控释掺混肥对麦玉轮作体系农田温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响

为阐明控释肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响,该研究以郑单958（夏玉米）和济麦22（冬小麦）为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（FFP）、优化施氮（OPT）、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF1）、含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含70%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF2）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的冬小麦、夏玉米及周年产量、温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量（P<0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了1.4%～3.0%、1.9%～3.4%和1.6%～3.1%（P>0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N₂O和CO₂的周年排放（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的土壤N₂O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了27.7%～34.6%（P <0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势（GWP）（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GWP较FFP处理降低了4.2%和5.7%,其中CRBF2处理差异显著（P<0.05）。施氮降低了麦玉轮作体系的周年温室气体排放强度（GHGI）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GHGI较FFP处理降低了5.6%～8.6%（P>0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的100~200 cm土层硝态氮残留降低30.6%～34.3%（P<0.05）,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥在稳定作物产量、减少温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留方面具有积极作用,研究结果可为麦玉轮作体系的轻简高效氮肥管理提供数据支持和理论支撑。     

Responses of photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,and grain yield of maize to controlled‐release urea and irrigation after anthesis

Controlled‐release urea (CRU) is a new type of urea, which may increase crop nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency compared with conventional urea (CU), but the conditions where it outperforms urea are not well defined. A field experiment assessing responses of plant growth and grain yield of maize to CRU and irrigation was conducted on a typical agricultural farm in Shandong, China. Five treatments of the two types of urea (75, 150 kg N ha^–1, 0 kg N ha^–1) were applied as basal fertilizer when sowing maize, and two water treatments (W₀ and W₁) were used 23 d after anthesis. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and chlorophyll concentration as well as leaf‐area index (LAI) increased significantly by both CRU and CU application, with the increases being larger in CRU‐treated plants than in CU‐treated plants at grain filling and maturing stages. CRU significantly enhanced the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v / F_m), PSII coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching (q_P), and actual quantum yield of PSII electron transformation (Φ_PSII) but decreased the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Cob‐leaf N concentration of CRU‐treated plants was significantly higher than that of CU‐treated plants under no irrigation, but not in the irrigation treatment 30 d after anthesis. Significant positive correlations were found between cob‐leaf N concentration and P_N both with and without irrigation. Grain yield of maize was significantly higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment under both irrigation conditions. In conclusion, CRU as a basal application appeared to increase the N‐use efficiency for maize relative to CU especially by maintaining N supply after anthesis.     

Recovery of 15N‐Labeled Nitrate Injected into Deep Subsoil by Maize in a Calcareous Alluvial Soil on the North China Plain

Abstract

Recovery of residual nitrogen (N) from the subsoil by maize (Zea mays L.) was studied by injecting ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate at 110 cm for treatments with and without N fertilizer in a calcareous soil on the North China Plain. The results show that the recovery of ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate diffusing in the 90‐ to 130‐cm soil horizon was 11.9% with N fertilizer application and 6.7% without N application in maize. Nitrogen fertilizer applied to topsoil stimulated growth of maize roots in the subsoil, thus increasing the recovery of ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate. In the relatively dry growing season in this experiment, the ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate did not move downward because there was no downward water flow at 110 cm. Hence, under dry weather conditions, the maize crop can re‐utilize a small part of the residual soil nitrate in deep soil layers. Most of the nitrogen uptake was in the 0‐ to 80‐cm layer during the experiment.     

植物诱抗剂对尿素氮利用率和小麦产量的影响

为研究植物诱抗剂配伍尿素和控释尿素对小麦产量及构成因素、氮肥利用率和土壤养分的影响,通过对尿素包膜(CRU)、包膜尿素配施诱抗剂(CRUR)、尿素配施植物诱抗剂(UR)的处理方式,进行了小麦大田试验,以尿素(U)和无氮(CK)处理为对照,共设置5个处理。结果表明:(1)尿素配施诱抗剂处理的小麦产量和氮肥利用率比尿素处理显著提高23.6%和10.1个百分点,纯收益显著增加3 269元/hm2。(2)CRUR处理较CRU处理小麦产量和氮肥利用率显著增加14.5%和12.4个百分点,纯收益显著提高2 361元/hm2;比UR处理显著提高16.3%和11.9个百分点,纯收益增加2 446元/hm2。(3)在小麦拔节期即氮肥最大效率期,CRUR处理的土壤硝态氮含量比CRU处理显著增加29.5%,比UR处理显著增加88.2%;CRUR处理的土壤铵态氮含量比UR处理显著提高34.4%。控释尿素配施植物诱抗剂可实现两者协同增效,显著提高小麦生育关键期土壤氮素供应强度、产量、氮肥利用率和纯收益,为促生型缓控释肥料的研发与应用提供依据。     

Taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbiome recruited from alternative crops in a rotation system

Intensive cropping is considered to contribute to negative effects both on soil physiochemical properties and on long-term grain yield, which can be alleviated by appropriate crop rotations. The soil microbial community can vary with different crop rotations, which in turn affect soil quality and grain yield. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the response of the soil microbial community to crop rotation. In this study, the structural and functional changes of microbial community in different crop rotations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics analysis in a field experiment. The continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was the control, and three crop rotations were established in October 2016 as follows: (1) spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize, (2) winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and (3) spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize. Soil samples were collected in September 2021 for soil microbial assessment. The results showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the soil of spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize was significantly higher (15.2%) than that in the control. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher (19.8%–23.2%) in the soil following crop rotation compared with the control. Compared with the control, spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize enriched energy metabolism genes, and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize reduced the genes related to plant–pathogen interaction. Compared with the control, crop rotation significantly decreased the relative abundance of the inorganic phosphorus solubilization gene (gcd) and the phosphorus transport gene (upgE) and increased the abundance of organic phosphorus mineralization genes (phoA and phyA). Based on these results, we concluded that the composition of the soil microbial community and functional genes can be altered by crop rotation, and spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize had more significant effects. This study provided a reference for the selection of crop rotations in the North China Plain based on the soil microbial community and its function.     

15N Fertilizer recovery in different tillage–straw systems on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico

Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with ¹⁵N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer ¹⁵N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered ¹⁵N (¹⁵N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil ¹⁵N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg ¹⁵N ha^?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled ¹⁵N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.     

秸秆与氮肥配施对潮土微生物活性及团聚体分布的影响

为了探索秸秆还田与氮肥配施对砂质潮土微生物活性与土壤团聚体的影响.采用室内培养的方法,在定量秸秆条件下,通过控制尿素用量,研究不同氮肥用量与秸秆配施比例对砂质潮土的有机质、土壤微生物量碳、氮含量、土壤酶活性以及土壤团聚体的影响.结果 表明:与CK相比,秸秆配施适量氮肥,能显著提高土壤有机质(29.04％～41.90％)...     

我国主要粮食作物一次性施肥的长期效应研究进展

一次性施肥是农业轻简化生产的迫切需求，一次性施肥在我国主要粮食作物上的短期应用研究较多，但缺乏长期效应分析，探明一次性施肥长期施用对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力、氮肥利用率及环境效应的影响，可为我国农业轻简化绿色可持续生产提供支撑。本研究利用“中国知网”数据库对三大粮食作物上进行一次性施肥的所有文献(截至2021年12月20日)进行检索，分析一次性施肥连续施用5 a及5 a以上对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力和氮肥利用率的影响，以及一次性施肥连续施用3 a及3 a以上对农田生态环境的影响。与普通尿素分次施肥相比，一次性施肥连续施用5 a及以上使小麦、玉米和水稻的产量分别提高 4.9% ~ 19.6%、0 ~ 14.4%、0 ~ 17.6%，氮肥利用率分别提高 24.2% ~ 52.0%、14.3% ~ 80.3%、4.4% ~ 80.7%，土壤全氮、有机质、无机氮(NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N)含量分别提高 0 ~ 8.7%、0 ~ 6.7%、0 ~ 23.8%，3.8% ~ 11.8%、0 ~ 6.4%、0 ~ 16.6% 和 0 ~ 77.2%、0 ~ 66.3%、0 ~ 42.4%；一次性施肥连续施用3 a及以上的小麦、玉米和水稻农田N₂O排放、NH₃挥发分别降低 16.9% ~ 43.3%、5.1% ~ 56.0%、5.6% ~ 43.2% 和 18.6% ~ 37.6%、6.1% ~ 52.4%、37.2% ~ 66.0%。一次性施肥在三大粮食作物连续应用可长期维持土壤肥力和作物产量，同时提高氮肥利用率和降低氮素损失。     

华北高产粮区基于种植制度调整和水氮优化的节水效应

冬小麦/夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物主要的种植方式。冬小麦生育期降水少,春季灌溉是保证其高产的必要措施。基于上述问题,在华北平原高产粮区设置田间试验,研究了调整种植制度和水氮优化等措施下的节水效应。结果表明,将一年两熟的冬小麦套种夏玉米调整为冬小麦直播夏玉米,并结合水氮优化等措施,能降低作物耗水15%,提高灌溉水利用效率52%～54%,而产量并没有下降;而将一年两熟调整为两年三熟和一年一熟,尽管能降低作物耗水24%～31%,且能提高灌溉水利用效率58%～172%,但产量却下降16%～27%。综上所述,该区将现行的一年两熟制中的套种调整为直播,并加以水氮优化等措施,是目前较为适宜的种植方式。考虑到该区水资源严重短缺的现实,两年三熟制可能是未来的种植趋势,但需要挖掘其产量潜力。     

控释尿素与常规尿素不同配施对根际土壤微生物数目、土壤氮素及玉米产量的影响

为研究控释尿素与常规尿素配施条件下对玉米根际土壤微生物的影响,采用不同肥料配比处理,对玉米根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌采用平板计数法进行数量测定;对玉米成熟期根际土壤微生物数量变化、土壤氮素含量变化及玉米产量相关因素进行研究,结果表明控释尿素与常规尿素不同配施条件下,与CK相比施用肥料的各个处理,土壤微生物数量均增加,CRU100%处理有利于增加土壤细菌、土壤氮素含量及玉米产量,CRU40%+PU60%处理在增加土壤真菌及放线菌数量上优于其他配比。针对实际生产应用及对土壤微生物整体影响,综合比较本研究表明CRU40%+PU60%处理为最佳配比并为控释尿素与常规尿素配施条件下土壤微生物生态环境的深入研究提供依据。     

Impact of agricultural land use on distribution of microbial biomass and activity within soil aggregates

The presence of aggregates of various sizes in the soil is an important condition for soil carbon sequestration. In this system, microbial biomass is a key link. This work was devoted to the study of the influence of land use systems on the distribution of SOС, MB-SIR, microbial activity and eco-physiological indices (qCO₂, QR, MB-SIR/SOС and qCO₂/SOС) in relation to the size of soil aggregates. The distribution of SOС, MB-SIR and mineralization activity among the aggregates was heterogeneous. In the soil of crop rotation, high mineralization activity and MB-SIR were found in the aggregates 0.5–0.1 mm, in the monoculture soil in aggregates <0.1 mm and in the control soil in the aggregates 1–0.25 mm. There was a general trend towards a decrease in microbial activity, MB-SIR and SOС availability with an increase in aggregate size. In agricultural soils, microbial activity was determined by large aggregates (>5 mm), while in the control soil, by the aggregates 5–1 mm. Depending on the type of site and the size of aggregates, the differences in microbial metabolism were revealed. The qCO₂ and QR values decreased, and the MB-SIR/SOС and qCO₂/SOС increased in the series: control soil > crop rotation > monoculture. In the control soil, the values of the eco-physiological indices decreased with decreasing aggregate size. And vice versa, in agricultural soils, these parameters were the highest in the microaggregates (<0.25 mm). The monoculture soil, in contrast to the control soil and crop rotation soil, turned out to be more energy efficient.     

Soil microbial biomass and community composition as affected by cover crop diversity in a short‐term field experiment on a podzolized Stagnosol‐Cambisol

Background: Cover cropping appears as a useful land management practice with numerous benefits for ecosystem functions. Aim: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different winter cover crops on soil microbial biomass, activity, and community composition in intensively managed agriculture systems as function of cover crop diversity. Methods: For this purpose, an on‐farm experiment was conducted at a podzolized Stagnosol‐Cambisol during seven months growing oil radish as single cover crop and five different cover crop mixtures comprising 5 to 13 plant species. A fallow treatment was used as control. Phospholipid fatty acids were used to determine the soil microbial biomass and soil microbial community composition. Basal respiration of the soil microorganisms was measured as a proxy for microbial activity. Results: The results show that none of the cover crop mixture could increase soil organic carbon or total nitrogen content. Three cover crop mixtures and oil radish as single cover crop significantly increased soil microbial biomass by about 50% and all of the investigated cover crops significantly increased microbial respiration and metabolic quotient by 50–150%. Only highly diverse cover crop mixtures significantly increased individual microbial groups such as Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, actinobacteria, and saprotropic and mycorrhizal fungi by about 20% compared to the control. However, the ratio of fungi to bacteria was not influenced by any of the cover crop mixtures under study. Conclusion: These findings corroborate that aboveground plant diversity is linked to belowground microbial diversity.     

Controlled‐release urea decreased ammonia volatilization and increased nitrogen use efficiency of cotton

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer input leads to higher N loss via ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. Controlled‐release urea (CRU) was expected to reduce emission losses of N. An incubation and a plant growth experiment with Gossypium hirsutum L. were conducted with urea and CRU (a fertilizer mixture of polymer‐coating sulfur‐coated urea and polymer‐coated urea with N ratios of 5 : 5) under six levels of N fertilization rates, which were 0% (0 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 50% (110 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 75% (165 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 100% (220 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 125% (275 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), and 150% (330 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) of the recommended N fertilizer rate. For each type of N fertilizer, the NH₃ volatilization, cotton yield, and N uptake increased with the rate of N application, while N use efficiency reached a threshold and decreased when N application rates of urea and CRU exceeded 238.7 and 209.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Ammonia volatilization was reduced by 65–105% with CRU in comparison to urea treatments. The N release characteristic of CRU corresponded well to the N requirements of cotton growth. Soil inorganic N contents, leaf SPAD values, and net photosynthetic rates were increased by CRU application, particularly from the full bloom stage to the initial boll‐opening stage. As a result, CRU treatments achieved significantly higher lint yield by 7–30%, and the N use efficiency of CRU treatments was increased by 25–124% relative to that of urea treatments. These results suggest that the application of CRU could be widely used for cotton production with higher N use efficiency and lower NH₃ volatilization.     

玉米间作大豆、萝卜对红壤不同粒径水稳性团聚体碳氮分布的影响

为了探讨不同种植模式对红壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布以及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳、氮含量,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,选择大豆、萝卜与玉米间作及3种作物的单作进行田间试验,在作物成熟期采样,进行样品测定。结果表明:在玉米-大豆(玉//豆)、玉米-萝卜(玉//萝)、玉米单作(玉单)、大豆单作(豆单)、萝卜单作(萝单)处理中,大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)的百分含量明显高于微团聚体(<0.25 mm),其中以大团聚体中粒径为0.25~2 mm的百分含量最高且显著高于其余两种粒径,大团聚体百分含量表现为:玉//豆>玉//萝>玉单>萝单>豆单,微团聚体则与其相反。团聚体粒径中的有机碳含量表现为0.25~2 mm粒径最高、<0.25 mm粒径次之、>2 mm粒径含量最少、玉米大豆间作含量最高、玉米单作含量最低。团聚体粒级中全氮含量与有机碳分布一致,但单作的全氮含量高于间作。有机碳与全氮的C/N为间作高于单作,>2 mm粒径C/N高于其余两种粒径。微生物量碳、氮在团聚体粒径中的分布趋势一致,都表现为间作模式高于单作模式,大团聚体中的含量高于微团聚体。微生物量碳、氮的C/N为单作模式高于间作模式,微团聚体大于大团聚体。与单作相比,间作能提高土壤中水稳性大团聚体的含量,增加大团聚体粒径内的有机碳、氮及微生物量碳、氮的含量。     

控释氮肥比例对土壤氮含量和玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

通过大田试验,研究相同氮肥施用量的条件下,不同比例控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用对土壤氮含量、玉米植株氮素吸收利用及产量的影响。结果表明:施氮显著提高了0-20,20-40cm耕层土壤碱解氮和全氮含量。全施普通尿素时,一次施肥可提高前期土壤氮含量,而2次施肥则有利于提高后期土壤氮含量;与普通尿素施肥相比,掺混一定比例的控释尿素一次性底施可显著提高各生育时期耕层土壤含氮量。适宜比例的控释尿素与普通尿素掺混施用可在一定程度上增加玉米中后期的氮素积累量,提高氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和肥料贡献率以及玉米功能叶关键酶活性,在相同氮肥水平下,其一次性底施的效果甚至超过普通尿素2次施用。随控释尿素比例的增加,玉米产量呈先增后减趋势,以75%控释尿素+25%普通尿素处理产量最高,比普通尿素一次施增产12.09%(2014年)和21.58%(2015年),比普通尿素2次施肥增产8.27%(2014年)和14.19%(2015年)。因此,普通尿素掺混75%比例的控释尿素进行一次底施,不仅能够协调在整个玉米生育期土壤对氮素的供应,实现玉米的有效增产,而且还能够减少施肥次数和劳力投入。     

控释尿素对土壤供氮能力及旱作玉米产量的影响

通过田间试验,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮变化及春玉米氮素吸收利用特性的影响,为宁夏南部山区氮肥高效利用及玉米高产提供理论依据和技术支撑。以"先玉698"为供试材料,在等氮量(225 kg/hm~2)条件下,以不施氮为对照(CK),设置UR(100%普通尿素,2/3基施,1/3小喇叭口期追施)、CRU1(1/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素基施,1/3普通尿素小喇叭口期追施)、CRU2(2/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素一次基施)、CRU3(100%控释尿素基施)4种施氮模式,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮分布、玉米氮素吸收运转、氮素利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,相对于UR处理,控释尿素输入显著提升了春玉米生育中后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,其中以CRU2处理效果最明显。CRU输入能提高春玉米产量及氮肥利用率,与UR相比,2年内平均增产0.67 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力提高2.92 kg/kg,氮肥利用率提高6.02%。CRU处理间尤其以CRU2效果最佳,与CRU1、CRU3相比,2年内分别平均增产0.10,0.53 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力分别提高0.30,2.23 kg/kg,氮肥利用率分别提高2.49%,9.44%。由此可见,控释/普通尿素配施有利于提高土壤养分供应与春玉米氮素吸收的吻合度,初步建议采用控释尿素基施150 kg/hm~2+普通尿素基施75 kg/hm~2的施肥模式,以提高宁夏旱区春玉米产量和氮肥利用率。     

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。     

海藻酸与控释尿素配施对小麦玉米产量及土壤养分的影响

通过小麦玉米轮作盆栽试验,探讨海藻酸与控释尿素配施的增产增效机制及其对土壤养分状况的影响。以氮空白(CK0)为对照,设置常量尿素(N2A0)、常量尿素加海藻酸(N2A1)、常量控释尿素(CN2A0)、常量控释尿素加海藻酸(CN2A1)、减氮30%的尿素(N1A0)、减氮30%的尿素加海藻酸(N1A1)、减氮30%的控释尿素(CN1A0)、减氮30%的控释尿素加海藻酸(CN1A1)9个处理。结果表明:海藻酸与常量控释尿素配施处理(CN2A1)的小麦玉米产量最高分别为98.22,134.84 g/pot,增产增收效果最好,与常量控释尿素处理相比,玉米显著增产16.38%(P0.05),氮肥利用率显著提高17.79%(P0.05)。海藻酸与减氮30%控释尿素配施处理(CN1A1)较减氮30%控释尿素处理小麦玉米分别显著增产15.92%,26.05%(P0.05),氮肥利用率也显著提高(P0.05)。此外配施海藻酸处理较未加海藻酸处理叶片蒸腾速率、SPAD值和叶面积指数均有所提高。海藻酸与常量控释尿素配施与未加海藻酸的处理相比,显著增加小麦拔节期和玉米大喇叭口期的土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量(P0.05),显著提高玉米大喇叭口期土壤速效钾含量(P0.05)。海藻酸与控释尿素配施显著提高了土壤速效氮和钾的供应强度和容量,促进了小麦、玉米的生长和产量的提高。     

玉米残体分解对不同肥力棕壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

以棕壤肥料长期定位试验(29 a)形成的高、低两种肥力水平棕壤为研究对象,采用不同部位玉米残体为试验试材,分别向两种土壤中加入玉米根茬和茎叶,进行田间原位培养试验,试验设置6个处理:低肥力土壤添加玉米根茬(LF+R)、低肥力土壤添加玉米茎叶(LF+S)、高肥力土壤添加玉米根茬(HF+R)、高肥力土壤添加玉米茎叶(HF+S)和未添加玉米残体的对照处理(LF,HF)。本研究旨在探明玉米根茬、茎叶添加后不同肥力土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的变化规律,为构建合理的秸秆还田与施肥措施,减少土壤侵蚀提供理论依据。结果表明:1)添加玉米残体后低肥力棕壤团聚体稳定性、较大级别团聚体(2 mm和1~2 mm)有机碳贡献率的提升幅度比高肥力棕壤大,说明低肥力土壤对外源有机质的响应更敏感,向大团聚体转化的速率更快。2)培养结束时,高肥力棕壤添加茎叶处理团聚体稳定性显著高于添加根茬处理,而添加根茬处理各粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于添加茎叶处理;低肥力棕壤中根茬和茎叶添加处理团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量之间差异不明显。3)在田间原位培养过程中,棕壤2 mm和1~2 mm团聚体所占比例和团聚体稳定性呈现出前期(0~360 d)快速增加,后期(360~720 d)趋于稳定的趋势。可以看出,玉米残体对土壤团聚体团聚化过程的作用强度逐渐减弱。以上结果表明,作物残体输入对棕壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响与棕壤肥力水平和不同残体部位间的差异关系密切。     

Soil fertility in a long‐term fertilizer trial with different tillage systems

The presented results originate from a field experiment established in 1972 on an Eutric cambisol with two main factors: soil tillage (conventional‐, reduced‐, and no‐tillage) and NPK fertilization. The test plants were maize and winter wheat in two years rotation.

The long‐term soil fertility without and with optimum fertilization, the influence of fertilization, tillage and crop sequence on grain yields, the organic carbon content (C_org) and the nitrate infiltration are discussed.

In the course of years without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly and reached a minimum level which was modified however by the actual climatic conditions. The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant.

The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize. Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage, however the differences with w. wheat were much smaller. The effect of tillage was especially high at N₀ P₀ K₀. Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize. For winter wheat at N₀ P₀ K₀ oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better. C_orgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too. Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the C_org. There was a little positive effect of no‐till on C_org content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing. Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile. The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage. However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times, as well as lack of it, which suppose the possibility of a relative quick nitrate infiltration.