Nomographic estimation and evaluation of soil erodibility under simulated and natural rainfall conditions

To evaluate soil erodibility under different land uses and to study the applicability of nomograph for estimation of soil erodibility a field experiment was conducted under both natural and simulated rainfall conditions under four land uses viz. barren, cultivated, grassland, and forest in the sub‐mountainous tract of Punjab (India). Measured soil erodibility (K) values varied from 0·33 to 0·67 under natural rainfall conditions and from 0·23 to 0·40 under simulated rainfall conditions. Among different land uses, measured K was in the order of barren > cultivated > grassland > forest soils. The values of the K estimated by nomograph were very low as compared to the observed values. The trends were also in contrast to these observed values of K under simulated and natural rainfall conditions. To modify nomograph equation, different ranges of aggregate sizes were correlated with soil loss. It was observed that water stable aggregates (WSA) <2 mm size had a significant correlation with soil loss under both natural (r = 0·88) and simulated (r = 0·76) rainfall conditions. So the nomograph equation was modified to include the M parameter based on WSA <2 mm size. The value of K estimated from the modified nomograph had a significant correlation with measured values of K under both the natural and simulated rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲁中山区不同人工林土壤水分特征

 为了解不同林分土壤水资源的变化规律,为北方石质山区植被恢复重建提供科学依据,在济南市南部山区圣泉寺林场内,以5种人工林分为研究对象,对其土壤物理结构和土壤水分特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)各种林分类型的土壤容重、孔隙度和渗透速率等表征土壤水文物理性质的指标,明显好于无林地,其中混交林好于纯林,刺楸纯林好于黄连木、栾树纯林。2)在旱季和雨季,随着土壤深度的增加,大部分林分土壤含水量呈现递减趋势,其变动幅度小于无林地。3)随着土壤深度的增加,各森林类型土壤饱和持水量逐渐减小;混交林表层土壤蓄水功能最好,其他林分各层次差异较小;在涵养水源和水分有效性方面,混交林优于纯林,纯林中以刺楸较好,栾树较差。在今后的森林经营中,首先考虑营造混交林分,树种组成以刺楸+黄连木较好,若营造纯林,应选择营造刺楸林分。     

福建东南部山地丘陵土壤的基本特征

福建是我国多山的省份之一.东南部靠山面海,以戴云山为主体的闽中大山带分布于本区西北部,平均高度为海拔800-1000米以上,成东北西南走向,其支脉密布本区,地势由西北向东南倾斜,呈阶梯状下降,由中山过渡到低山、丘陵、台地直至海滨狭小的海积-冲积平原.     

北京市延庆县不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性研究

以北京市延庆县上辛庄小流域为研究区域,选择区内农地、杏林、侧柏林、乔灌混交林这4种土地利用方式,通过对土壤水稳性团聚体特征、有机质含量变化以及土壤可蚀性K值进行计算和分析,研究了该区不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性差异特征。结果表明,不同地类土壤团聚体破坏率表现为:农地>杏林>侧柏林>乔灌混交林,林地土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著低于农地(p < 0.05)。农地土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加呈现一定的上升趋势,林地的土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而减小。不同土地利用方式的土壤可蚀性K值存在差异,表现为:乔灌混交林<侧柏林<杏林<农地。表层0-20cm土层土壤可蚀性K值小于20-40cm土层,表明其土壤抗侵蚀能力高于深层土壤,反映出保护表层土壤的重要性。对土壤可蚀性影响因子的分析结果表明,土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量和水稳性团聚体与土壤可蚀性K值的相关关系最为密切(p < 0.05)。     

枸杞间作红豆草对不同盐渍化土壤水盐运移及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同盐渍化土壤中枸杞间作红豆草的水盐运移规律及枸杞产量效应,以期为甘肃省引黄灌区枸杞种植模式与盐碱地改良提供理论和技术支撑。[方法]设置枸杞单作和枸杞间作红豆草2种种植模式,非盐化(S_1)、轻度盐渍化(S_2)和中度盐渍化(S_3)3种盐渍化程度,分析不同种植模式和盐渍化程度下土壤水盐运移及枸杞产量。[结果]与枸杞单作相比,枸杞间作红豆草可显著提高3种盐渍化条件下0—20 cm土层土壤含水率,0—120 cm土层土壤含水率表现为枸杞间作红豆草低于枸杞单作,且非盐化(S_1)条件下二者差异最显著(p0.05);0—60 cm土层范围内,枸杞间作红豆草的土壤呈脱盐状态,S_1,S_2,S_3条件下的相对脱盐率分别为6.539,3.078,2.455,而枸杞单作的土壤呈盐分累积状态;随着盐渍化程度的加剧,枸杞鲜果百粒重和产量逐渐减小,其中非盐化(S_1)和轻度盐渍化(S_2)条件下,枸杞间作红豆草的鲜果百粒重、产量均高于枸杞单作,且差异显著(p0.05)。[结论]枸杞间作红豆草在提高表层土壤含水率,降低土壤含盐量的同时,有利于提高枸杞产量,且在非盐化(S_1)条件下效果较优。     

Land-Use Effect on Selected Soil Quality Parameters

Land use is a key factor that affects soil quality. The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes of selected soil chemical properties related to soil function under different land uses. Five experimental sites arranged in a complete randomized blocks located within the Kalloni watershed (Lesvos Island, Greece) corresponding to different land uses (Pinus brutia forest, brushwood pasture, rain-fed olive grove, wheat, and maize) were compared for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (N), nitrate N (NO₃-N), Olsen phosphorus (P), and organic matter. Soil nitrate and P concentration were in the order corn > wheat > olive > pasture > forest. Soil EC and NO₃-N showed significant within-year variability only in the corn and wheat systems. Corn and wheat had the lowest soil organic-matter content followed the order forest > pasture > olive grove = wheat = corn. However, total N did not significantly differ among land uses.     

晋西黄土区典型林地土壤水分变化特征

选择晋西黄土区蔡家川流域5种典型林地(山杨×辽东栎天然次生林、人工油松×刺槐混交林、人工油松林、人工刺槐林、人工侧柏林)作为研究对象,在每块样地中心布设1个土壤水分观测点,采用TRIME-TDR土壤水分测定仪定位观测2016—2018年1—12月的土壤体积含水量,测定深度为200 cm,每20 cm为1个测层,每月分上、中、下旬进行土壤水分含量观测,分析不同林地类型土壤水分年内变化规律和土壤水分垂直变化规律。结果表明:(1)研究区不同林地土壤水分年内变化可以划分为稳定期(1—3月)、波动期(4—6月)、增长期(7—9月)和消耗期(10—12月)4个时期,5种林分类型的年平均土壤储水量按照从大到小的排序为天然次生林地(338.68 mm)>人工油松林地(319.74 mm)>人工侧柏林地(314.15 mm)>人工油松×刺槐混交林地(303.37 mm)>人工刺槐林地(292.03 mm),刺槐林地耗水量最大。(2)在雨季末,研究区5种林分类型林地土壤水分均得到了正向补充,且土壤水分的恢复能力大小排序为次生林地>针叶林地>混交林地>刺槐纯林。(3)研究区土壤水分垂直变化可划分为土壤水分含量速变层和土壤水分含量相对稳定层2个层次;随着土层深度增加,不同林地类型剖面平均含水量总体上先增大后减小。不同林地类型表层土壤水分含量为侧柏林地>次生林地>油松林地>油松×刺槐混交林地>刺槐林地;土壤水分的补充深度为天然林地>针叶林地>油松×刺槐混交林地>刺槐纯林。     

晋西黄土区长期人工林恢复对土壤水分和养分性质的影响

黄土高原地区是我国水土流失和环境问题严重的地区之一,人工植被恢复可以有效改善土壤性质,提高土壤质量,明确长期人工植被恢复后土壤水分和养分性质的响应差异,有利于进一步有效改善生态环境。选取晋西黄土区自然恢复的次生林地、人工刺槐林地、人工油松林地3种典型植被恢复类型为研究对象,通过测定土壤物理性质以及有机碳、氮磷钾元素含量等土壤养分,对比分析长期不同人工林恢复条件下的差异。结果表明:(1)次生林地、刺槐林地和油松林地在0-20 cm浅层土壤的容重分别1.15,1.04,1.06 g/cm³,次生林地的容重最大,土壤容重随着土层深度的增加而增大;(2)次生林地在浅层的土壤水分状况优于刺槐林地和油松林地,土壤水分消耗期(生长季开始前)过渡到积累期(生长期开始)时,次生林土壤水分动态变化更剧烈;(3)次生林地土壤碳储量较高,油松林地土壤氮、磷储量较高。3种林地土壤养分垂直变化差异显著,且均具有明显的表聚性,有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效钾含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少,而速效磷含量随着土层深度的变化表现为先增大再减小。以水养条件为依据,建议在植被恢复过程中多以保育次生林为主来达到较好的水碳储量等生态效益,有利于优化晋西黄土区的林分管理,促进植被恢复和生态建设。     

A cation exchange index for assessing degradation of acid soil by further acidification under permanent agriculture in the tropics

Soil acidification and related land degradation are becoming more important worldwide and are challenging the concept of sustainability of current land management systems. We have studied the impact on soil properties of two management systems, one in a tropical savanna, the other in a humid subtropical environment, particularly in relation to their cation chemistry. In Northeast Thailand the properties of an Acrisol cleared of dipterocarp forest some 37 years previously and used for continuous crop production are compared with adjacent undisturbed forest. In southern Queensland, Australia, the properties of a Luvisol used for intensive pasture production for 36 years are compared with those prior to introduction of the management system. Under both regimes, the soil pH fell by about 1 unit, with an increase in aluminium saturation of the cation exchange complex. Organic carbon in the Acrisol greatly decreased, but in the Luvisol it increased significantly. Consequently, the effects on surface charge characteristics were strikingly different, in that the Acrisol had been almost irreversibly degraded, whereas acidification and base diminution in the Luvisol can be easily reversed through conventional management. The amount of degradation caused by each management system has been quantified in terms of a Saturation Index, S_u: S _u = 100 × (C_u5.5 ? Σ)/C_u5.5, where C_u5.5 refers to the cation exchange capacity on the undisturbed (forested) site and Σ is the sum of the base cations at field pH. This index encompasses an assessment of the degree of degradation taking into account the previous land use, in this case forest, and that due to anthropogenic disturbance. For the Queensland Luvisol S_u does not change, because the pasture management has not appreciably altered the CEC at pH 5.5. However, for the Thailand site S_u increased from 0 to 86%. Consequently in its present state, the surface horizon of this cultivated soil can retain only about 15% of the basic cations it could ideally hold under undisturbed conditions.     

北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量综合评价

[目的] 综合评价北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量,并进一步确定影响土壤质量的关键因素,为该地区植被恢复与重建提供数据支撑。[方法] 以立地条件相近的侧柏纯林、油松纯林、侧柏油松混交林、侧柏针阔混交林、油松针阔混交林、落叶阔叶混交林和无林地(对照)为研究对象,测定14个土壤理化指标作为土壤质量评价的总数据集(TDS),采用主成分分析法(PCA)和Pearson相关性分析建立土壤质量最小数据集(MDS),利用线性(L)和非线性(NL)2种评分方法计算土壤质量指数(SQI)和一般线性模型(GLM)确定影响土壤质量的关键因素。[结果] 植被恢复后相较于无林地,土壤容重、砂粒含量下降,而有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效钾等土壤养分含量增加。筛选出的研究区土壤质量评价MDS指标为全氮、砂粒、全钾、pH、有效含水量。4种方法(SQI-LT、SQI-NLT、SQI-LM、SQI-NLM)下,不同植被恢复类型的SQI值排序均为落叶阔叶混交林＞侧柏针阔混交林＞油松纯林＞油松针阔混交林＞侧柏油松混交林＞侧柏纯林＞无林地,植被恢复后土壤质量显著提升。SQI-NLM的土壤质量评价方法在北京山区具有更好的适用性。相较于无林地,其他植被恢复类型的SQI-NLM分别提高64%,48%,45%,36%,33%,27%。GLM模型解释了土壤质量指数总变异的85.24%,植被类型对土壤质量指数的解释比例最大(45.09%)。[结论] 选择适宜的植被恢复类型是改善区域土壤质量的关键。未来实施植被恢复时,树种选择上优先考虑阔叶树种。造林配置方式的选择应取决于树种而定,如侧柏纯林中引入本土阔叶树种形成侧柏针阔混交林或选择油松纯林是最佳造林模式。     

科尔沁沙坨地-草甸地冻融期地温与最大冻结深度的变化规律

[目的]探究科尔沁沙坨地—草甸地土壤温度与冻结深度的变化规律,为合理指导该区农工生产和建设提供支持。[方法]基于2007—2015年冻融期人工观测数据,对比分析科尔沁沙坨地与草甸地冻融期多年土壤温度与最大冻结深度变化规律。[结果]研究区100cm处沙坨地与草甸地多年土壤温度的标准差变化规律基本一致,草甸地要小于沙坨地,但融解后期由于草甸地融解期历时较长,其标准差大于沙坨地;同时考虑土壤温度和土壤水分对最大冻结深度的影响时,沙坨地在200cm处和草甸地在140cm处的R2分别为0.959和0.788。[结论]研究区内沙坨地先冻结与先融解,沙坨地最大冻结深度较草甸地深,同时考虑土壤温度与土壤水分的最大冻结深度的拟合优度最好,沙坨地与草甸地中最大冻结深度与土壤温度和土壤水分均呈负相关关系。     

五台山高山林线典型植被土壤有机碳特征

在全球变暖背景下,土壤有机碳(SOC)已经成为全球碳循环和全球变化生态学研究热点,特别是高山林线生态交错带这一气候变化敏感区。对五台山高山林线附近亚高山草甸(CD)、华北落叶松林(HL)和云杉×华北落叶松混交林(YH)SOC含量与土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)进行探讨,结果表明:3种植被SOC含量随土壤深度增加而减少,SOCD则与之相反,且其SOC和SOCD分布均具有"表聚效应"。五台山亚高山森林(HL、YH)土壤SOC总含量和总SOCD都高于亚高山草甸(CD),与中国亚高山土壤一致,但与亚洲以外的世界各大洲不同;且五台山亚高山土壤总SOC含量和SOCD与中国亚高山土壤均值近似,大于其他各大洲均值。显著影响五台山SOC的因素(P0.05)与世界尺度亚高山土壤不同,且土壤厚度和气候因子(P0.05)对世界尺度亚高山森林SOC的影响比亚高山草甸/草原土壤(P0.05)显著。因此,五台山亚高山森林土壤固碳能力比亚高山草甸强,其亚高山土壤的SOC总含量和总SOCD在全国范围内处于平均水平,而中国亚高山土壤碳库在世界范围内占据领先地位,但仍需进一步探讨来减少多尺度研究的不确定性。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区土壤饱和导水率的空间分布特征及影响因素

土壤饱和导水率（K_s）是反映土壤入渗性能与土壤持水能力的重要参数，为探究流域尺度下土壤K_s的空间分布特征及影响因素，更好地掌握土壤水文过程与调节机理，选取晋西北黄土丘陵区朱家川流域横向梯度（上游、中游、下游）不同土地利用方式下的土壤（70个样点）为研究对象，采用定水头法测定土壤K_s，并获取样点地形因子和其他土壤理化性质，通过建立土壤K_s偏最小二乘回归模型（PLSR），分析影响土壤K_s空间分布格局的主要因素。结果表明：（1）除土壤容重和砂粒含量为弱变异外，区域土壤理化性质其余因子均为中等变异；土壤K_s在横向梯度下表现为上游 > 中游 > 下游；（2）不同土地利用方式下土壤K_s差异显著（P<0.05），由高到低顺序为林地 > 农地 > 草地；（3）林地（VIP=1.997）与草地（VIP=1.710）利用方式、土壤容重（VIP=1.548）、土壤有机质（VIP=1.323）、大团聚体（VIP=1.266）、粉粒含量（VIP=1.062）和黏粒含量（VIP=1.049）是土壤K_s变化的主要因素，林地利用方式影响程度最大。土地利用、土壤性质、地形因子均是影响黄土丘陵区土壤K_s空间分布的主要因素，是用来模拟预测土壤K_s空间分布的重要因子。     

不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应

[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。     

滇池流域不同植被覆盖土壤的入渗特征及其影响因素

为掌握滇中高原滇池流域周边不同植被覆盖类型对土壤入渗性能的影响,选用双环入渗法探究土壤入渗特性。以滇池流域典型植被覆盖类型(华山松+云南油杉混交林、云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林)为研究对象,通过野外调查和试验测定,揭示土壤入渗特性及影响入渗的特征因子。结果表明：(1)华山松+云南油杉混交林与云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林相比,土壤容重最小,有机质含量最高,水稳性团聚体最多,孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度比例明显优于其他林地。(2)5种植被覆盖类型下入渗性能有明显差别,具体入渗性能表征为华山松+云南油杉混交林>旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林>灌木林>云南松纯林>桉树人工林。(3)选择Kostiakov公式、Horton公式、Philip公式,模拟5种典型植被类型覆盖下林地土壤入渗过程,Philip模型对滇池流域土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最佳。(4)5种典型植被类型覆盖下,林地土壤入渗特征与土壤容重均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),初始入渗速率与非毛管孔隙度、>5 mm水稳性团聚体、>2 mm水稳性团聚体均呈极显著正相关(P<0...     

Changes in Soil Properties and Microbial Indices across Various Management Sites in the Mountain Environments of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

The mountainous region of the Himalayas is covered with forest, grassland, and arable land, but the variation in ecosystem functions has not been fully explored because of the lack of available data. This study appraises the changes in soil properties over the course of a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) for forest, grassland, and arable soils in a typical hilly and mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Soil samples were collected from major land-cover types in the mountain region: natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land (arable). The natural forest served as a control against which changes in soil properties resulting from removal of natural vegetation and cultivation of soil were assessed. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm six times during the year and examined for changes in temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), micronutrients [iron, manganese, copper, and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, respectively)], and microbial population. Significant differences were found in soil temperature, soil moisture, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and number of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi among the three land-cover types. Soil under cultivation had 4–5 °C higher temperature and 3–6% lower moisture than the adjacent soils under grassland and forest. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of forest, grassland, and arable soil were 0.36, 0.30, and 0.31 dS m^?1, indicating that soil collected from the forest had 18–20% more EC than the adjacent arable and grassland soils. On average, amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the soil collected from the arable site were 6.6, 5.7, 1.7, and 0.8 mg kg^?1, compared with 24.0, 12.1, 3.5, and 1.2 mg kg^?1 soil in the forest soil, showing that arable had two to four times less micronutrients than grassland and forest. Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the forest were 22.3 (10⁵), 8.2 (10⁵), and 2.5 (10³), respectively, while arable land exhibited 8.2 (10⁵), 3.2 (10⁵), and 0.87 (10³). Season (temperature) and depth showed significant effects on microbial activity and nutrient concentration, and both decreased significantly in winter and in the subsurface layer of 15?30 cm. Different contents of the parameters among arable, grassland, and forest soils indicated an extractive effect of cultivation and agricultural practices on soil. Natural vegetation appeared to be a main contributor to soil quality as it maintained the moisture content and increased the nutrient status and microbial growth of soil. Therefore, it is important to sustain high-altitude ecosystems and reinstate the degraded lands in the mountain region.     

黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式改良土壤功能评价

[目的]探讨黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式对土壤改良的影响,为该区集中弃土区水土保持生态建设中植被恢复模式的构建提供科学依据和技术参考。[方法]以山东省滨州市小开河引黄灌区的刺槐纯林、杨树+花生农林间作和大豆农田为研究对象,测定分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤抗侵蚀能力、土壤蓄水性能及土壤养分含量等指标。采用模糊数学隶属函数法对3种土地利用方式的改良土壤功能进行综合评价。[结果]3种土地利用方式可显著增强土壤抗蚀性、改善土壤物理结构、增强土壤蓄水性能和土壤养分。土壤抗蚀能力依次表现为:杨树+花生农林间作大豆农田刺槐纯林裸地。大豆农田改善土壤物理性状能力优于刺槐纯林和农林间作;土壤蓄水能力表现为:大豆农田刺槐纯林农林间作裸地;在增强土壤渗透、减少地表径流方面,农林间作最好,刺槐纯林次之,大豆农田最差。土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量均表现为:大豆农田农林间作刺槐纯林裸地,而土壤速效钾含量表现为:刺槐纯林大豆农田农林间作裸地。[结论]引黄灌区弃土区改良土壤功能强弱综合评价为:大豆农田杨树+花生农林间作刺槐纯林。建议在该区域水土流失治理的土地利用方式选择上优先采用大豆农田,其次为农林间作。     

Factors Influencing Point Measurement of Near‐surface Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in a Small Sicilian Basin

Hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil, K _s , controls many hydrological processes. Parameterization of basin hydrological models in terms of K _s is complicated and uncertain owing to the very high spatial variability of this soil property. A small Sicilian basin was intensively sampled by the simplified falling head technique to obtain spatially distributed K _s data, and an attempt to explain their spatial variability on the basis of soil physical characteristics, digital elevation model‐derived topographic attributes and land cover was carried out. High K _s values were obtained when clay content was low and both elevation and mean slope were high. Moreover, differences in K _s among land cover classes were detected. However, soil texture was found to have a main role on K _s variability. This finding was supported by a subsequent intensive sampling of two areas differing by elevation and land cover. The conclusion was that, for the sampled basin, a good knowledge of the spatial distribution of the soil textural fractions is necessary to develop an appropriate sampling plan for K _s , regardless of both the position within the basin and land use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composition and stability of soil aggregates in Fluvisols under forest,meadows, and 100 years of conventional tillage

Conversion of meadow and forest ecosystems to agricultural land generally leads to changes in soil structure. This comparative study presents the composition and stability of structural aggregates in humus horizons (0–30 cm) of noncarbonate silty‐clay Fluvisols in the Kolubara River Valley, W Serbia. Aggregates collected from under a native forest were compared to aggregates from meadows and arable fields which underwent crop rotation for > 100 y. The results show that size distribution and stability of structural aggregates in the humus horizons of arable soil are significantly impaired due to long‐term anthropogenization. In the humus horizons, the content of the agronomically most valuable aggregates (0.25–10 mm) decreased by a factor of ≈ 2, from 68%–74% to 37%–39%, while the percentage of cloddy aggregates (>10 mm) increased by a factor of ≈ 2, from 23%–31% to 48%–62%, compared to forest aggregates. The long‐term‐arable soil had significantly (p < 0.05) lower aggregate stability, determined by wet sieving, than meadow and forest soils. The lowest aggregate stability was found in aggregates > 3 mm. Their content is ≈ 2.5–3 times lower in arable soil (13%–16%) than in forest soil (32%–42%) at a depth of 0–20 cm. The largest mean weight diameters of dry aggregates (dMWD) with a range between 12.6 and 14.7 mm were found in arable soil, vs. 9.5–9.9 mm in meadow and 6.5–8.3 mm in forest. The arable soil had significantly lower mean weight diameters of wet‐stable aggregates (wMWD) and a lower structure coefficient (Ks) than forest and meadow soils. The dispersion ratio (DR) of arable soil was significantly higher than that of forest and meadow soils. Forest and meadow showed a significantly higher soil organic‐matter content (SOM) by 74% and 39%, respectively, compared with arable soil, while meadow uses decreased the SOM content by 57% compared with forest at a depth of 0–10 cm. In conclusion, the results showed that long‐term conventional tillage of soils from natural forest and meadow in the lowland ecosystems of W Serbia degraded soil aggregate–size distribution and stability and reduced SOM content, probably resulting in lower productivity and reduced crop yields.     

土地利用方式对桂西北石漠化地区土壤理化性质的影响

在广西壮族自治区凌云县典型石漠化地区对7种不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质进行了调查分析.结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤容重、含水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度存在极显著差异(p＜0.01),有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及交换性Ca2+含量差异极显著(p＜0.01).相对阔叶林地土壤,灌木林、针叶林、退耕台地、草地、退耕坡地、农田土壤的退化程度依次增加.农田土壤质量最低,针叶林地、草地、退耕坡地、退耕台地土壤质量为中等,灌木林地与阔叶林地土壤质量较高.人为干扰是影响土壤理化性质的主导因素,干扰强度大,土壤理化性质退化严重.控制不合理的人为干扰及恢复结构良好的地上植被对改善土壤质量具有重要意义.