免耕对黑土春夏季节温度和水分的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究免耕与常规耕作对东北黑土区玉米和大豆生长早期土壤温度和水分的影响。研究结果表明:播种前,由于免耕与常规耕作(秋翻)覆盖率和含水量不同,免耕处理的玉米和大豆小区土壤的白天5cm地温均低于常规耕作处理,夜间差异不大;相同深度的玉米和大豆秋翻处理土壤日平均温度分别比免耕高0. 7℃和0. 5℃;随土壤深度的增加,土壤温度的差异逐渐减小。播种后,除了下午免耕5cm地温略低于秋翻外,下午至夜间免耕的10cm和15cm地温,均略高于秋翻的土壤温度。这是由于免耕下土壤水分增高引起的土壤热容量加大,从而缓解夜间降温和寒流影响,减缓土壤温度下降的结果。播种前,免耕处理的玉米和大豆地土壤水分分别比秋翻处理高2. 4%和1. 8%。播种后的一个月期间,免耕大豆土壤含水量比秋翻高2. 3%。初步的研究结果表明,免耕可以在一定程度上缓解春季黑土墒情不好的问题,这对保证出苗和幼苗的健康生长非常重要。     

Salt Tolerance of Sesame Genotypes at Germination,Vegetative, and Maturity Stages

Abstract

Salinity and moisture stress are main limiting factors of agricultural development on arid and semi‐arid lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) genotypes to salinity. Salinity treatments in rooting media were 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m^?1 using calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Germination of 50 genotypes was evaluated. Twenty seeds of each cultivar were set in paper towels and moistened with the saline solutions for 15 days. Five germination‐selected genotypes were seeded in 10‐kg pots, and soil salinity was adjusted to the same treatments. Highly significant effects were found for dry matter at 45 (DM 45) days after planting (DAP), at 90 DAP (DM 90), and leaf area (LA). Growth differences among genotypes were only observed for DM 90. These data suggest that sesame tolerance to CaCl₂ salinity improved through the growing season and may be genetically controlled.     

Influence of basin‐based conservation agriculture on selected soil quality parameters under smallholder farming in Zimbabwe

The research was carried out to determine the effect of basin‐based conservation agriculture (CA) on selected soil quality parameters. Paired plots (0.01 ha) of CA and conventional tillage based on the animal‐drawn mouldboard plough (CONV) were established between 2004 and 2007 on farm fields on soils with either low (12–18% – sandy loams and sandy clay loams) or high clay levels (>18–46% – sandy clays and clays) as part of an ongoing project promoting CA in six districts in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe. We hypothesized that CA would improve soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, aggregate stability, soil moisture retention and infiltration rate. Soil samples for SOC and aggregate stability were taken from 0 to 15 cm depth and for bulk density and soil moisture retention from 0 to 5, 5 to 10 and 10 to 15 cm depths in 2011 from maize plots. Larger SOC contents, SOC stocks and improved aggregate stability, decreased bulk density, increased pore volume and moisture retention were observed in CA treatments. Results were consistent with the hypothesis, and we conclude that CA improves soil quality under smallholder farming. Benefits were, however, greater in high clay soils, which is relevant to the targeting of practices on smallholder farming areas of sub‐Saharan Africa.     

Short-term effects of thinning on soil respiration in a pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation

Respiration was measured at daytime during the growing seasons (May–October) of 2011 and 2012 in a young Pinus tabulaeformis plantation with heavy, medium and light intensity thinning and unthinned control plots in Shanxi province in northern China. Soil temperature, moisture, fine root biomass, amounts of soil organic C and litterfall biomass were also measured. We found that immediately following thinning treatments, soil respiration increased by 8 %–21 % compared with the unthinned control plots during both growing seasons. Thinning significantly affected soil respiration and soil temperature with different thinning intensities, while there were no significant differences in soil moisture among the various treatments. During the growing seasons, the soil respiration rates were positively correlated with the soil moisture: the 19.4 %–54.0 % variation in soil respiration rates in the four thinning regimes are explained by the changes in soil moisture. Meanwhile, a positive correlation was found between soil temperature and soil respiration rates at all sites. The best fitting model with temperature and moisture explained 44.3 % of the variation in soil respiration in the high thinning treatment, 27.6 % in the light thinning treatment, 18.6 % in medium thinning and in the control sites during the measuring periods. Overall, soil respiration is better predicted by soil moisture, soil organic C, live fine root biomass and soil temperature when data are pooled for all thinning treatments over the two growing seasons. The best regression model explained 74.7 % of the total variation in soil respiration over the different thinning intensities for the two sampling periods.     

不同覆盖条件下旱作农田土壤呼吸及其影响因素

利用田间试验研究了不同覆盖条件下旱作农田冬小麦土壤呼吸及其水热状况。设4个处理,即无覆盖处理（CK）、 小麦全年 4500 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖（M4500）、 9000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖（M9000）和地膜覆盖（PM）。结果表明, 土壤呼吸在作物生育期呈单峰曲线变化,PM 处理峰值出现在拔节期,其余处理推迟至抽穗期; CK、 M4500、 M9000、 PM处理呼吸速率均值分别为CO2 1.54、 1.44、 1.45、 1.75 mol /(m2s),其中PM与CK处理差异显著（P0.05）; 生育期内土壤呼吸温度敏感性（Q10值）在1.86~2.39之间; 土壤温度低于5℃时,Q10值较高,而当土温高于5℃时,土壤呼吸的温度控制作用较弱; 土壤水分对土壤呼吸的限制作用不大。多元线性回归分析表明,05cm土层温度和水分形成的双因子模型可以更好地解释土壤呼吸速率变异,各处理的决定系数分别为CK 0.827、 M4500 0.816、 M9000 0.896、 PM 0.729（P0.01）。     

Isoproturon mineralization in an agricultural soil

The impact of soil moisture content and temperature on isoproturon (3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea [IPU]) mineralization activity was assessed on an agricultural soil regularly exposed to this herbicide. Mineralization of ¹⁴C-IPU was monitored on soil microcosms incubated at different temperatures (10°C, 20°C, 28°C) and soil moisture contents (9%, 12%, 15, 18%, 21%, 24%). An increase in temperature and/or soil moisture significantly enhanced the maximum rate and percentage of IPU mineralization while it decreased the lag time before mineralization. The maximum rate and percentage of IPU mineralization respectively ranged from 0.18% day⁻¹ and 9% for the lowest temperature and soil moisture content pair (10°C–9%) to 1.51% day⁻¹ and 27.1% for the highest pair (28°C–24%). Statistics revealed a cross interaction of temperature and soil moisture content on the maximum rate of IPU mineralization. The optimum conditions for IPU mineralization, estimated from the double Gaussian model, were 25.8°C and 24% soil moisture content. The influence of fluctuations in soil moisture content on IPU-mineralization was investigated by subjecting the soil microcosms to drought stress. When IPU was added at the end of the drought stress, it had no statistical effect on IPU mineralization. However, when it was added before the drought stress, two mineralization phases were observed: (1) one corresponding to the drought stress for which mineralization was low and (2) another one observed after restoration of soil moisture content characterized by higher mineralization rate. It can be concluded that climatic fluctuations affect the activity of IPU mineralizing microbial community, and may lead to an increase in IPU persistence.     

Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties

The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 °C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage.     

Effect of Raindrop Temperatures on Soil Runoff and Erosion in Dry and Wet Soils. A Laboratory Experiment

The effect of raindrop temperatures on runoff generation and erosion on clayey soil was investigated in sprinkling experiments with a laboratory rotating disk rain simulator. The experiments were applied to Rhodoxeralt (Terra Rossa) soil with two pre‐prepared moisture contents: hygroscopic and field capacity. For each moisture content, three rainfall temperatures were applied: 2, 20, and 35 °C. Erosion was generally lower in the pre‐wetted soil than in the dry soil (12.5 and 24.4 g m⁻² per 40 mm of rain, respectively). Whereas there was no significant effect of raindrop temperature on the dry soil, the soil that was pre‐moistened to field capacity was affected by rainwater temperature: runoff and erosion were high when the temperature difference between rainfall and soil surface was high, and sediment yields were 13·9, 5·2, and 18·3 g m⁻² per 40 mm of rain, for rain temperature of 2, 20, and 35 °C, respectively. It is reasonable to conclude that thermophoresis caused by thermal gradients within the soil solution reduces the stability of aggregates and then increases the soil losses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膜下滴灌间作盐生植物棉田水盐运移特征及脱盐效果

盐生植物改良盐碱地作为改良盐碱地最有效的方法之一,具有成本低,效率高,环境友好等特点,有良好的应用前景。该文包括2个研究目标:1)研究间作不同盐生植物的膜下滴灌棉田水盐运移特性;2)研究不同地下水埋深条件下盐生植物的盐碱地改良效果。针对第1个研究目标,设置了3种(孜然、碱蓬、苜蓿)间作盐生植物,进行大田试验,分析地下水埋深相似条件下间作不同盐生植物时土壤水盐分布状况;针对第2个研究目标,设置了4种地下水埋深(1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 m),进行均衡场试验,研究不同地下水埋深条件下间作盐生植物时地下水的补给比例和土壤脱盐效果。结果表明:1)膜下滴灌棉田间作盐生植物能明显提高棉花生育期膜间和膜内0~30 cm土层平均含水率,且碱蓬效果最明显;间作条件下苜蓿、碱蓬、孜然、对照0~100 cm土层平均脱盐率依次为55.97%、-18.77%、-21.43%、-307.52%,即苜蓿的总脱盐率效果最好;间作盐生植物能在一定程度上抑制0~100 cm土层钠离子和氯离子的聚集,同时增加棉花产量和提高其水分利用效率,且碱蓬对抑制盐离子累积的效果最好;2)间作条件下,地下水埋深越浅,0~100 cm土层平均含水率越高,膜内膜间的含水率差异越小,土壤的脱盐率越低。与未间作相比,间作种植有效的提高了土壤脱盐率,增加了棉花产量、提高了地下水补给比例和水分利用效率。可见,膜下滴灌棉田间作盐生植物不仅可以有效降低土壤含盐量,增加其含水率,还可以增加棉花产量和提高其水分利用效率,且间作碱蓬和苜蓿的节水、脱盐、增产效果较好,这为膜下滴灌土壤盐碱地改良提供了有效的理论支撑。     

Aggregate Recovery in Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils of SW Virginia

Sustainability of mined‐land reclamation is of growing importance, with over 600,000 ha of the Appalachian coal region disturbed since 1977. Long‐term evaluation of soil under various reclamation strategies is also important. Aggregation and organic matter (OM) influence both soil structure and function and can be of use in evaluating reclaimed systems. The objective of this study was to examine these two parameters in a long‐term experiment (27 years) where various types (control‐CON, topsoil‐TS, sawdust‐SD and biosolids‐BS) and rates of soil amendments (biosolids: BS‐22, BS‐56, BS‐112 and BS‐224 Mg ha⁻¹) have been applied. Macroaggregates (>250 µm) comprised >95% of total aggregation across all treatments, indicating the importance of this size class for soil development. Macroaggregate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools contributed more to stabilization of OM in these soils than microaggregate pools. All BS treatments contained higher concentrations of aggregate C (96·8–127 g C kg⁻¹ aggregate) and N (6·80–8·22 g N kg⁻¹ aggregate) relative to CON; however, mass of C and N did not vary among application rates. Though few differences were expressed in C and N pool sizes among treatments, there was some indication that amendments impact reclaimed sites early in soil development (~ < 10 years), while vegetation may exert more dominance in subsequent years. It is important to select appropriate management strategies to favor not only the establishment of desirable vegetation but also preservation of soil macroaggregate structure to improve long‐term nutrient supply, physical soil properties and potential C‐sequestration in reclaimed soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同覆膜种植对土壤水热和冬小麦产量的影响

为探索不同地膜颜色和种植方式对土壤水热及冬小麦产量的影响,设置黑、白两种地膜颜色及平作和垄作两种种植方式。通过使用TRIME-TDR及地温计对不同覆膜处理整个生育期内土壤水分和温度的监测,探究不同覆膜种植对农田土壤水热动态变化和冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:（1）在作物越冬期—返青期,覆膜处理增温效果最为显著,较对照该时期增加了1.3℃,在作物拔节期—灌浆期,覆膜受植株茂密遮阳影响,增温效果不显著;无论是平作还是垄作,黑膜处理其表层5 cm土壤温度均高于白色覆膜和对照不覆膜处理;一天内,黑、白覆膜处理表层5 cm土壤温度最高值较对照分别增加4.9℃和5.7℃。（2）整个生育期,0—20 cm耕层内土壤含水率变化波动最显著,起垄覆膜处理耕层土壤含水率平均较平作覆膜处理和对照处理分别提高5.04%和14.82%。在起垄覆黑膜处理作物生育期内,抽穗期0—100 cm土层蓄水量处理提高最为显著,较对照增加45.2 mm。（3）起垄覆黑膜增产节水效果最显著,产量较对照处理增加658.7 kg/hm²;水分利用效率较对照提高16.3%。在丰水型年,由于降水充沛,不同种植方式间土壤水分利用效率差异不显著。该结果对于覆膜种植技术的改进有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of Soil Water Repellency on Moisture Patterns in a Degraded Sapric Histosol

An understanding of soil moisture content variability is fundamental in hydrological studies of peat soils, whose preservation depend on water‐related processes. Dehydration of fens and adapting them for agricultural production have contributed to the degradation of peat soils. The goal of this study was to determine how the critical soil moisture content (CSMC) and soil water repellency (SWR) affect soil moisture patterns in a degraded peat‐muck soil profile. SWR was measured under laboratory conditions using the water drop penetration time test, and then the CSMC was assessed. An investigation of moisture patterns was based on soil moisture data collected over short distances in a grass‐covered peat‐muck soil profile on seven dates. Observed differences in moisture patterns demonstrate that the CSMC can be used for the prediction of preferential flow occurrences in peat‐muck soils. Lower values of the CSMC and lower levels of SWR persistence in muck layers than in peat layers indicate that degradation of peat soils improves their wettability. The relatively low values of CSMC and the low shrinkage potential in the muck layer suggest that preferential water flow in the degraded organic soils can occur when heavy rains are preceded by long periods of summer drought. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tillage effects on soil aggregation,organic carbon fractions and grain yield in Eum‐Orthic Anthrosol of a winter wheat–maize double‐cropping system,Northwest China

Conservation tillage has been applied in vast semi‐arid regions of the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. The tillage effects on soil aggregation, organic carbon (OC) stabilization and grain yield on this plain have not been fully elucidated. A 9‐year field experiment was established from 2002 on a silty clay loam soil (Eum‐Orthic Anthrosol) growing winter wheat–maize in a double‐cropping system. Six conservation tillage treatments were applied by different combinations of rotary tillage (RT), subsoiling (SS) and no‐till (NT), with or without finely chopped straw retention. Conventional tillage (CT) acted as the control. Results showed that in the surface (0–10 cm) soil, the proportion of water‐stable aggregates (WSA) <0.05 mm was 18% less while that for WSA >2 mm was 98% more under NT treatments compared with CT. Additionally, the oxidizable OC content in WSA 0.25–2 mm was 27% greater under NT treatments compared with CT. The OC stocks increased under SS by 17%, RT by 16% and NT by 15% relative to CT. Grain yield (wheat + maize) showed similar increasing trends in all the tillage treatments compared with CT. Both OC stocks and grain yield were larger in treatments with than without straw retentions. These results indicate that NT is beneficial for OC accumulation in WSA but is limited in its ability to improve soil structure in this region. SS plus straw retention (fine‐chopped or as a mulch) is an effective practice to improve soil structural stability, OC accumulation and soil productivity of Eum‐Orthic Anthrosols in Northwest China.     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Root Colonization of Glyphosate‐Treated Soybean by Fusarium Species

Abstract

The widespread use of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cropping systems may impact rhizosphere microbial associations and crop productivity. It was previously reported that glyphosate accumulation in the rhizosphere may stimulate colonization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots by soilborne Fusarium. Field studies often reveal inconsistent root colonization by Fusarium, especially during growing seasons characterized by contrasting rainfall patterns. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impact of different soil moisture contents on root colonization of glyphosate‐treated soybean by Fusarium species. Glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha^?1) was applied to greenhouse‐grown glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean at the two to three trifoliate-leaf (V2–V3) growth stage growing in a Mexico silt loam at 27%, 13%, and 10% soil moisture contents. Soil and plant samples were sampled periodically after herbicide application and selectively cultured for Fusarium. Highest Fusarium colonization was associated with the glyphosate treatment, with maximum levels occurring at the highest soil moisture level. Thus, glyphosate interactions with root colonization by Fusarium in glyphosate‐resistant soybean are greatly influenced by soil moisture content.     

Time of emergence of Rumex crispus L. as affected by dispersal time,soil cover,and mechanical disturbance

Abstract

Emergence pattern of the perennial weed species Rumex crispus L. was studied under semi-field conditions. Seeds from three populations were harvested from the mother plants and sown in pots buried in an experimental field, either in late autumn or after winter storage at outdoor temperatures. Seeds were sown on the soil surface or covered by a 2-cm soil layer. In addition, some of the seeds sown in autumn were also subjected to mechanical disturbance in autumn or in spring. Population and soil cover both had a strong effect on total emergence. The light requirement of the species for germination was indicated by a higher rate of emergence from seeds sown on the soil surface than from covered seeds. Sowing date influenced the timing of emergence but not the total emergence. Autumn sowing led to earlier and more concentrated emergence, while seedlings from spring-sown seeds showed a more intermittent emergence pattern. Stirring after sowing had a positive effect on emergence compared with emergence from undisturbed, covered seeds. In all populations and treatments, emergence continued throughout the growing season, contradicting earlier findings that R. crispus seeds germinate mainly in early spring and autumn, and enter secondary dormancy during summer. The delay of emergence in seeds that had remained on the mother plant over winter indicates a certain level of dormancy, which was gradually broken in early summer.     

地膜残留量对新疆棉田蒸散及棵间蒸发的影响

为探讨残膜对干旱区农田蒸散耗水特征的影响,在新疆阿克苏典型覆膜滴灌棉田开展2 a小区试验研究,设计0、225、450 kg/hm2共3种不同的地膜残留量,采用水量平衡法,微型棵间蒸发仪法,于主要生育时期测定并计算土壤含水量、蒸散量、棵间蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例。结果表明:随着地膜残留量增加棵间蒸发量、棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例呈增大趋势,而蒸散量及作物蒸腾量则逐渐减小。与无残膜处理相比,225和450 kg/hm2处理全生育期田间无效耗水的棵间蒸发量分别增加了9.27和22.20 mm,棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例增幅分别为2.6%和6.1%,作物蒸腾量降低34.89和55.94 mm。在棉花生育期内,棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例(E/ET)与叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)呈幂函数关系,各处理间棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例对叶面积指数的响应差异不同,450 kg/hm2处理蒸发占蒸散的比例随着LAI的增加,曲线下降趋势较明显;无残膜处理棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例与LAI的决定系数最高,均在0.9以上。土壤水分利用率也随残膜量的增加依次降低,当残膜量由0增加到450 kg/hm2时,土壤水分利用率从28.25%降至24.91%,可见,残膜增大了农田的无效耗水,不利于土壤水分的有效利用。研究可为制定缓解或克服残膜危害的应变调控技术提供依据。     

Environmental Factors Governing Soil Water Repellency Dynamics in a Pinus Pinaster Plantation in NW Spain

Soil water repellency (SWR) is a dynamic property that changes throughout the year. The objective of this work was to identify the environmental factors governing the temporal patterns in SWR in a pine plantation in northwest Spain with a view of predicting its occurrence and persistence. For this purpose, 24 samples were collected from the soil surface (0–5 cm) at 25 different times over a 1‐year period and analysed for SWR by using water drop penetration time test and soil moisture measurements. Temporal variations in SWR exhibited a well‐defined seasonal pattern. The soil surface was largely wettable from late autumn to early spring and extremely water repellent during summer and early autumn. Repellency persistence was rather variable during spring. There was highly significant correlation between SWR and soil moisture content. The moisture range defining the presence or absence of repellency under field conditions was 22–57%. There were also significant correlations with the target variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and water balance during variably long antecedent periods), with coefficients that increased with increasing length of the antecedent period considered. The moisture content of soil at the time of sampling and the average maximum temperature for the 28 days before sampling are the best predictors of occurrence of SWR and its persistence in different seasons. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

酥梨果实发育期土壤水分调控方法及其对果实品质的影响

以45年生酥梨树为试材,分析测定塑料薄膜覆盖、树盘覆草、自然生草、定期灌水、清耕等不同土壤水分管理措施对土壤水分和酥梨品质的影响,结果表明：塑料薄膜覆盖和树盘覆草处理中,土壤含水率比较适宜,且变幅较小,有利于果实生长发育和提早着色,提早成熟,产量和品质较好;其它处理中土壤含水率要么过高,要么过低,且变幅较大,酥梨的果实品质也比较差.因此,在黄河故道区无公害酥梨生产中,建议采取塑料薄膜覆盖和树盘覆草方法,此方法操作简单,便于实施.     

铺设地膜条件下梭梭土壤水分的动态变化

[目的] 揭示铺设地膜条件下梭梭土壤水分变化特征，为河西走廊沙漠化防治提供技术支撑。 [方法] 针对甘肃省民勤县沙生植物梭梭，在周围设置麦草方格，并布设4种不同厚度的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)地膜处理和1种未覆膜的对照处理，对5种处理梭梭进行土壤含水量观测试验，分析梭梭的土壤含水量变化。 [结果] 梭梭土壤含水量与季节降雨变化保持一致，40 cm深度以上土壤含水量受降雨量影响波动较大，布设有白膜、黑膜和棚膜梭梭的土壤含水量高于未覆膜的对照区梭梭和农膜梭梭土壤的含水量；且一年生育期内，铺设白膜梭梭的土壤储水量始终处于最高值，耗水量最大。 [结论] 白膜保水性能最好，可以有效防止土壤水分蒸发损失，提高蓄水保墒能力。     

Effects of seed priming, aggregate size and soil matric potential on emergence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

Poor crop establishment, due to poor land preparation methods and inadequate soil moisture, continues to be a major constraint to crop production for smallholder farmers in the semi-arid tropics. On-farm seed priming (soaking seed in water) has been offered as a solution to this problem, but the ways in which this technology interacts with soil conditions are not well understood. The interactions between seed priming and soil physical conditions on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) emergence and seedling growth were determined in laboratory pot experiments. The treatments included seed treatment (primed and non-primed), initial soil matric potential (−10, −50, −100, −200 and −1500 kPa) and aggregate size (<1, 1–2, 2–4.75 and 4.75–16 mm). Non-sieved soil was used as a control. The soil used (a Chromic Cambisol) was collected from Save Valley Experiment Station in the southeastern lowveld of Zimbabwe. The pots of soil were allowed to dry out after planting, to simulate a deteriorating seedbed. Emergence was subsequently monitored, and plant growth measured 8 days after planting. Final percent emergence and seedling growth decreased with initial matric potential but increased with priming in both crops. Large aggregate sizes generally had an adverse effect on emergence and growth. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that on-farm seed priming can partly compensate for the negative effects of low soil matric potential and large aggregate sizes on crop establishment.