Concentration of Selenium in Liver in Relation to Copper Level in Normal and Copper-Poisoned Sheep

Copper absorption, liver accumulation and development of copper toxicosis in sheep are influenced by a variety of other elements, in particular molybdenum, sulphur and zinc (Underwood 1977). In a previous study on liver concentrations of copper, molybdenum and zinc in normal and copper-poisoned sheep, no direct correlation was found between the concentrations of the three metals, but molybdenum was significantly lower in the livers from sheep dead from chronic copper poisoning than in normal animals (Frøslie & Norheim 1976).     

硒与动物营养代谢病

论文综述了硒元素的生理学功能,作用机理及代谢途径,指出了不同动物对硒的需要量,并就缺硒和硒中毒对动物体的危害进行了详细的论述,提出了预防和治疗方法,有助于临床上防治硒缺乏和硒中毒症。     

Observations on the Parathyroid Glands of Guinea Pigs Affected with Metastatic Calcification

Soft tissue calcification in guinea pigs has been attributed to a mineral imbalance, especially a relative or absolute magnesium deficiency. An associated chronic tubular nephritis has been reported and was substantiated in the present study.

The location of the parathyroid glands of guinea pigs was established, and their size estimated by microscopic methods. The size and morphologic characteristics of parathyroids of guinea pigs affected with metastatic calcification were indistinguishable from parathyroids of healthy guinea pigs.

     

Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Feeder Pigs: Observations on the Jejunal Epithelium of Normal Feeder Pigs and Feeder Pigs Infected with TGE Virus

Light and electron microscopy findings in the jejunal mucosa of the normal feeder pig and feeder pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus are reported. Villi in the mid jejunum of the normal feeder pig were elongated, finger shaped and covered with a layer of columnar absorptive cells with a well developed and regular brush border. Severe lesions of villous atrophy were present in all jejunal segments of feeder swine killed 96 hours post infection with TGE virus. Atrophic villi were covered by flat to cuboidal cells with a poorly developed brush border in some areas. In other segments, cells varied in appearance from sub-columnar to columnar type of near normal appearance.

The ultrastructure of the jejunal absorptive cells in the normal feeder pig was found to be similar to that described for the jejunal cells of other adult mammals. There were no significant indications of high pinocytotic activity. The epithelial cells covering the atrophic villi of TGE infected pigs had a fine structure similar to that described for the crypt cells, ranging in appearance from very immature to moderately differentiated cells. Microvilli were very short, decreased markedly in number and irregular in arrangement. The terminal web was poorly developed. Strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum were markedly diminished and an increase in free ribosomes was noted. The significance of these observations in explaining pathogenesis of TGE in feeder pigs is discussed.

     

盐酸克伦特罗在雅南猪和长雅猪肝脏中残留的研究

盐酸克伦特罗(Clenbuterol ,CLB),俗称瘦肉精,用于治疗人和动物的阻塞性支气管哮喘.20世纪80年代,美国Cyanamid公司意外发现CLB具有明显的促进生长、提高瘦肉率及减少脂肪的效果,于是CLB作为"营养重分配剂"和"促生长剂"被广泛应用于畜禽生产中.     

除虫菊花渣营养价值及其安全性

本试验旨在研究除虫菊花渣在猪饲料中的营养价值及其安全性。饲养试验选用体重(21.8±1.89)kg的约×长×撒三元杂交猪28头,随机分为4组,单笼饲养,试验全期108d,Ⅰ为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组,各组日粮除虫菊花渣水平分别为0%、5%、10%和15%。消化代谢试验选用体重为(40±1.28)kg约×长×撒三元杂交去势公猪8头。试验结果表明:试验各组的甲状腺、肝、肾、胰组织结构均无病理损害,脏器指数(肺、肝、脾、肾、胰)试验各组无差异(P>0.05),血液学指标正常;除虫菊花渣的粗蛋白、粗纤维、无氮浸出物和粗脂肪的表观消化率分别为45.78%、24.27%、79.49%和53.55%,表观消化能为8.53MJ/kg;氮沉积和蛋白质生物学价值分别为17.48%和45.67%。除虫菊花渣对生长肥育猪无毒害作用,但粗纤维含量高,赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸缺乏,各养分消化率较低,蛋白质生物学价值不高,在猪饲料中应控制其用量。     

Retention of Selenium in Kidneys,Liver and Striated Muscle After Prolonged Feeding of Therapeutic Amounts of Sodium Selenite to Pigs

Sodium selenite was mixed in a commercial pig food so as to increase the original selenium content (0.126 ppm) by 1.2 ppm. The supplemented food was given to 7 pigs during 78 days. A control group of as many pigs was given the non-supplemented commercial food. The pigs were killed, starting 4 hours after the last selenium-supplemented food had been given and then with intervals during the next 14 days. Small but significant increases of tissue selenium were noticed in liver and striated muscle as compared with the control animals. The kidneys showed no increase.     

Regional Ileitis in Pigs Isolation of Campylobacter from Affected Ileal Mucosa

In the last few years special interest has been focused on enteric diseases localized to the lower alimentary tract, especially the ileum of weaned pigs. An increasing frequency of disorders of unknown aetiology described as regional ileitis (Emsbo 1951), necrotic enteritis (Jubb & Kennedy 1970), and intestinal adenomatosis (Rowland et al. 1973) has been reported. The changes include thickening of the ileal mucosa with hypertrophy of the muscular wall. The normal structure of villi is replaced by a proliferation of crypt cells. Necrosis of the mucosa and granulation-tissue proliferation in the submucosa occur in later stages. Regional ileitis in man (Crohn et al. 1932) which is described as a chronic enteric disease with granulomatous inflammatory changes localized to segments of the ileum is also attracting increasing attention in medical research (Liljefors 1972). The lesions are also found in the colon, and the presence of a transmissible agent involved in the aetiology of Crohn''s disease has been discussed on the basis of animal experiments (Cave et al. 1973). The disease in pigs is accompanied by haematological changes, including decreased concentration of total serum protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and zinc (Martinsson et al. 1974, 1976).     

Ultrastructure of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Vitamin E and Selenium Deficient Pigs

Pigs deficient in vitamin E and selenium had a decreased contrast of the intracellular membranes compared with pigs supplemented with vitamin E and selenium. Other common changes in the deficient animals included a reduced number of microvilli, with a short and irregular appearance, numerous swollen mitochondria with empty spaces and intercellular oedema. It is suggested that these morphological changes are attributed to the insufficient supply of vitamin E and selenium, though it is not excluded that particular intestinal factors may participate in the development of the lesions.     

猪内源氨产生机制及其营养调控措施

猪内源氨产生过量对动物危害甚大,能引发多种炎症、抑制生长性能、降低免疫力、造成贫血和组织缺氧、丧失食欲,同时还能产生严重的环境污染。全面了解猪内源氨产生机制,并采取相应的营养调控减排措施从根本上减少氨的排放,对动物健康有着重要的意义。本文首先阐述了饲粮蛋白质降解产氨机制、肠道微生物产氨机制和谷氨酰胺的脱酰氨基作用产氨机制;然后从氨在肝脏和血液中循环过程解释其在体内的代谢过程;最后综述了目前国内外有关猪内源氨的营养调控措施,包括降低饲粮蛋白质水平、添加植物提取物和益生菌,以期为减少环境中氨的浓度及提高猪的生长性能提供理论依据。     

发酵菜籽粕在生长育肥猪上的营养价值评定

本研究旨在评定固态发酵菜籽粕（fermented rapeseed meal,FRSM）在生长育肥猪上的营养价值。将16头体重为（71.25±1.23）kg的健康杜×长×大去势公猪随机分到4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复1头猪,4个处理组分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮、菜籽粕（rapeseed meal,RSM）饲粮、发酵菜籽粕（fermented rapeseed meal,FRSM）饲粮（分别等氮替代基础饲粮35%的氮）以及无氮饲粮。代谢试验预试期3 d,正式期4 d,采用全收粪尿法测定养分消化率。结果表明：1）发酵菜籽粕混合物发酵后较发酵前pH下降了1.68,粗蛋白质（CP）、水溶性蛋白质（WSP）、酸溶性蛋白质（ASP）和粗脂肪（EE）的含量分别提高了1.91%、52.88%、44.40%和24.27%,17种氨基酸含量均有所提高;中性洗涤纤维（NDF）降低了5.21%;异硫氰酸酯（ITC）和噁唑烷硫酮（OZT）的降解率分别达到92.20%和100.00%,单宁和植酸含量分别降低了35.81%和24.22%。2）FRSM干物质的表观消化率为75.28%,显著高于RSM（P<0.05）;FRSM的消化能、氮表观（真）消化率和氮表观（真）利用率分别为13.84 MJ·kg^-1、70.89%（72.84%）和68.12%（71.12%）,均极显著高于RSM（P<0.01）;FRSM的钙、磷和粗灰分的表观消化率与RSM差异不显著（P>0.05）。3）FRSM氨基酸（除半胱氨酸外）的表观（真）消化率均显著或极显著高于RSM（P<0.05或P<0.01）。综上,通过双菌固态发酵菜籽粕,降低了抗营养因子的含量,提高了菜籽粕在生长育肥猪上的养分消化率和利用率,有效地改善了菜籽粕的饲用价值。     

Vitamin E, Selenium and Methionine Supplementation of Dystrophogenic Diets for Pigs

Forty-eight weanling S.P.F. Yorshire pigs were used to study the influence of supplemental vitamin E (25 IU per kg of diet) selenium (0.5 ppm in diet) and methionine (0.1% in diet) on the incidence of hepatosis dietetica and mulberry heart disease when fed a torula yeast-corn diet. Vitamin E and/or selenium increased pig survival. Supplemental selenium resulted in increased liver selenium concentrations. No hepatosis dietetica was observed in any of the pigs. The addition of vitamin E and/or selenium at the levels used did not reduce the frequency of myocardial lesions; however, they prevented skeletal muscular dystrophy and exudative diathesis. The myocardial lesions were less severe in supplemented pigs compared with unsupplemented controls.     

猪肉质形成的分子机制与营养调控

我国已连续多年成为世界第一猪肉生产大国和消费大国,但是我国猪肉品质的国际竞争力却不能与此相提并论.优良的猪肉品质所蕴含的经济价值毋庸置疑,而且生产优质猪肉也是养猪业的终极目标,因此提高猪肉生产的科技水平、改善猪肉品质,是增强我国养猪业科技含量,保证我国养猪业可持续发展的重要环节.优良的猪肉品质是建立在健康、安全、生态和注重动物福利的养猪基础上的高端畜产品的特性,畜牧科技工作者对它的追求和研究,已经从最初的劣质猪肉的发生或成因深入到了如何改善猪肉肉色、风味、嫩度、多汁性和系水力等富有人文色彩的猪肉品质方面.本文从影响猪肉品质的肌肉生物学特性的2个方面,即肌纤维发育和肌内脂肪沉积,探讨了优质猪肉形成的分子机制和营养调节,综述和回顾了近年国际上该领域的最新进展和发展方向,提出了我国学者应在继承前人研究成果的同时,挖掘我国地方猪优质基因资源,利用营养基因组学和整合生理学的概念,促进我国优质猪肉研究、生产和发展的建议.     

辣木在生长猪上的营养价值评定

本试验通过在生长猪上测定辣木叶和辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和氨基酸标准回肠消化率,旨在评定辣木在生长猪上的营养价值。选择24头回肠末端安装T型瘘管的“杜×长×大”去势公猪,平均体重为(39.80±1.06)kg,随机分为4个组,分别饲喂无氮饲粮、玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮、辣木叶饲粮和辣木枝饲粮,每组6个重复。预饲7 d后,进行4 d消化代谢试验,收集全部粪尿,用于测定消化能和代谢能。消化代谢试验结束后,继续2 d收集回肠食糜用于测定氨基酸表观回肠消化率和标准回肠消化率。结果表明:与辣木枝相比,辣木叶含有较高含量的营养成分,尤其是粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和钙,含量分别为26.29%、6.25%和2.70%。辣木叶的消化能、代谢能和总能表观消化率分别为9.35、8.24 MJ/kg和49.26%,辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和总能表观消化率分别为7.51、6.03 MJ/kg和40.81%,辣木叶的有效能值和总能表观消化率显著高于辣木枝(P<0.05)。辣木叶总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率分别为42.05%、42.59%和49.03%,而辣木枝总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率分别为35.13%、37.31%和40.15%,辣木叶的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率显著高于辣木枝(P<0.05)。综上所述,辣木叶的消化能、代谢能和总必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率分别为9.35、8.24 MJ/kg和42.05%,而辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和总必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率分别为辣木叶的80.3%、73.3%和83.5%。因此,辣木叶具有更高的营养价值,更适合作为生长猪的蛋白质饲料原料。     

Observations on Diseased Pigs with High Sulfate Intake and Normal Tissue Copper Levels

Disease in a large pig herd reared intensively and kept on sulfate-rich drinking water is described. It is the first report of diseased progeny of sows with high sulfate intake. Results of two surveys are presented, one for water with sulfate in excess of 2000 ppm and one for water with less than 1000 ppm. The management practices are described in detail. Disease of Survey I was manifested by high morbidity and mortality (50% of 600) in piglets, incoordination in piglets and some adult stock and osteopathy in piglets and weaners. In Survey II disease was less severe and restricted to piglets. Detailed histopathological studies revealed myelin deficiency in brain and spinal cord of sows and piglets, interferred endochondreal ossification of long bones of piglets and weaners, fatty changes of livers and interstitial nephritis in piglets and weaners. The changes in the nervous tissue were considered due to delayed fixation as tissue was only immersed in fixative and not perfused with it immediately after death. Similar changes have been described for pigs deficient in copper. Copper content of tissue and body fluids of pigs of this study were normal, as were the serum inorganic phosphate and total calcium levels. The bone changes observed have also been reported for rats given dextran sulfate injections, for pigs on experimental low-copper sulfate-enriched diet and for pigs reported low in copper and fed a diet supplemented with sulfide. The cause of the locomotor disturbance and mortality in piglets was not established.     

Induction of Swine Dysentery with a Pure Culture of Treponema Hyodysenteriae in Vitamin E and Selenium Deficient Pigs

Several successful attempts have been made to induce swine dysentery in pigs using pure cultures of Treponema hyodysen-teriae (Taylor & Alexander 1971, Harris et al. 1972, Akkermans & Pomper 1973, Hughes et al. 1975). In these studies, either conventional or specific-pathogen-free pigs were used. In the present study, 2 approximately 8 weeks old conventional pigs (Nos. 1 and 2) were purchased and fed the same basic ration as used by Teige et al. (1977). In addition, 10 % cod liver oil was incorporated in the diet at each feeding. After a feeding period of 25 days rectal swabs were applied and examined for the presence of spirochaetes. The pigs were then fed a 3 days old primary and pure culture of T. hyodysenteriae on TSA-S400 medium (Songer et al. 1976). The culture originated from the colon of a pig with swine dysentery (Pig No. 4, Teige et al. 1977). Each pig received the agar contents of 5 petri dishes which were mixed with the food.