我国西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化成因及防治

土地石漠化是西南喀斯特山区一种突出的生态环境问题。阐述了西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化的现状分布:土地石漠化面积约10.51万km2,占喀斯特山区总面积的20%,并集中出现在贵州和广西;分析了土地石漠化的危害:导致可耕地面积减少、加剧人畜饮水困难、旱涝灾害频率和强度增加;着重以贵州为例,从岩性、地表结构、特殊的土体剖面、钙性环境、降水和超载的人口压力及落后的生产方式等八个方面详细探讨了喀斯特山区土地石漠化的成因机理,并指出喀斯特地区的自然因素为土地石漠化形成的内因,而不合理的人类活动是土地石漠化形成的诱因和主导因素。在此基础上结合西南喀斯特山区的实际情况,提出了开展西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化地质环境本底调查、制定土地石漠化综合治理规划、建立高标准的土地石漠化治理种苗基地、优化石漠化地区的土地利用结构和就业结构、加强土地石漠化治理关键技术的研究、加大土地石漠化治理试验示范力度等八条对策建议。     

Silicon dynamics in the rhizosphere: Connections with iron mobilization

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plants as it increases their resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. In the rhizosphere, root exudates, especially when released by nutritionally stressed plants, promote the mineral weathering and, consequently, influence Si biogeochemistry. This study aims at evaluating the mineralogical alterations in the rhizosphere of Fe‐deficient or Fe‐sufficient barley plants grown either in a natural or in an artificial calcareous soil, focusing on the dynamics of both Fe and Si. After 6 d of soil–plant contact, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of rhizosphere soil samples of Fe‐deficient plants revealed, for both natural and artificial soil, a decrease of amorphous phases and an increase of smectite compared to the unplanted soil. Root exudates released by Fe‐deficient plants were most likely the main responsible for the weathering of the amorphous phases by a ligand controlled dissolution mechanism. When the soil–plant contact was prolonged up to 12 d, plants overcame Fe nutritional stress and their effect on soil mineralogy completely changed, as proved by the considerable increase of amorphous and decrease of smectite. Smectite decrease might evidence the effort of plant to mobilize Si and micronutrients other than Fe from the soil through the exudation of organic ligands. When the artificial soil was treated with Fe‐sufficient barley plants, the mineral weathering trend appeared reversed compared to the experiments with Fe‐deficient plants. Plant nutritional status regulates the root exudation pattern and, consequently, drives mineral weathering processes in the rhizosphere. Barley has shown to be able to mobilize Si from smectite, yet depending on its Fe supply and proving the strict connection between Si and Fe dynamics in the rhizosphere.     

喀斯特石漠化过程中的土壤物理组分有机碳氮研究

以贵州省花江峡谷区典型喀斯特石漠化小流域为研究区域,对潜在、轻度、中度、强度石漠化等级样地代表性土壤物理组分有机碳氮进行了研究.结果表明,石漠化过程中土壤轻组和颗粒组分有机碳和全氮含量都高于矿质组分,轻组和颗粒组分的C/N值都高于全土;轻组、颗粒和矿质组分的有机碳氮含量随石漠化程度的增加而降低,与石漠化过程有一致性,颗粒组分数量和有机碳氮分配比例还与石漠化等级有同步性,而轻组组分数量和有机碳氮分配比例与石漠化等级没有同步性;轻组和颗粒组分中有机碳和氮的富集系数和分配比例不一致,在石漠化过程中轻组和颗粒组分SOC的下降明显快于氮;樵采石漠化的颗粒组分主要是有机质与黏粉粒结合成的有机无机复合体,其中的有机质易被保护;开垦石漠化中的颗粒组分大部分都是有机质与砂粒的结合,其中有机质腐殖化程度低,易被分解.     

基于GIS/RS的桂西北土地石漠化与喀斯特地形空间相关性分析

基于GIS、RS技术,探讨喀斯特地形坡度量算的适宜方法,并提取桂西北喀斯特山区地貌类型、坡度、坡向数据,结合2006年桂西北石漠化数据进行地形要素与石漠化空间相关性分析。结果表明：桂西北喀斯特石漠化与地貌类型、坡度有明显的空间相关性,表现在低山和高丘陵地形区的石漠化发生率较高;在0°-25°坡度地形区中,石漠化发生率随坡度增大而平缓下降,大于25°坡度区的石漠化发生率却大幅上升;各坡向的石漠化发生率基本相近,石漠化与坡向没有明显空间相关性。研究结果可为桂西北喀斯特山区土地利用布局、石漠化治理和生态系统恢复提供决策依据。     

CHARACTERIZING VARIATIONS IN SOIL PARTICLE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION ALONG A GRASS–DESERT SHRUB TRANSITION IN THE ORDOS PLATEAU OF INNER MONGOLIA,CHINA

The application of fractal geometry to describe soil degradation and dynamics is becoming a useful tool for better understanding of the performance of soil systems. In this study, four different land cover types, which represent a sequence of grass–desert shrub transition and a gradient of desertification, were selected, and soils at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm were sampled in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, PR China. The fractal theory was used to analyse the soil particle‐size distribution (PSD) and its variations. The results showed that (i) vegetation conversion and desertification significantly changed the soil PSD. During the desertification process, soil coarse fractions that ranged from 250 to 100 µm significantly increased, whereas fine fractions lower than 50 µm significantly decreased (p < 0·01); (ii) fractal model of the accumulative volume particle‐size distribution is appropriate, and fractal dimensions (D_m) of soil PSD significantly decreased along the sequence of grass–desert shrub transition; (iii) D_m is more sensitive to the desertification process, and therefore, we suggest D_m other than soil texture and soil organic carbon as a reliable parameter to reflect the soil environment change induced by desertification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

4种苔藓植物在喀斯特石漠化地区的生态修复意义

为探求苔藓植物在石漠化地区的生态修复意义,筛选出4种石漠化地区常见的苔藓,即美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothallum)、小青藓(Brachythecium perminusculum)、双色真藓(Bryum dichotomum)和多疣细羽藓(Cyrto-hypnum pygmaeum),测定其生物量、饱和吸水率、根系密度、蒸腾速率和抗冲刷能力,并初次将该4种苔藓应用于石漠化修复的实践中,对其土壤酶活性进行了1年的跟踪监测。结果表明:(1)4种苔藓持水保水能力差异显著,其生物量由大到小依次为美灰藓双色真藓小青藓多疣细羽藓;饱和吸水率最低的是多疣细羽藓(660.78±3.46)%,最高的是美灰藓(1 627.82±4.68)%。(2)双色真藓的蒸发速率最高可达6.63g/(kg·h),其水分更容易丧失;美灰藓蒸发速率为0.93g/(kg·h),水分较其他苔藓不易丧失。(3)4种苔藓的抗冲刷能力与其假根的根长密度、根重密度、生物量存在显著正相关关系,美灰藓在各组冲刷试验中表现出较强的抗冲刷性,可以有效减少土壤流失。(4)4种苔藓均可有效提高被培养土壤的酶活性。苔藓层生物量、抗冲刷强化值、假根根系密度与土壤脱氢酶、脲酶呈正相关关系。4种苔藓均具有较高的水土保持效益,其中美灰藓的表现更为显著,建议利用物种演替规律将苔藓应用于石漠化修复的实践中。     

中国西南岩溶山区石漠化的现状成因及治理的优化模式

阐述了西南岩溶山区石漠化的发展现状 ,从碳酸盐岩的抗风蚀能力、成土过程、地貌结构、土体剖面、人口压力及耕作方式与产业结构等方面详细分析了西南岩溶石漠化的成因机理 ,探讨了石漠化治理应坚持的六条原则 ;在结合西南岩溶山区的自然、社会、经济发展实际情况的基础上 ,从生产 (技术 )、生态、生活与发展等 3个层面提出了西南岩溶山区石漠化治理的生态经济优化模式与对策建议     

中国石漠化防治现状与立法问卷调查分析

[目的]分析中国石漠化防治的基本现状及立法因应,为有针对性地开展石漠化防治及将其纳入法制化轨道提供科学依据。[方法]采用问卷调查法于2019年10—12月就社会公众对于石漠化现象的认知度、石漠化防治的评价与建议、石漠化防治立法认知与需求等进行调查和统计分析。[结果]石漠化危害已基本成为全社会普遍认同的生态灾害。当前石漠化科普教育、宣传开展程度和频率较低,公众对石漠化的了解程度仍相对较弱,对石漠化防治工作的整体效果评价比较满意。公众参与石漠化治理与生态保护的意愿积极,石漠化防治立法的民众倾向和诉求强烈。石漠化防治立法应重点关注防治资金和技术投入保障机制、工程管理与义务责任、宣传手段和执法力度等问题。[结论]为有效推进中国的石漠化防治,应继续加大石漠化防治宣传力度,加强防治责任主体参与方式的多样化以及防治措施的多元化,开展石漠化防治的立法十分必要和迫切。     

How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky desertified land in Guizhou Province,PR China: phenomena and mechanisms

In southwestern China karst rocky desertification (a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease of soil productivity and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape) results from irrational land use on the fragile, thin karst soil. Soil particles in the Guizhou karst plateau were accumulated predominantly from residues left behind after the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and the thickness of the soil layer is related to the amount of argillaceous substances in the lost carbonate rock. This paper examines the spatial distribution of karst rocky desertified (KRD) land in Guizhou Province, and relates it to the different assemblages of basement carbonate rocks. Types of carbonate rock assemblages are discussed using a 1 : 500000 scale digital‐distribution map. Their distribution and sensitivity to erosion are analysed, demonstrating that the occurrence of KRD land is positively correlated to homogeneous carbonate rocks. Differences in physical and chemical properties of limestone and dolomite rocks lead to differences in dissolution, accumulation rate of soil particles and relief on the surface, and these factors influence land‐use potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance assessment of nanoparticulate lime to accelerate the downward movement of calcium in acid soil

Calcium in conventional lime (CL) moves downward extremely slowly into the soil in the short term. To monitor the effects of using nanoparticulate lime (NL) in low affordable doses and in large doses on accelerating the downward movement of Ca in a simulated plough layer profile (0–25 cm), we ran a column leaching experiment with an acid soil with NL applied into the top 5 cm. The experiment evaluated a reference treatment (0 NL), three low doses of NL (8, 40 and 80 kg ha^?1 = 0.02×, 0.1×, and 0.2× the NL needed to raise soil pH to 6.0 in the top 5 cm: NLR_pH‐6), and two large doses (400 and 800 kg ha^?1 = 1× and 2× NLR_pH‐6). Over the short term (70 days), NL accelerated the downward movement of Ca, likely by mass flow of nanoparticles down soil micro‐ and macropores. Applying NL to the top 5 cm at 40 and 80 kg ha^?1 was effective at increasing the downward movement of Ca and the neutralization of soil acidity (in terms of pH) to 20 cm depth, as well as rectifying Al toxicity (in terms of exchangeable Al) to ≤ the critical limit to 10 cm. NL at 80 kg ha^?1 was most economically justified in terms of rectifying Al toxicity throughout the profile. Therefore, NL may introduce new and alternative application strategy that allowing lower rates of lime to be used and thereby offset economic constraints posed by high application rates.     

Biochar‐Based Fertilization with Liquid Nutrient Enrichment: 21 Field Trials Covering 13 Crop Species in Nepal

Biochar produced in cost‐efficient flame curtain kilns (Kon‐Tiki) was nutrient enriched either with cow urine or with dissolved mineral (NPK) fertilizer to produce biochar‐based fertilizers containing between 60–100 kg N, 5–60 kg P₂O₅ and 60–100 kg K₂O, respectively, per ton of biochar. In 21 field trials, nutrient‐enriched biochars were applied at rates of 0·5–2 t ha⁻¹ into the root zone of 13 different crops. Treatments combining biochar, compost and organic or chemical fertilizer were evaluated; control treatments contained same amounts of nutrients but without biochar. All nutrient‐enriched biochar substrates improved yields compared with their respective no‐biochar controls. Biochar enriched with dissolved NPK produced on average 20% ± 5·1% (N  = 4 trials) higher yields than standard NPK fertilization without biochar. Cow urine‐enriched biochar blended with compost resulted on average in 123% ± 76·7% (N  = 13 trials) higher yields compared with the organic farmer practice with cow urine‐blended compost and outcompeted NPK‐enriched biochar (same nutrient dose) by 103% ± 12·4% (N  = 4 trials) respectively. Thus, the results of 21 field trials robustly revealed that low‐dosage root zone application of organic biochar‐based fertilizers caused substantial yield increases in rather fertile silt loam soils compared with traditional organic fertilization and to mineral NPK or NPK‐biochar fertilization. This can be explained by the nutrient carrier effect of biochar, causing a slow nutrient release behaviour, more balanced nutrient fluxes and reduced nutrient losses, especially when liquid organic nutrients are used for the biochar enrichment. The results open up new pathways for optimizing organic farming and improving on‐farm nutrient cycling. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州土地石漠化变化及社会经济活动的影响分析

分析石漠化与社会经济活动的关系及其动态变化,有利于石漠化状况的改善和治理。以往的驱动因子分析对社会经济因素的研究较少,本文以贵州省为研究区,以县域为研究单元,基于2000年和2011年两期石漠化影像,通过空间分析研究了贵州省2000—2011年的石漠化动态变化,并从人口因素、社会发展状况和经济水平、农业生产活动、地形坡度和生态工程建设等5个方面选取23个影响因子,对石漠化的驱动力进行分析。结果表明:1)2000—2011年贵州省石漠化的治理工作取得了一定的成效,石漠化面积总体减少,但中度和重度石漠化面积呈增加趋势,轻度以上石漠化的治理任务还很艰巨;2)23个影响因子与石漠化呈现不同程度的正负相关关系; 3)农业人口比重、农业总产值、人均粮食、人均耕地、耕地比重、15°～25°耕地(岩溶)比重和25°以上耕地(岩溶)比重均与石漠化呈显著正相关,其他因子均与石漠化呈显著负相关,其中农业活动对石漠化的影响最为显著,农业人口比重、农业总产值、人均耕地、15°～25°耕地比重、25°以上耕地比重、15°～25°岩溶比重和25°以上岩溶比重与石漠化的相关系数分别为0.473、0.425、0.291、0.288、0.430、0.338和0.334。研究社会经济活动对石漠化的影响可为石漠化治理提供借鉴和参考。     

贵州喀斯特山区石漠化土壤理化性质及分形特征研究

研究了贵州喀斯特山区石漠化过程中土壤颗粒粗化和理化性质特征,土壤颗粒分形的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系。结果表明:土壤细颗粒含量越少,土壤分形维数越低,表征石漠化程度越高;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机质、容重、粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的线形关系(P<0.01)。分形维数能较好地表征喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤物理性质和养分状况以及石漠化的程度,可作为评价喀斯特地区土壤退化的定量指标之一,对区域生态环境的恢复与重建有着重要的指导意义。     

Fingerprinting Sediment Sources After an Extreme Rainstorm Event in a Small Catchment on the Loess Plateau,PR China

Soil erosion is a severe problem on China's Loess Plateau due to its fine‐grained soils and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events. Accordingly, this study used a 100‐year frequency rainstorm dataset to analyse sediment deposition and sources in a 27‐km² catchment with a dam field area of 0·14 km² based on the hypothesis that sediments were intercepted by the dam (before collapse) during the rainstorm event and deposited in the dam field. This study applied composite fingerprinting, which revealed the sediment source contributions and estimated sediment deposition. Sediment deposition (626·4 kg m⁻²) decreased linearly or exponentially with increasing distance from the dam. Composite fingerprints based on the optimal parameters revealed relative sediment contributions of 44·1% ± 25·5%, 37·7% ± 35·0%, 9·0% ± 11·4% and 9·2% ± 11·5% by bare ground, croplands, grassland and forests, respectively. The 5‐year cumulative sediment deposition from normal rainfall was 2·3 × 10⁴ t less than the extreme rainstorm. Bare grounds and croplands were the dominant sediment sources following both the extreme rainstorm and normal erosive rainfall events but varied at different areas of the check‐dam. Erosion patterns and start times depended on land use type, thereby affecting sediment profiles in the dam field. Furthermore, severe erosion from bare ground that were all gully slopes and gully walls occurred throughout the rainfall, whereas grasslands and forest erosion occurred earlier and croplands later. Finally, extreme rainfall promoted mass wasting on slopes, gully slopes and gully walls, which are important in determining extreme rainstorm erosion pattern variation. This study aimed to reveal erosion pattern variation under extreme rainstorm events. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Hyperion和ASTER影像的喀斯特石漠化评价指标提取对比研究

中国西南喀斯特地区以石漠化为特征的生态环境退化现象严重,遥感是获取大尺度石漠化评价指标的主要手段.但目前还没有直接从遥感图像快速、客观有效地提取石漠化评价指标的应用.基于植被指数(NDVI)、石漠化综合光谱指数(KRDSI)和木质素—纤维素吸收指数(LCA),对比分析利用Hyperion 高光谱遥感影像及其模拟的ASTER多光谱遥感影像直接提取石漠化评价指标的可行性和精度.研究表明,利用Hyperion高光谱影像能够比较有效地直接反演绿色植被、干枯植被、裸土等的覆盖信息,但由于不同碳酸盐岩及其不同侵蚀程度的光谱特征差异,直接反演基岩裸露的精度较低;而利用ASTER多光谱影像能够直接有效提取直接反演绿色植被、裸土等的覆盖信息,但由于ASTER影像波段设置的局限性,使其直接提取干枯植被盖度和基岩裸露率的效果较差.     

徐淮平原农田防护林带杨树树干液流研究

 为了揭示农田防护林带对附近农作物产生的胁地机制,为农田防护林带的树种配置和制定克服胁地的措施提供理论依据。用热脉冲技术,采用ICT2000TE树干液流测定系统,研究8年生NL80105杨和11年生I69杨生长盛期树干液流的特点及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)NL80105杨和I69杨的单位面积液流通量,分别为0.244L/(cm2 ·d)和0.172L/(cm2 ·d),I69杨的蒸腾耗水强度较NL80105杨的大;2)NL80105杨和I69杨液流的日进程,均呈低—高—低的变化趋势;3)NL80105杨和I69杨,均存在夜间明显的树干液流上升现象。     

Object‐Based Mapping of Karst Rocky Desertification using a Support Vector Machine

Accurate and cost‐effective mapping of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is still a challenge at the regional and national scale. Visual interpretation has been utilised in the majority of studies, while an automated method based on pixel data has been investigated repeatedly. An object‐based method coupling with support vector machine (SVM) was developed and tested using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from three selected counties (Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan) with different karst landscapes in SW China. The method supports a strategy of defining a mapping unit. It combined ETM+ images and ancillary data including elevation, slope and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index images. A sequence of scale parameters estimation, image segmentation, training data sampling, SVM parameters tuning and object classification was performed to achieve the mapping. A quantitative and semi‐automated approach was used to estimate scale parameters for segmenting an object at an optimal scale. We calculated the sum of area‐weighted standard deviation (WS), rate of change for WS, local variance (LV) and rate of change for LV at each scale level, and the threshold of the aforementioned index that indicated the optimal segment level and merge level. The KRD classification results had overall accuracies of 85·50, 84·00 and 84·86 per cent for Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan, respectively, and kappa coefficients are up to 0·8062, 0·7917 and 0·8083, respectively. This approach mapped six classes of KRD and offered a visually appealing presentation. Moreover, it proposed a conceptual and size‐variable object from the classification standard of KRD. The results demonstrate that the application of our method provides an efficient approach for the mapping of KRD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化现状遥感分析

 以2002年前后的Landsat7ETM+遥感影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互解译的方法,对珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化强度现状进行遥感解译,解译精度高达87%。对遥感解译分析和研究的结果表明:整个珠江上游的土地石漠化已十分严重,石漠化、半石漠化土地面积3万9900 km2,占总面积的16.4%;石漠化、半石漠化比率大于15%的石漠化县有52个,其中贵州省土地石漠化最严重,石漠化、半石漠化比率高达21.9%,有23个石漠化县(区),广西和云南相对较轻,石漠化、半石漠化比率分别为14.7%和14.4%,分别有21和8个石漠化县。珠江上游19个市(州)中就有12个市(州)的石漠化、半石漠化面积超过1000km2,集中分布于贵州黔南州—广西河池市、贵州黔西南州—云南曲靖市和云南文山州—广西百色市3个石漠化条带上。     

Dissolution of feldspars in the presence of natural, organic solutes

The dissolution rates of feldspars in the presence of naturally occurring organic solutes were compared at pH 5.1. Natural silt or ground feldspar minerals were suspended in water, streamwater, soil water, water extracts of peat and mor and a citrate solution for approximately 100 d. The increase of major cations and silicic acid in the aqueous phase was determined by periodic sampling and rates of dissolution were calculated when concentration increased linearly with time. The dissolution rate for the major cations was 2.7±0.9 (n= 3) times greater for stream-water and 2.4±0.4 (n= 5) times greater for mor and peat extract than for distilled water. For citrate, the rate was greater by 1.7±0.3 (n=3) times. By inoculating the suspensions with microorganisms weathering rates decreased to the value for distilled water. This suggests that the microorganisms consumed some ‘active’ fraction of the organic solutes.