用^137Cs法探讨苏南坡地的土壤侵蚀

与黄土和红壤地区相比 ,学术界对苏南丘陵区土壤侵蚀的关注要少得多 ,也许是这里的土壤侵蚀的绝对数量不大 ,然而 ,苏南地区的土壤侵蚀引起的生态影响却不容忽视 ,如因土壤侵蚀造成的养分流失对水体的影响及土层减薄都远超过黄土区。为了探讨苏南土壤侵蚀的生态影响 ,首先是要了解土壤侵蚀的状况 ,在这方面 13 7Cs示踪法是一种非常有用的工具 ,可是要使用此法 ,必须要解决两个问题 ,一是确定研究区的背景值 ,二是建立估算土壤侵蚀的模型。经过较长时间的研究 ,确定苏南地区的 13 7Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0 Bq/m2 ;并根据基本物理含义 ,建立了耕地与非耕地的土壤侵蚀模型 ,用这 2个模型并借用其他学者提供的土壤沉积模型 ,对宜兴竹园及茶园两个坡地的土壤侵蚀与沉积作了估算。在此基础上 ,又尝试着简单探讨了土壤侵蚀引起的土层及养分流失的生态影响     

南方红壤区土壤~(137)Cs在不同土地利用类型下的分布研究

137Cs作为土壤侵蚀的示踪剂得到广泛的应用,研究发现不同地区土壤中,137Cs分布有一定差别。以南方红壤为研究对象,对滇池流域不同土地利用下137Cs分布状况进行了研究。结果显示:137Cs空间分布的变化规律受地形空间分异因素的影响。在水平方向上,137Cs空间分布的差异是由于含137Cs土壤颗粒中重新分布和迁移流失造成的;在垂直方向上,剖面分布特征明显,不同土地利用类型由于人类活动以及自然下渗作用而有含量与深浅的差别。这对137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀的模型选择、土壤侵蚀程度判断甚至重新建模都具有积极的指导意义。     

红壤侵蚀沉积点^137Cs垂直剖面分布特征

研究了红壤农田和荒地侵蚀沉积点中 1 3 7Cs的剖面分布特征 ,结果表明 ,沉积点在 1 7cm处有明显的峰谷 ,农田沉积点 1 3 7Cs含量要高于荒地 ;经估算 ,两沉积点的沉积速率相近 ,1 96 3年以来为 1 .0 3 cm/ a,近 2 0年约为 0 .74cm/ a;沉积点的 1 3 7Cs分布显示该区域侵蚀有减小的趋势 ;1 3 7Cs活度与有机质存在较好的相关性 ;1 3 7Cs在侵蚀研究中具有重要意义     

小流域不同土地利用方式土壤侵蚀分异的^137Cs示踪研究

应用137Cs示踪技术研究了黄土丘陵区典型流域土壤侵蚀强度分异规律,并对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,传统作业的果园地土壤侵蚀较坡耕地、生态林地严重;直接还林地土壤侵蚀较撂荒地严重;峁坡阳面人工林地土壤侵蚀较谷坡阴面人工林地严重;退耕时间短的地块土壤侵蚀较退耕时间长的地块严重。改善土地管理方式、因地制宜进行退耕地的植被建设是有效遏制土壤流失的关键点。     

基于137Cs的新疆准东地区不同土地利用类型 土壤风蚀特征研究

风力侵蚀是准东干旱与半干旱地区土地沙漠化的关键因素,通过野外考察和土壤~(137)Cs取样分析,对准东地区不同土地利用类型下土壤~(137)Cs分布特征及风力侵蚀进行了初步研究。研究表明,不同土地利用类型土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征不同,~(137)Cs基本分布在0~20 cm,甚至更浅,~(137)Cs活度值介于0~65.50 Bq/kg;各样点~(137)Cs总量介于0~1 698.29Bq/m~2,其中背景值为1 698.29 Bq/m~2,不同地类~(137)Cs总量排序为:低平地草甸(背景值样点)灌丛沙堆荒漠草地砾石戈壁盐碱地耕地固定沙地半固定沙地风蚀裸地;估算出耕地和非耕地各样点的风蚀速率,耕地平均风蚀速率为744.50 t/(km~2·a),非耕地风蚀速率介于945.06~4 404.01 t/(km~2·a)之间,平均值为2 589.96 t/(km~2·a)。     

土壤侵蚀~(137)Cs测定的示踪法原理及其常用模型

简要介绍了137Cs示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用,内容包括137Cs示踪的基本原理,用于耕地及非耕地土壤侵蚀的常用模型,如非耕地的指数分布模型,耕地的比例模型、容量模型和质量平衡模型,同时对以上几种耕地模型的建模假设、计算公式和应用限制进行了对比分析。     

利用137Cs示踪技术评价东北黑土侵蚀和沉积过程

Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to： 1） determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2） calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3） conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4） compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model （YANG-M） overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model （MBM1） gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage （MBM2）. Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique.     

黄土高原白草塬土壤水分特征及对土地利用变化的响应

[目的]对黄土高原白草塬土壤水分特征及对土地利用变化的响应进行分析,为该区水资源管理和生态建设提供重要的参考依据。[方法]测定并分析白草塬6种利用方式下0—10m的土壤水分,并基于土壤储水量、水分亏缺量及干燥化指数等指标评价土地利用变化的影响。[结果]6种土地利用方式0—10m平均含水量表现为:农地荒草地苜蓿地杏林地杏林柠条间作地杏林苜蓿间作地。土地利用变化对土壤水分的影响深度不同,苜蓿地与荒草地的影响集中在0—5m,而包含杏树的利用方式对土壤水分的影响向深层推进甚至可贯穿整个剖面。0—5m除农地外皆有重度土壤干燥化现象;5—10m包含杏树的利用方式干燥化程度较农地、荒草地和苜蓿地严重。[结论]农地转变为包含杏树的利用方式后对土壤深层水分有显著的影响,造成土壤水分储水量减少和干燥化现象严重。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪研究

坡耕地是三峡库区的重点水土流失区和河流泥沙的主要来源地.采用~(137)Cs示踪技术对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率进行了定量研究.结果表明,新政小流域的~(137)Cs本底值为1 420.9 Bq/m~2;平均坡度为11.4°的缓坡耕地的~(137)Cs面积活度介于398.5～1 649.6 Bq/m~2之间,坡长加权平均值为816.0Bq/m~2;采用改进的简化质量平衡模型计算了坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率,结果得出该坡地的土壤侵蚀模数介于-3 358.8～4 937.4 t/(km~2·a),其加权平均值为1 294.6 t/(km~2·a).受犁耕作用的影响,坡耕地两个坡段的土壤侵蚀速率随坡长增加大致都呈下降趋势,并在坡段下方出现了堆积.坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率不高的原因,一方面是由于所研究坡耕地属于缓坡,坡度较小,另一方面则是由于当地农民总结出了一套有效防止水土流失的耕作方式,使得土壤侵蚀强度大大降低.     

用137Cs法研究黄土区耕垦历史不同的坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异

以核素示踪技术为研究手段,以空间序列代替时间序列和以线控面为基本研究方法,在提出坡面平均坡度和坡面核素平均面积浓度计算方法的基础上,研究了黄土丘陵区典型小流域———延安燕沟流域不同开垦历史的农耕地坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异。通过不同开垦历史的坡面侵蚀模数与开垦时间、坡度、坡长的偏相关分析,结果表明,侵蚀模数与开垦时间的相关程度最大,其次是坡度,与坡长的相关性不明显。坡面土壤侵蚀强度随开垦年限的增长呈增加趋势,说明人为破坏植被、不合理开垦导致的人为加速侵蚀是近代黄土高原水土流失的主要原因。     

Linking Land Cover Changes in the Sub‐Alpine and Montane Belts to Changes in a Torrential River

Channel changes are the consequence of changes in sediment yield from the slopes and in the connectivity between slopes and channels because of distinct land use and climate impacts. In this study, we investigated the characteristics and evolution of a short reach in the headwater of the Ijuez River, central–southern Pyrenees. Assessment of a series of sedimentary and geomorphic structures confirmed major changes to the valley bottom, mainly related to changes in the intensity of human activity. The oldest sedimentary structure is a terrace level located 3 to 4 m above the current alluvial plain. General deforestation, overgrazing and recurring fires in the montane belt (1100–1600 m a.s.l.) have led to increased soil erosion and connectivity, and to the triggering of debris flows that have been deposited on the fluvial terrace. Woody fragments from within the debris flows were dated using accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C radiocarbon techniques (AMS), yielding ages between 100 and 115 cal years bp , which coincides with the period of maximum deforestation and human density in the Pyrenees. Depopulation and farmland abandonment since the beginning of the 20th century has resulted in generalized natural and artificial reforestation, a shrinkage of the eroded areas and a decline in connectivity between slopes and the channel. The most important consequence has been channel incision and narrowing, and the development of a sediment armour layer. Active sediment transport is continuing, although there has been a decrease in sediment yield from the slopes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏东南区梯田和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳和全氮空间分布格局的影响

[目的] 查明青藏高原东南部地区坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局及其对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)顺坡迁移过程的影响,为该区土地资源利用及土壤资源保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用¹³⁷Cs核素示踪技术,结合现场调查,研究藏东南地区梯田系列和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局差异;采用相关分析,探明坡面土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与同样深度(30 cm) SOC、TN面积浓度之间的相关性。[结果] ①在整个梯田系列内,土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度从坡顶到坡脚呈离散分布格局,上部梯田下坡部位土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度明显高于紧邻的下部梯田上坡土壤,且上坡梯田表现为土壤侵蚀,而下坡和坡脚梯田则表现为土壤沉积;在单个梯田景观内,土壤侵蚀速率主要呈上部坡位高,下部坡位低的趋势; ②复合坡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率表现为先波动减少,然后逐渐增加的趋势,即坡顶部位土壤侵蚀速率相对较高,顺坡向下逐渐变小,在坡中部和下部表现为沉积,在坡脚部位土壤侵蚀速率又逐渐增加; ③梯田系列和坡耕地土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与SOC,TN面积浓度之间均具有显著的相关关系(p＜0.05)。[结论] 在藏东南地区,梯田有效地改变了该区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局,土壤¹³⁷Cs示踪技术可以较好地示踪该区坡耕地土壤、SOC和TN顺坡迁移和空间再分布状况,防控耕作侵蚀的危害也应当得到与水蚀同样的重视。     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

该文通过运用铯－１３７法对陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀进行研究，定量地分析了塬、坡、沟各土地利用类型的侵蚀及产沙。结果表明，通过生物及工程措施治理后的沟谷其侵蚀量都大大减小，然而塬面侵蚀问题却相对突出，塬面侵蚀量不可忽视。     

长江上游重点水土流失区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

利用137Cs示踪技术,对长江上游重点水土流失区(金沙江下游及毕节地区、嘉陵江中下游地区、嘉陵江上游陕南陇南地区和三峡库区)坡耕地土壤流失速率进行了初步研究。结果表明,研究区土壤类型、坡度等因子对坡耕地土壤流失速率的影响较大,陕南区砾质土、三峡库区黄壤坡耕地的土壤流失速率相对较小,34°砾质土坡耕地,多年平均土壤流失率为985t/(km2·a),31°黄壤坡耕地为2059t/(km2·a);嘉陵江中下游地区和三峡库区紫色土、陕南区黄褐土、陇南区黄绵土和金沙江燥红土坡耕地土壤流失速率较高,一般在2000～10000t/(km2·a);坡度越大土壤流失速率也越高。同时,对坡耕地地块内部土壤侵蚀与堆积的空间分异进行了初步探讨。在坡耕地地块内部,土壤在流水和犁耕共同作用下,侵蚀速率从峁顶至坡底总体呈下降趋势,并在地块中下部出现堆积大于侵蚀的区域。侵蚀小于堆积的临界点,一般出现在距坡顶20～30m范围。     

Application of the caesium‐137 technique to soil degradation studies in the Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia

Soil degradation is a serious problem in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia. It has been so for several decades as a result of over exploitation and mismanagement. Relocation of a portion of the population from these regions to the relatively less populated Southwestern Highlands has taken place for decades to try to address the problem. However, such mass resettlements have caused severe soil degradation problems in many destination areas in the Southwestern Highlands. The aim of this study was to assess the problem of soil degradation using the caesium‐137 isotope and to test its value for erosion study in the region. The adapted USLE was applied to compare results from the caesium‐137 isotope studies. Along a deforestation continuum, fields cultivated for various years were studied for erosion. From a reference grazing land plot, total caesium‐137 fallout of 2026 ± 176 Bq m⁻² with a CV of 24·6 per cent was recorded showing the presence of sufficient fallout to apply the technique. Erosion in cultivated fields was estimated against this reference using conversion models. Results from the Proportional Model |−13·9 ± 2·7|and the adapted USLE |12·3 ± 2·6| were not significantly different (p < 0·05), meaning the technique provides reliable results. A positive relationship was observed between severity of erosion and time of cultivation after forest clearing (R² = 0·78). The mean annual loss of soil from cultivated land, 14·9 ± 2·9 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, is already beyond the tolerable threshold and might exacerbate further clearing of forests for cultivation if the land is not properly managed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variations of Soil Organic Carbon Following Land Use Change on Deep‐Loess Hillsopes in China

Land use change is a key factor driving changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) around the world. However, the changes in SOC following land use changes have not been fully elucidated, especially for deep soils (>100 cm). Thus, we investigated the variations of SOC under different land uses (cropland, jujube orchard, 7‐year‐old grassland and 30‐year‐old grassland) on hillslopes in the Yuanzegou watershed of the Loess Plateau in China based on soil datasets related to soils within the 0–100 cm. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of deep‐layer SOC (200–1,800 cm) to that of whole soil profiles based on soil datasets within the 0–1,800 cm. The results showed that in shallow profiles (0–100 cm), land uses significantly (p  < 0·05) influenced the distribution of SOC contents and stocks in surface layer (0–20 cm) but not subsurface layers (20–100 cm). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil texture fractions and total N were significantly (p  < 0·05 or 0·01) correlated with SOC content, which may have masked effects of land use change on SOC. In deep profiles (0–1,800 cm), SOC stock generally decreased with soil depth. But deep soils showed high SOC sequestration capacity. The SOC accumulated in the 100–1,800 m equalled 90·6%, 91·6%, 87·5% and 88·6% of amounts in the top 100 cm under cropland, 7‐year‐old grassland, 30‐year‐old grassland and jujube orchard, respectively. The results provide insights into SOC dynamics following land use changes and stressed the importance of deep‐layer SOC in estimating SOC inventory in deep loess soils. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approaches to quantify progressive soil development with time in Mediterranean climate—I. Use of field criteria

Soil‐chronosequence studies are useful to assess relationships between land‐surface ages and stages of soil formation. Such relationships may then be applied to establish relative chronologies of development of land surfaces of unknown ages, contributing to landscape‐history reconstruction. For this purpose, it is important to identify those soil properties that are most closely related to soil age. This article reviews soil‐chronosequence studies from Mediterranean regions in Europe and California. Soil properties described in the field and soil‐development indices based on field criteria that have been used in the studies are evaluated. The properties total texture, rubification, clay films, dry consistence, and soil thickness are identified as useful and easy‐to‐obtain soil parameters, which are generally closely related to soil age. Most soil properties exhibit their greatest changes during certain phases of soil development, e.g., soil structure in soils < 10,000 y and rubification in soils > 100,000 y. The specific time spans of major changes of soil properties need to be considered, when looking for appropriate parameters to study a particular chronosequence. Indices, which combine several soil properties having their greatest changes in different phases of soil development, are useful to study soil chronosequences comprising large time spans, e.g., from Holocene to Middle Pleistocene. It is important to be aware that soil chronofunctions obtained from Pleistocene soils integrate rates of soil‐forming processes over periods of very variable climate and environment, and that soil development crossed internal and external pedogenic thresholds that are not reflected in soil chronofunctions.     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落生态分布特征

在长白山地丘陵区选择次生落叶阔叶林、灌木林、采伐迹地以及耕地四种土地利用方式,对其土壤动物群落的组成、多样性和分布特征进行研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落的水平分布呈现明显的差异。采伐迹地中型土壤动物个体密度和耕地中型土壤动物类群数季节变化明显。次生落叶阔叶林和灌木林土壤动物分布随土层加深急剧减少,采伐迹地和耕地垂直分布递减和缓。同一季节土壤动物的丰富度指数和多样性指数在不同土地利用方式差异显著。土壤动物的多样性表现为灌木林最高,耕地最低。不同土地利用方式影响土壤动物群落的生态分布,其中pH、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效氮是影响长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落分布的主导因子。