Fat and fatty acid digestibility of different fat sources in growing pigs

The effect of fat source on fat and fatty acid (FA) apparent faecal (aFD) and ileal digestibility (aID) was studied in growing pigs. Faecal and ileal digestibilities were measured, using titanium dioxide as inert marker, in intact and ileo-rectally anastomosed pigs, respectively. Five different fat sources, added at 10% to a barley based diet (B), were tested: tallow (T), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF), sunflower oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and a fat blend (FB; 5.5% T, 3.5% SO and 1% LO of diet).

Except for B and T, fat aFD and aID were relatively similar among diets and site of measurements and the same was observed when it was obtained from the sum of FA aFD. However fat and sum of FA aID varied according to dietary FA composition and it was inversely related with the saturated FA content, due to the lowest aID of palmitic and stearic. aID of linoleic in SO and linolenic in LO were higher than the respective FA of the other diets and no differences were observed for oleic acid. The aFD of the unsaturated FA was higher than the corresponding aID values, despite similar fat aID and aFD. This together with the lower (in some cases negative) aFD of stearic acid suggest that there is biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA in the hindgut. Measurement at the end of the ileum should give a better estimation of digestibility of fat and FA than at the faecal level.     

添加混合油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及CLA的影响

选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳期及泌乳量基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛8头,随机分为2组,每组4头牛,进行为期45d的饲养试验。本试验预试期为15d,正试期为30d。试验组为添加整粒胡麻籽与整粒棉籽的混合物,胡麻的添加量为972g/(d·头),棉籽的添加量为2169g/(d·头);对照组不添加任何油料籽实。胡麻与棉籽的添加用以研究添加油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。研究结果表明:本试验条件下,加入胡麻籽与棉籽的混合物能提高奶牛产奶量,其中非校正产奶量比对照组提高4.7%,4?M产奶量比对照组提高7.3%,但与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);乳脂率提高了3.5%,乳脂产量提高了7.4%,与对照组之间差异也不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白率,试验组比对照组提高了2.7%,乳蛋白产量提高了9.0%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳糖率,试验组比对照组下降了3.7%,乳糖产量比对照组提高了3.6%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳中总干物质率比对照组提高了0.17%,无脂干物质率比对照组降低了0.96%,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组总的短链脂肪酸比对照组减少了16.8%,总的中链脂肪酸比对照组减少了11.6%,而长链脂肪酸比对照组增加了17.5%。其中试验组短链脂肪酸中的C14比对照组降低了21.5%,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),其它短链及中链脂肪酸均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),长链脂肪酸中的CLA含量比对照!组提高了14.3%,但差异也不显著(P>0.05)。     

Comparative evaluation of rumen-protected fat, coconut oil and various oilseeds supplemented to fattening bulls. 2. Effects on composition and oxidative stability of adipose tissues.

The effects of five different dietary fat supplements on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of subcutaneous and kidney fat were evaluated in 36 Brown Swiss bulls and compared to a low fat diet in a monofactorial design. The following fat supplements were provided as additional fat at 30 g per kg feed dry matter: crystalline rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, and three types of crushed whole oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower seed and linseed). Adipose tissues reflected differences (P < 0.05) in dietary fatty acid composition although to a lower extent. Using protected fat, which contained elevated levels of trans fatty acids, and sunflower seed, containing a high proportion of linoleic acid, significantly increased C18:1 trans fatty acid proportion in the adipose tissues. The use of sunflower seed increased conjugated linoleic acid. The oilseeds resulted in lower amounts of C16:0 in favour of C18:0. Except for linseed, all fat supplemented groups improved oxidative stability of adipose tissues as compared with control. This was explained by lower proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue (protected fat), by elevated alpha-tocopherol contents (rapeseed, sunflower seed) or by a combination of both (coconut oil). Fat colour remained unaffected by treatments. Compared to other fat supplements oilseeds, especially sunflower seed and rapeseed, can therefore be recommended to be fed to bulls in order to increase the proportions of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissues and to maintain or improve oxidative stability.     

影响牛奶trans11C18∶1和CLA合成的因素

乳脂肪受日粮因素的调控的可塑性大，CLA是乳脂肪中的一种微量不饱和脂肪酸，影响乳脂肪的物理和生物学特性。CLA最初发现于奶牛瘤胃，但牛奶中CLA主要通过乳腺组织Δ9去饱和酶作用于trans11C18∶1而内源合成。研究结果表明，日粮因素、动物个体间的差异和动物组织间SCD酶活性的差异是影响乳脂CLA合成的关键因素。作者针对影响trans11C18∶1和Δ9去饱和酶的因素对CLA合成调控因素作了简要论述。     

利用乳汁体细胞研究共轭亚油酸钙对奶牛乳腺基因表达的作用

8头泌乳中期的奶牛被随机分为2组，分别是对照组（每头牛：基础日粮＋棕榈酸钙200g／d）和试验组（每头牛：基础日粮＋共轭亚油酸钙200g／d），试验期14d，检测了奶产量、乳成分，分析奶牛的血液变化，并采用荧光定量PCR对乳汁体细胞中脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACACA）的基因表达进行检测。结果显示，与对照组相比，试验组奶牛的乳产量、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳汁体细胞含量没有显著影响，但是显著降低了乳脂肪含量（P〈0．05），对照组和试验组奶牛乳脂肪含量分别为0．0326g／mL和0．0244g／mL。检测血液指标发现，共轭亚油酸钙显著升高了奶牛血液中高密度脂蛋白的含量（P〈0．05）。基因分析发现，试验组奶牛乳汁体细胞中LPL、ACA—CA的基因表达显著下调，表明共轭亚油酸钙抑制了奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达。     

Effects of Different Fat Supplements on Growth and Hepatic Lipids and Fatty Acids in Male Mink

Male mink kits (n=10 for each group) were fed diets supplemented with different fats for 12 weeks (September-November). The levels of digestible fat (8%) and energy content (7 MJ kg-1) of the diets were equal. The supplements used were beef pork fat, mink fat, broiler offal, rainbow trout offal, capelin oil, soybean oil and linseed oil. The growth and hepatic lipids (analysed by a thin-layer chromatography- flame ionization detection analyser) and fatty acid composition (analysed by gas-liquid chromatography) were studied. The pattern of weight gain of the mink fed the beef pork diet differed from that of the other mink. These kits reached high but delayed weight maxima compared with the other mink but then during November they lost weight rapidly. In liver, both the capelin oil- and linseed oil-fed mink had large concentrations of total lipids and triacylglycerols. The mink fed capelin oil were significantly heavier. The fatty acid analyses of hepatic total lipids and phospholipids revealed that the f -linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) of linseed oil was not efficiently metabolized to longer chain and more unsaturated fatty acids important for cellular membranes. It is discussed that 18:3 n-3 may not be as valuable for growing mink kits as the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fish oils.     

Different sources of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on antibody responses in chickens

1. Effects of linoleic and linolenic acid provided via different oil sources on total antibody (Ab) titres, Ab isotypes after primary and secondary immunisation, and cutaneous hypersensitivity (CH) responses to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and maleyl-BSA, respectively, were studied in pullets fed on one of 4 diets. The diets were the basal control diet enriched with either sunflower oil or safflower oil as sources of linoleic acid, and linseed oil as a source of linolenic acid, tested against a control diet supplemented with animal fat. 2. Total Ab and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses to BSA were affected by diet after primary, and diet x immunisation effects after secondary immunisation. Higher total Ab and IgG titres to BSA were found especially after primary immunisation in birds given the sunflower oil enriched diet, whereas birds given sunflower oil mounted significantly lower IgM titres to BSA after primary and secondary immunisation. The antibody responses to maleyl-BSA were affected by diet after primary, and immunisation x diet interactions after secondary immunisation. Sunflower oil enhanced total and IgG Ab titres to maleyl-BSA after primary immunisation, but decreased IgM titres to maleyl-BSA after primary and secondary immunisation. Cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to BSA and maleyl-BSA were not affected by the diet. 3. It is concluded that modulation of the magnitude and isotype of Ab responses of poultry to T cell-dependent antigens is affected not only by type of essential fatty acids, but also by their source. In the present study the n-6 source, sunflower oil, showed strong enhancement of primary Ab responses, directed to both Th2 and Th1 antigens. On the other hand, the different effects of safflower oil imply that constituents other than n-6 acids within dietary plant oils may affect immune responsiveness. 4. The relationship between magnitude and isotype of Ab responsiveness, type of antigen, and essential fatty acids is discussed.     

鱼油与硒对饲喂亚麻籽日粮绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化的影响

研究0.33%鱼油与2mg/kgDM的有机硒对饲喂亚麻籽日粮的绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化功能的影响。初步探讨在绵羊日粮中添加亚麻籽提高体组织CLA含量的同时,再添加鱼油和硒是否能进一步提高CLA含量。选用体重相近,健康的杂交一代公羔羊16只,随机分为4组。4组日粮为对照组LD组(基础日粮+10%亚麻籽),LF组(基础日粮+0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽,其中0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽所含脂肪与10%亚麻籽脂肪含量相等),LDSe组(基础日粮+10%亚麻籽+2mg Se/kgDM);LFSe组(基础日粮+0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽+2mgSe/kg DM),硒以有机硒的形式添加。结果表明:硒的添加对绵羊血浆抗氧化功能无显著影响(P<0.05),可能是受基础日粮硒浓度的影响;亚麻籽日粮中添加0.33%鱼油提高了绵羊体组织cis-9,trans-11-CLA和trans-11-C18:1含量。亚麻籽日粮中添加2mg Se/kg DM的有机硒对绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成没有显著影响。鱼油与有机硒的添加对绵羊不同组织△9-脱氢酶活性各组间影响差异不显著。由此表明,日粮中联合添加亚麻籽+鱼油以提高组织CLA含量的效果优于单独添加亚麻籽。     

Dietary linseed oil in the maternal diet affects immunoglobulins,tissue fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism‐related genes in piglets

This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing the maternal diet with linseed oil (LSO) and soya bean oil (SBO) on immunoglobulins, the fatty acid composition and hepatic expression of lipid metabolism‐related genes in piglets. Multiparous sows (twenty‐four per diet) were fed on diets containing a supplement of either SBO or LSO during last week of gestation and lactation. The results indicated that supplementation of maternal diet with LSO could improve the weaning weight of piglets and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05). The concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) was enhanced in sow plasma, colostrum and milk by the addition of LSO (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of 18: 3n‐3 fatty acids was higher in the milk of LSO sows. Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with LSO increased the levels of plasma IgG, IgA and the tissues n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in piglets (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, the mRNA expression levels of hepatic ?5‐desaturase (D5D) and ?6‐desaturase (D6D) were higher, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) was lower in piglets from LSO‐fed sows when compared with that in the SBO group. In conclusion, LSO supplementation of the maternal diet increases immunoglobulins, modifies the fatty acid composition and affects the gene of D5D and D6D expression of piglets.     

Effects of Turnout to Pasture and Dietary Fat Supplementation on Milk Fat Composition and Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Dairy Cows

Turnout to pasture involves considerable changes in the feed intake and metabolism of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to investigate how these changes affect milk production and milk fat composition, in cows selected for high (HFI) or low (LFI) milk fat content producing the same yield of 4% fat-corrected milk. Furthermore, two different concentrates, with high or low inclusion of soya oil, were studied. The experiment was conducted with 44 multiparous mid-lactating cows over a 4 week period. Samples of milk and blood were obtained before turnout to pasture, during transition to pasture and when cows were adapted to pasture. Milk yield decreased with 3.6 kg energy-corrected milk (ECM) on average during the first 5 days after turnout to pasture. This decrease, together with a drop in plasma insulin and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), indicated nutritional insufficiency at turnout to pasture. Milk fat composition changed towards more long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and fewer de novo synthesized fatty acids. This was probably caused by an increased supply of LCFA of feed and body origin to the udder. LFI cows showed higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid at pasture than HFI cows.     

补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响。选择 ３～７岁的健康泌乳母驴 ３４头,设 Ａ（１２头）、Ｂ（１０头）和 Ｃ（１２头）３个区,共 ５个处理。所有驴饲喂基础饲粮。每个区均设对照组,各试验组驴分别补饲粗蛋白质水平为 ３１．４４％（试验 １组,Ａ区,４头）、粗脂肪水平为 ２５．７７％［２０％棉籽油（试验 ２组,Ａ区,４头）、２０％葵花籽油（试验 ３组,Ｂ区,５头）、２０％菜籽油（试验 ４组,Ｃ区,６头）］的试验精饲料 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ。预试期 １４ｄ,正试期１４ｄ。结果表明：１）除含 ２０％葵花籽油的试验精饲料外,其余试验精饲料采食量（＞１３００ｇ／ｄ）均达到预期的采食量,且未出现消化异常,表明所用精饲料适口性较好,驴对它们有较好的适应性;２）补饲含 ２０％棉籽油和含 ２０％菜籽油的试验精饲料均显著提高了驴日均产乳量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,驴日均产乳量可达 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ,而日均总泌乳量可达 ４ｋｇ／ｄ;３）补饲不同试验精饲料对乳成分无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,驴乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、粗灰分含量较稳定,而乳脂含量变化非常大。总之,补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪的精饲料可提高驴产乳量,但对乳成分的影响不明显。     

日粮中脂肪酸对羊牛猪肉中长链多不饱和脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸的影响

随着消费者健康意识的提高,越来越多的研究关注提高家养动物肉产品中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,尤其是n-3长链脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸(CLA)在羊、牛、猪肉肌内脂中的含量。研究结果表明通过添加鱼油或鱼粉能提高动物肉中n-3长链脂肪酸含量。富含亚麻油酸(LNA)的日粮能提高肉中LNA、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)水平,但大部分对肌肉中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)水平没有影响。然而,在日粮中添加鱼油或鱼粉大部分能提高动物肌肉中DHA含量。大部分研究中提高n-3脂肪酸含量的同时n-6脂肪酸含量下降,这主要归因于试验组日粮中n-6脂肪酸降低。这样刚好可以使肉中两者比例更合理,但对多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比例没什么影响。饲喂反刍动物富含n-3脂肪酸日粮(亚麻籽或加草料)、鱼油或富含LA的浓缩料可提高肌肉中c9t11CLA含量。牛肉、羊肉中c9t11CLA在总脂中含量介于0.2~1.0 g/100 g,不随营养因素提高到更高。相对应的,在单胃动物日粮中添加混合CLA油则显著提高CLA含量。     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens Fed n-3 Fatty Acid-rich Fish Oil

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of oil sources in the diet on milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in mid-lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein dairy cows averaging 150 days in milk (DIM) at the start of the experiment (body weight = 596±19 kg; milk yield = 29.7±3.00 kg/d) were used in a completely randomized block design. The animals were assigned into four dietary treatments according to DIM and milk yield, and supplemented with no oil (control), 2% flaxseed oil (FSO), 2% soybean oil (SBO), and 2% oil from extruded soybeans (ESB). The experiment lasted nine weeks including the first week for adaptation. Milk yields, milk compositions (fat, protein, and lactose), and milk FA profiles were measured. Daily milk yield from cows fed with FSO, SBO, and ESB were higher than milk yield of the control cows (27.0, 27.0, and 26.5 vs. 25.4 kg/d). Milk fat percentage of the control cows was greater than those cows fed with oil-supplemented diets. However, increasing dietary fat content resulted with no change in fat-corrected milk yield. The FA profile of milk was changed by fat supplementation. Feeding oil reduced the proportion of both short-chain (C_8:0 to C_12:0) and medium-chain (C_14:0 to C_16:1) FAs, and increased the proportion of long-chain (≥C_18:0) FAs in milk fat. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat was increased from 0.38% for the control to 0.79, 1.51, and 1.56% of fat for the cows supplemented with FSO, SBO, and ESB, respectively. Feeding oils rich in linoleic acid (SBO and ESB) was more effective in enhancing cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat than oils containing linolenic acid (FSO). There was a linear relationship between transvaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in milk. Overall, feeding the FSO, SBO, and ESB diets increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased the saturated fatty acid in milk fat.     

脂肪酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在探寻促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)乳蛋白和乳脂合成的短链脂肪酸(乙酸、β-羟丁酸)和长链脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)的组合添加模式,为调控乳成分合成提供理论依据。BMECs经分离、纯化后,选取第2代细胞,分为5组,对照组不添加脂肪酸,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组添加的乙酸、β-羟丁酸浓度比例均为2.0(9.60 mmol/L)∶1.0(4.80 mmol/L),油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的浓度比例分别为2.0(17.30μmol/L)∶13.3(115.05μmol/L)∶1.0(8.65μmol/L)和9.6(75.20μmol/L)∶7.4(58.00μmol/L)∶1.0(7.80μmol/L);Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组添加的乙酸、β-羟丁酸的浓度比例均为1.0(7.20 mmol/L)∶1.0(7.20 mmol/L),油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的浓度比例分别为2.0∶13.3∶1.0和9.6∶7.4∶1.0,各组添加的短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和长链脂肪酸(LCFA)总浓度为14.541 mmol/L,每组3个重复。培养24 h后,检测细胞相对增殖率(RGR)、甘油三酯(TAG)的合成量以及乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明:1)试验组BMECs RGR及TAG的合成量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);Ⅰ组RGR最高,TAG合成量最多。2)与对照组相比,Ⅱ组显著提高了核糖体蛋白S6激酶1(S6K1)、κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)基因的表达量(P0.05);Ⅳ组显著提高了CSN3、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、S6K1、真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)基因的表达量(P0.05);试验组信号转导和转录激活因子5(STAT5)基因的表达量显著降低(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组二酰甘油酰基转移酶2(DG AT2)基因的表达量显著提高(P0.05),脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)基因的表达量显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,在培养液中添加7.20 mmol/L乙酸、7.20 mmol/Lβ-羟丁酸、75.20μmol/L油酸、58.00μmol/L亚油酸、7.80μmol/L亚麻酸对BM ECs乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因的表达量有较好的促进作用。     

Tissue fatty acid composition and estimated ∆ desaturase activity after castration in chicken broilers fed with linseed or sunflower oil

The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of the short‐term addition of sunflower and linseed oil and castration on fatty acid composition and desaturation indexes in chicken broilers. Forty‐eight male Ross 308 chicken broilers were supplemented with 5% of sunflower or linseed oil. The four experimental groups were linseed oil supplementation and castration (LC), linseed oil without castration (LN), sunflower oil and castration (SC) and sunflower oil without castration (SN). There was no significant influence of castration or oil supplement on live weights, weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. Castration resulted in an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total n3, n6, measured desaturation indexes and a decrease in the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content of abdominal fat. In breast muscle, castration increased PUFA and 18:3n3 values, while in the liver tissue, castration did not influence the parameters measured. Linseed oil supplementation significantly increased 18:3n3, n3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), total n3 and decreased total n6, n6/n3 ratio, and 20:4n6 content. Values for 20:4n6 were the highest in SC and the lowest in the LC group. Linseed oil also significantly decreased ?5 and ?4 desaturation indexes in the thighs and ?5 and ?5, 6 in abdominal fat and the liver. These results suggest that short‐term supplementation of basal diet with 5% of linseed oil could significantly increase n3 LC PUFA and decrease n6/n3 ratio content in the edible tissues of chicken broilers, without adverse effects on growth performance. Meanwhile, castration only improved fatty acid profile in abdominal fat, which is not nutritionally important. The interactions observed between basal diet, supplemented oil, sex hormones and other non‐nutritional factors must be elucidated in future trials in order to correctly predict the nutritional value of linseed‐fed poultry.     

Effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Thirty‐six Holstein‐Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were used to determine the effects of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Three treatments were as follows: basal diet (56:44 Roughage:concentrate [R:C] ratio, dry matter basis) supplemented with 500 g of palm oil as control (PO), 500 g mixture (1:1, w/w) of palm oil and linseed oil (POLSO) and 500 g of linseed oil (LSO). The LSO supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition. Compared to control cows, cows supplemented with LSO increased milk concentrations of cis‐9,trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 FA (P < 0.05), particularly C18:3n‐3, C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3. Feeding LSO reduced concentrations of milk short‐ and medium‐chain saturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) while it increased concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Milk proportions of n‐3 FA increased, whereas n‐6/n‐3 ratio decreased in the LSO as compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on corn silage with LSO at 500 g/day could improve the nutritional value of milk with potential health‐beneficial FA without detrimental effect on milk composition or cow's performance.     

瘤胃保护共轭亚油酸和亚油酸对奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择健康、泌乳月份与产奶量相近的多胎荷斯坦泌乳牛20头,随机分成5组,每组4头,研究日粮中添加商业来源的瘤胃保护共轭亚油酸钙盐(Ca-CLA)同时添加自然来源亚油酸(葵花油)对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为52d。对照组基础日粮为60%粗饲料(苜蓿、羊草、青贮)和40%精料(以DM为基础),处理组在对照组日粮基础上分别添加Ca-CLA100g/d·头(CLA)、葵花油350g/d·头(Sunf);Ca-CLA100g/d·头 葵花油350g/d·头(CLA Sunf),Ca-CLA50g/d·头 葵花油175g/d·头(1/2CLA 1/2Sunf)。结果表明:在奶牛日粮中,单独添加自然来源亚油酸产奶量较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而单独添加共轭亚油酸钙盐或与自然来源亚油酸高低不同剂量添加产奶量较对照组都分别显著提高2.20%、9.95%、11.16%,无论单独添加自然来源亚油酸或Ca-CLA或二者以高低不同剂量同时添加,牛奶的乳脂率较对照组都分别显著降低15.0%,6.24%,21.74%,14.35%。总之,奶牛日粮中同时添加Ca-CLA和自然来源亚油酸能显著提高产奶量,降低乳脂率,并且,减少Ca-CLA的添加量同时添加自然来源亚油酸可以达到高剂量添加Ca-CLA相同的效果。     

Effect of supplementation of soy sauce oil and Ca salts of fatty acids on rumen fermentation,milk production and conjugated linoleic acid in milk of dairy cows

Eight cows were used to evaluate the effects of supplementation of soy sauce oil (SO) or Ca salts of fatty acids (FA) on rumen fermentation and milk production. The control diet (CO) consisted mainly of hay, corn silage and a concentrate. In the experimental diets, 400 g/day per cow of SO or FA (soybean oil and rapeseed oil) was supplemented to the CO diet. Experimental period for the three treatments was 14 days, and milk samples were taken during the last 2 days and rumen sample was taken on the last day. Dry matter intake was not affected by the treatments. The number of rumen protozoa at 0 h increased by SO and FA diets. Total volatile fatty acids at 2 h after feeding of SO diet was decreased compared to CO. The milk composition yield did not differ among treatments, although the percentages of fat and protein were decreased by SO and FA diets. The proportions of C8–C16 fatty acids in milk fat decreased, and those of C18 increased by SO and FA diets. The proportion of cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat by SO and FA diets increased by 120% and 135%, respectively. In spite of the slight suppression of rumen fermentation by SO diet, negative effects on feed intake and milk production were not detected.     

青贮饲料中脂肪酸研究进展

青贮饲料作为奶牛的主要饲料来源,对奶牛健康及牛奶中脂肪酸的含量和组成具有直接影响,能够为奶牛提供其自身代谢无法合成的多种不饱和脂肪酸(如亚油酸、亚麻酸),改善奶牛生长状况和乳脂组成,进而促进人类膳食营养的合理摄取,改善人类健康。因此,开展青贮饲料中脂肪酸的研究工作具有重要意义。本文从生理生化角度介绍了脂肪酸的生物合成、降解途径,综合论述了国内外对青贮饲料中脂肪酸的研究进展,并对今后青贮饲料中脂肪酸的研究方向进行了展望。