区流域的水土治理提供科学理论依据。[方法]以洮河源区流域为研究区,基于碌曲站实测输沙数据以及植被NDVI数据,通过WaTEM/SEDEM模型结合重心模型分析流域侵蚀产沙时空变化特征,进一步采用地理探测器方法探究其空间驱动力因子。[结果]洮河源区的土壤产沙模数由1998年的33.81 t/(hm²·a)增加至2018年的48.59 t/(hm²·a);土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀为主,其次是极强侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,剧烈、强烈和中度侵蚀占比最小。侵蚀较强区域分布在高山地带;侵蚀较微弱的区域分布在中部的河谷地区和海拔较低的区域。流域内地形等级和植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀影响最大,q值分别为0.359,0.183,流域侵蚀模数随地形位等级增大而增大,随植被覆盖度的增大而减少。1998—2003年和2008—2013年这两个时段,土壤侵蚀重心向东南方向移动,2003—2008年侵蚀重心向西北方向移动,...     

The nature of soil erosion and possible conservation strategies in Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion is a major land degradation problem in South Africa (SA) that has economic, social and environmental implications due to both on-site and off-site effects. High rates of soil erosion by water are causing rapid sedimentation of water bodies, ultimately leading to water crisis in SA. Lots of financial and human resources are channelled towards controlling of soil erosion but unfortunately with little success. The level of soil erosion in a particular area is governed by the site properties. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize data on soil erosion at a large-scale spatial context. The literature on soil erosion in SA classifies Eastern Cape Province as a high-erosion-potential area using data collected at a large-scale spatial context. Collecting soil erosion data at a large spatial scale ignores site-specific properties that could influence soil erosion and has resulted in failure of many traditional soil erosion control measures applied in the province. Moreover, scientific principles underlying the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion in highly erodible soils are missing in SA. This review was to find effective soil erosion control measures by having an insight on what happens during soil erosion and how soil erosion occurs in Ntabelanga. The literature suggested that erosion in Ntabelanga could be influenced by both the erosivity and erodibility factors though the erodibility factors being more influential. Soil permeability contrast between the horizons could be influencing the rate and nature of soil erosion. To mitigate the impact of soil erosion in Ntabelanga, efforts should aim to improve the vertical flow capacity in the B horizon. Clay spreading, clay delving, addition of gypsum, deep ploughing and mulching could aid the water permeability problems of the subsurface horizons. However for effective soil management and control option, detailed studies of specific site properties are needed. The generated information can assist in formulating soil erosion policies and erosion control strategies in the Ntabelanga area and SA at large.     

An integrated watershed modelling framework to explore the covariation between sediment connectivity and soil erosion

Quantitative identification of the covariation between sediment connectivity and soil erosion can contribute to provide the key information for watershed sediment management. However, this covariation and its spatiotemporal response mechanisms are still unclear, especially whether this covariation can be used as a basis for identifying critical source areas of sediment in large-scale ecological restored watersheds. In this study, an integrated methodology framework by the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), index of connectivity (IC) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was proposed to visually assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of erosion and sediment yield processes in the Yanhe Watershed with large-scale ecological restoration from 1985 to 2020 and to identify the covariation between sediment connectivity and erosion in subbasins. The soil erosion estimated by RUSLE has decreased by over 80% since 1985 owing to increased vegetation cover and the effective implementation of soil conservation measures, but the upper reaches still have high erosion intensity due to differences in specific controlling factors such as topographic conditions and land cover, requiring focused soil conservation practice. The IC results showed that as the vegetation restoration and soil conservation measures in the Yanhe Watershed varied from year to year, their spatial and temporal patterns had a strong influence on the distribution of sediment connectivity, and some local areas in the middle reaches showed local minima of IC in 1995, 1998 and 2010 mainly due to the implementation of long-term ecological restoration project. The developed IC-Erosion maps indicated that areas with high connectivity but low erosion accounted for over 60% of the total watershed area from 1985 to 1999, demonstrating a reverse correlation between sediment connectivity and erosion. Meanwhile, over 40% of the erosion occurred in a few areas (approximately 20%) with high connectivity and high erosion from 2000 to 2004, which can be characterized as the critical areas of erosion. The methods and results of this study provide ideas for separately defining both erosion and connectivity and quantifying bi-variable erosion–connectivity classification, which can be easily viewed on a scatterplot.     

黄土高原坡沟系统土壤侵蚀研究进展

坡沟系统是黄土高原重要的流域组成单元,是小流域侵蚀产沙的主要源地,又是控制水土流失、恢复与重建生态环境的基本治理单元,对其侵蚀现象与规律的探究,可为黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀治理措施的优化配置提供重要科学依据.对黄土高原坡沟系统的侵蚀方式、侵蚀形态的垂直分带性、坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙的来源、上方来水来沙对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀的影响、草被覆盖及其空间分布对坡沟系统侵蚀影响、淤地坝在坡沟系统土壤侵蚀研究中的应用等进行综述,指出在今后的研究中需要进一步开展侵蚀垂直分带结果和上方来水来沙对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析,加强坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙来源、淤地坝对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀影响以及野外原状坡沟系统草被覆盖和空间分布对坡沟系统侵蚀影响的研究.     

生产建设项目区土壤侵蚀研究进展简

生产建设活动导致生产建设项目区土壤侵蚀发生深刻变化,生产建设项目区土壤侵蚀的研究对于区域土壤侵蚀控制,改善项目区及其周边地区生态环境具有重大意义;因此,生产建设项目区土壤侵蚀的研究亦应形成其完善的理论体系,从而为生产建设项目区的土壤侵蚀控制提供科学指导.从生产建设项目土壤侵蚀的基本概念、影响因素、产流产沙规律等方面总结生产建设项目土壤侵蚀的研究现状,并对研究中存在的部分问题进行评述,以期为今后生产建设项目区土壤侵蚀的相关研究提供参考.     

鄂东南花岗岩红壤不同土层侵蚀过程

为了探讨不同降雨动能条件下花岗岩红壤各层次(淋溶层、淀积层、母质层)在坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征,研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对其水动力学参数变化特征及其与土壤侵蚀速率之间的定量关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)降雨动能对各层次土壤坡面的产沙产流特征影响显著。随着降雨动能增加,各层次土壤初始产流时间不断递减,且径流含沙量和总产沙量均不断增大;(2)各层次土壤之间的侵蚀规律差异显著。初始产流时间、径流含沙量及总产沙量均表现出显著差异; 通过回归分析,发现土壤侵蚀速率与降雨动能之间有良好的线性关系;(3)水流功率和单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著的相关性,且能够用幂函数准确地描述它们之间的关系,引入土壤黏粒含量可使得模型更加可靠,在实际应用中有更广的应用范围和现实价值。综上,降雨动能和土壤质地对花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀的形成和发展过程具有显著影响。     

Soil Conservation Through Sediment Trapping: A Review

Preventing the off‐site effects of soil erosion is an essential part of good catchment management. Most efforts are in the form of on‐site soil and water conservation measures. However, sediment trapping can be an alternative (additional) measure to prevent the negative off‐site effects of soil erosion. Therefore, not all efforts should focus solely on on‐site soil conservation but also on the safe routing of sediment‐laden flows and on creating sites and conditions where sediment can be trapped. Sediment trapping can be applied on‐site and off‐site and involves both vegetative and structural measures. This paper provides an extensive review of scientific journal articles, case studies and other reports that have assessed soil conservation efforts and the sediment trapping efficacy (STE) of vegetative and structural measures. The review is further illustrated through participatory field observation and stakeholders' interview. Vegetation type and integration of two or more measures are important factors influencing STE. In this review, the STE of most measures was evaluated either individually or in such combinations. In real landscape situations, it is not only important to select the most efficient erosion control measures but also to determine their optimum location in the catchment. Hence, there is a need for research that shows a more integrated determination of STE at catchment scale. If integrated measures are implemented at the most appropriate spatial locations within a catchment where they can disconnect landscape units from each other, they will decrease runoff velocity and sediment transport and, subsequently, reduce downstream flooding and sedimentation problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近十年土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展与展望

在当今生态文明背景下,土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究迎来了新的发展机遇和挑战。本文首先采用文献计量学方法,定量分析了近10年来国内外土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科发展现状。在此基础上,结合社会需求的变化,阐明了学科发展需求与存在问题。最后,提出了本学科研究的重点领域与方向:水文过程与侵蚀产沙机理,土壤侵蚀过程及其定量模拟,全球变化下土壤侵蚀演变及其灾变机理,社会经济系统—水土流失的互馈过程,以生态功能提升为主的土壤侵蚀防治,以及土壤侵蚀研究新技术与新方法等。     

Environmental change, hillslope erosion and suspended sediment: Some observations from Hong Kong

Evidence of environmental change in Hong Kong, including vegetation, climate and the frequency of hillfires is presented. Hillfires may be an important influence upon slope degradation in the territory. Field observations made in the Northwest New Territories provide evidence that hillfires increase soil erosion on slopes and result in higher storm-period concentrations of suspended sediment. Monitoring carried out in a small drainage basin reveals that landslides deliver sediment to an upland stream giving very high concentrations and affecting sediment properties, with the C and N content declining under the influence of landslides. Should environmental change alter the frequency of landsliding and hillfire on natural terrain in Hong Kong this will have implications for hillslope degradation and sediment transport in upland streams.