Integrated control of root-knot disease in three crop plants using chitin and Paecilomyces lilacinus

Paedlomyces lilacinus, a rhizospherc inhabiting nematophagous fungus, along with chitin was evaluated in sterilized soil for the suppression of Meloidogyne incognita, causal agent of root-knot disease in Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum and Cicer arietinum. The soil was subjected to various treatments. The plant growth after 30, 60 and 90 days was assessed in terms of shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh and dry wt. and number of galls/g root fresh wt. Combination of fungus with chitin enhanced suppression of Meloidogyne incognita more than using them alone.     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄花蒿生长和根系分泌物化学组成的影响

研究盆栽条件下,接种与未接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）生长和根系分泌物化学组成的影响。结果表明,接种AMF黄花蒿的株高、苗干重和根干重均显著增加,增幅均达到20%以上;接种AMF也改善了黄花蒿的根系形态,除了根系半径以外,根长增加了87.0%、根表面积增加了97.0%、根体积增加了10.7%、根尖数增加了38.4%、根分叉数增加了75.6%、根系活力提高了19.6%,差异均达到极显著水平;与未接种AMF的黄花蒿基质中的根系分泌物（NM-S）相比,接种AMF下黄花蒿基质中的根系分泌物（AM-S）可溶性蛋白含量增加了74.38%,可溶性糖含量增加了16.13%,游离氨基酸含量增加了203%,有机酸的种类增多且含量显著提高;但接种AMF对黄花蒿水培液中根系分泌物含量的影响却呈现出了相反的作用。说明接种AMF有助于改善黄花蒿的根系形态,提高根系活力,在基质中促进根系分泌物的分泌,从而使黄花蒿汲取更多养分、提高生物量。     

27种丛枝菌根真菌接种对盆栽云木香生理生化及主要萜类成分的影响

在室温盆栽实验条件下,研究了27种外源性丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌对云木香幼苗的根系菌根侵染率、生理生化特性、根生物量及萜类成分积累的影响。研究结果表明,云木香与AM真菌形成了良好的共生关系,但27种AM真菌菌株与云木香二者之间存在共生偏好性。与对照组（CK）相比,部分AM真菌提高云木香叶片中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增强云木香抗不利环境的能力;部分AM真菌处理组云木香根生物量显著增加（P<0.05）;大部分AM真菌处理组云木香根中木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯及总内酯含量显著增加（P<0.05）,也有部分AM真菌处理组差异不明显或降低。从综合接种效应来看,易误巨孢囊霉（Gigaspora decipiens,Gd）、美丽盾巨孢囊霉（Scutellospora calospora,Sca）、瑚状盾巨囊霉（Racocetra coralloidea,Rco）、沙荒球囊霉（Septoglomus deserticola,Sde）、哥伦比亚内养囊霉（Entrophospora colombiana,Ec）、巴西类球囊霉（Paraglomus brasilianum,Pb）等是人工栽培条件下接种AM真菌云木香幼苗的潜在优良菌株,可为提高云木香产量和品质开辟一条新的途径。     

Effects of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, polyoxin B (polar) and trifloxystrobin on germination and growth of Alternaria alternata and decay in red delicious apple fruit

Alternaria alternata is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy-core in red delicious strains of apple. In this study, we report on the effects of the polyoxin B compound Polar, the strobilurin fungicides, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, and the sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on spore germination, mycelial growth and fruit decay on detached fruits caused by A. alternata. Germination was most sensitive to polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin among the tested compounds. The 50% and 95% effective concentration (EC₅₀, and EC₉₅), values for in vitro inhibition of conidial germination of the fungus were lowest for polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin, ranging from <0.01 to 0.15 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml, respectively. Germination was least sensitive to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values ranging from 25 to 72 μg/ml and 720 μg/ml, respectively). Mycelial growth in vitro of A. alternata was most sensitive to difenoconazole (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.8 and 12 μg/ml, respectively) and least sensitive to both strobilurin fungicides (EC₉₅>1000 μg/ml). Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was most affected by trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.015–0.087 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively), intermidiate in sensitivity to Polyoxin B (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 1 to 33 μg/ml, respectively), and difenoconazole was the least effective (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 20 to 490 μg/ml, respectively). Polyoxin B applied at 24 or 48 h post-inoculation inhibited fruit decay development. Difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were less effective and azoxystrobin was ineffective when applied at 48 h post inoculation. The activity of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, Polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin on one or more stages of the life cycle of A. alternata and on decay development in fruits suggests that these compounds potentially could provide control of moldy-core disease in apple.     

Slowing the Spread of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in Commercial Vineyards With Insecticide Control of the Vector,Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Vineyards were surveyed for grapevine leafroll-associated viruses and their insect vectors in New York State’s Finger Lakes region in 2006–2008. Grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Erhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), European Fruit Lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche), and Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh and Riley) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) were identified as vector species in this region. An increase in the incidence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and GLRaV-3 was observed in 8 of the 20 vineyards surveyed, which implies transmission by these insect vectors. Two of the vineyards for which a temporal increase in disease incidence was documented were then used to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of horticultural oil and two classes of insecticides for control of P. maritimus and for slowing virus spread over 2 years of vine protection. Delayed dormant applications of horticultural oil contributed to control of early season crawlers; however, this was not the case for control of summer populations. Applications of acetamiprid and spirotetramat achieved control in summer populations; however, spirotetramat outperformed acetamiprid in percent reduction of treated compared with control vines and in a side-by-side trial. Vines treated with spirotetramat had a lower percentage of new vines testing positive for GLRaV-1 than control vines after 2 years, while no other spray program altered the increase in incidence of GLRaV-1 or -3.     

Interactions between glyphosate and imazethapyr on four annual weeds

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various combinations of imazethapyr (0, 23, 46, and 70 g ai/ha) with glyphosate (0, 210, 420, 630, and 840 g ae/ha) on Setaria faberi, Amaranthus rudis, Abutilon theophrasti, and Ipomoea hederacea control. Additivity was the most frequently observed interaction and no synergistic interaction occurred throughout this study. The combination of imazethapyr with glyphosate at 210 g/ha caused an antagonistic response on Setaria faberi. Glyphosate at 420 g/ha with or without imazethapyr provided at least 95% control of Setaria faberi. The interaction between glyphosate and imazethapyr was additive on Amaranthus rudis control. Eight of the twenty-one herbicide combinations were antagonistic on Abutilon theophrasti control. Antagonistic interactions occurred when 46 or 70 g/ha of imazethapyr was added to 420 or 630 g/ha of glyphosate; while no antagonistic interactions were noted when glyphosate rate was 840 g/ha. The interactions on Ipomoea hederacea control were additive when the glyphosate rate was at least 420 g/ha. Glyphosate at 210 g/ha plus imazethapyr at 46 or 70 g/ha caused antagonistic interactions on Ipomoea hederacea control. Weed control tended to be more variable when the glyphosate rate was 210 g/ha and the imazethapyr rate was 46 or 70 g/ha. In general, the addition of imazethapyr to low rates of glyphosate improved control of Amaranthus rudis and Ipomoea hederacea and did not improve control of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti.     

水培条件下硒对花生幼苗生长和开花及抗氧化酶活性的影响

硒（Se）是人和动物必需的微量元素，土壤环境缺硒可导致人、畜产生诸如白肌病和克山病等多种疾病；而通过施硒肥提高植物尤其是农作物的硒含量，是防治硒缺乏疾病的有效措施之一。花生（Arachis hypogaea）是中国乃至全球最重要的油料作物之一。为通过施硒肥来提高花生产量及其含硒量奠定实验基础和提供可能性，以花生幼苗为材料，采用水培法研究不同浓度硒（Se）对花生幼苗生长和开花及其抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明，硒浓度≤0.5 mg/L能促进花生幼苗的生长；其中以0.1 mg/L硒促进花生幼苗生长的效果最好；而硒浓度≤1.0 mg/L促进花生幼苗开花，以浓度为0.5 mg/L时花生幼苗开花数最多，达到27朵/株，约比对照提高90%；但硒浓度≥1 mg/L则抑制幼苗生长，且硒浓度愈高，对花生幼苗生长的抑制效果愈大，幼苗根变粗短，根尖褐化也愈严重，植株开花数显著减少，甚至不开花。与对照相比，低浓度（≤1.0 mg/L）硒可提高花生幼苗的SOD和POD活性，并降低其丙二醛（MDA）含量，但高浓度的硒（≥3 mg/L）则仅在培养初期提高花生幼苗的SOD和POD活性，但随着培养时间的延长，花生植株的POD和SOD活性则不断下降，但其MDA含量则逐渐升高。该结果为今后通过施硒肥来提高花生的含硒量和产量奠定了相关的实验和技术基础。     

Steam treatment to prevent carrot decay during storage

Organically grown carrots (Daucus carota L.) have a relatively short storage and shelf life, mainly because chemical measures cannot be implemented to control plant pathogens. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that steam treatments substantially reduced decay of stored organically grown carrots. Prior to being packaged, winter carrots were exposed to 3 s of steam. After 60 days of storage at 0.5°C plus an additional week at shelf conditions (20°C), 2% of the carrots were decayed, as opposed to 23% in the nontreated control. When carrot was inoculated with the fungi Alternaria alternata, [(Fr. : Fr.) Keissler] A. radicina (Meier) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [(Lib.) De Bary], percentages of decay, after similar periods of storage and shelf life, were 5% for steam-treated carrot and 65% for the nontreated control. In semi-commercial experiments carrots were treated with steam during the sorting process, and similar results were obtained. Higher decay was found in spring-grown carrots because of the presence of the bacterium Erwinia carotovora.sub. sp. carotovora     

Antifungal properties of Agapanthus africanus L. extracts against plant pathogens

Crude extracts of various Agapanthus africanus plant parts were screened in vitro against eight economically important plant pathogenic fungi. Radial mycelial growth was inhibited significantly (P<0.05) in five test organisms, while Pythium ultimum, and to a lesser extent Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata, showed a degree of tolerance. Subsequently, these crude extracts were tested in vivo in the greenhouse against Mycosphaerella pinodes, the cause of black spot or Ascochyta blight in peas. Fourth internode leaves were removed from 4-week-old pea plants, placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes and inoculated with a M. pinodes spore suspension 30 min before and after treatment with the extracts. The control of Ascochyta blight by different concentrations of the crude extracts was measured in terms of lesion size over a 6-d period at 20 °C in a growth cabinet. All crude extracts significantly reduced lesion development caused by M. pinodes when leaves were inoculated with spores both before and after treatment with the extracts. Neither of the extracts showed any phytotoxic reaction on the leaves, even at the highest concentration applied. A combined aerial part crude extract of A. africanus was additionally evaluated against sorghum covered (Sporisorium sorghi) and loose (Sporisorium cruentum) kernel smuts under field conditions over two seasons. The extract and a standard fungicide, Thiram that served as a positive control, were applied as seed treatments 1 h after artificially inoculating separate sets of sorghum seed with smut spores. Inoculated, but untreated seeds served as a negative control. The extract reduced the incidence of both loose and covered kernel smuts significantly (P<0.05) and compared favourably with the prescribed fungicide, Thiram. Both treatments resulted in significant yield increases compared to the untreated control. From these results it was concluded that the aerial part crude extract of A. africanus possesses sufficient in vivo antifungal activity to warrant a further investigation.     

化感水稻内生真菌的分离鉴定及其发酵产物的生物学效应研究

以化感水稻品种‘PI312777’‘6173’和‘6180’为研究对象,从水稻根、茎和叶中分离获得70株内生真菌,采用形态学观察和rDNA-ITS区序列分析,对内生真菌进行分类鉴定。进一步以化感水稻‘PI312777’分离得到的粘红酵母和塔宾曲霉为试验菌株,通过不同稀释倍数的真菌发酵液对非化感水稻进行MS半固体培养基育苗试验,研究化感水稻内生真菌发酵产物对非化感水稻萌发率、株高等形态指标及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明,从供试化感水稻品种中共分离得到17种内生真菌,经rDNA-ITS系统发育树分析鉴定为10个属,这些内生真菌主要分布在曲霉属（Aspergillus）（29.63%）、青霉属（Penicillium）（16.67%）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）（12.96%）。不同稀释浓度塔宾曲霉发酵液对水稻幼苗生长均有促生作用,其中50倍稀释浓度处理可显著提高水稻幼苗的株高、根长及POD酶活性。粘红酵母菌发酵液5倍稀释浓度可显著提高水稻幼苗的PAL酶活性并对水稻幼苗有促生作用。稗稻共生条件下,塔宾曲霉和粘红酵母发酵稀释液对水稻均有促生效应。本研究可为化感水稻内生真菌进一步应用于水稻生产实践提供有益指导。     

16种含马兜铃内酰胺衍生物类中药甲醇提取物对家蝇和埃及伊蚊活性筛选

寻找和开发安全有效的植物性杀虫剂,以丰富植物源农药的来源,填补化学农药禁限用留下的空白。甲醇冷浸提取法制备辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤等16种中草药的提取物,采用无限量取食法,测定了对家蝇成虫的活性,采用幼虫浸液法,测定了对埃及伊蚊四龄幼虫的活性。结果表明:在10mg/mL浓度下,处理家蝇48h后,辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤、单叶细辛校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%和98.33%,LC₅₀值分别为0.1483、0.1544、3.5277和2.4292mg/mL,三叶鱼藤LC₅₀值为0.9080 mg/mL;在0.5 mg/mL浓度下处理埃及伊蚊四龄幼虫48 h,辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤、单叶细辛、厚朴校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%和100%,LC₅₀值分别为0.0046、0.0094、0.0570、0.0658和0.0504 mg/mL,三叶鱼藤为0.1194 mg/mL。辽细辛、石楠藤、单叶细辛、金狮藤对两种试虫均表现出优良的杀虫活性,均优于或接近三叶鱼藤活性。     

株行距配置对玉米密植群体根系及养分吸收的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为材料,以玉米株行距配置为重点,设置高(100 050株/hm²)和中(67 500株/hm²)两个种植密度,每个密度下设置40 cm、60 cm两种行距处理,探究不同密度下株行距配置对产量、根系分布和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度的不断增加,产量呈先增大后减小的趋势,与中密度种植相比,高密度下玉米产量增加13.9%。在中密度下减小行距玉米产量提高1.0%,高密度下减小行距玉米产量显著提高26.1%。在高密度条件下,减小行距在水平、垂直方向均增加根长、根表面积、根体积等,并使植株地上部氮、磷、钾和干物质的积累量分别提高4.9%、8.1%、25.8%和4.5%。根系性状、植株养分含量、植株干重和产量均呈显著正相关。在高密度下通过适当减小行距、增大株距,减小株间根系竞争,提高根系对土壤养分吸收,对玉米密植增产具有重要作用。     

Phytotoxicity of lemon-scented eucalypt oil and its potential use as a bioherbicide

The effect of volatile oil from leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora against some plant species viz. Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Raphanus sativus, Cassia occidentalis, Amaranthus viridis and Echinochloa crus-galli was investigated. In a laboratory bioassay seed germination of test plants was significantly reduced in response to the different concentrations of the eucalypt oil. Maximum germination inhibition was observed with A. viridis, whereas least effect was seen on R. sativus. Based on the germination response, dose-response curve was generated and LC₅₀ values were calculated. It was maximum for R. sativus whereas minimum for A. viridis. Further, seedling growth of the test plants and the chlorophyll content in the treated seedlings was significantly reduced at concentrations 0.12 and 0.3 mg/l. Not only the initial growth, but also the spray treatment on the 4-week-old mature plants of two weedy species viz. C. occidentalis and E. crus-galli adversely affected the chlorophyll content and cellular respiration, thereby indicating the adverse effect of eucalypt oil on the photosynthetic machinery and the energy metabolism of the target plants. Based on the study, it is concluded that volatile oil from E. citriodora is phytotoxic and could be utilized as bioherbicide for future weed management programmes.     

Effects of sulfosulfuron soil residues on barley (Hordeum vulgare), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common vetch (vicia sativa)

The phytotoxicity and sensitivity of succeeding crops to the new sulfonylurea, sulfosulfuron, have been reported although there is insufficient data on the phytotoxic effect of field soil residues. Growth chamber bioassays were conducted to detect the presence of residues in soil samples previously treated with sulfosulfuron at the recommended rate and double rate (20 and 40 g a.i./ha) that could affect the succeeding crop. Soil samples were collected between 7 and 9 months after sulfosulfuron application in field selectivity assays at nine different locations in Northern and Central Spain. The bioassay test species were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Graphic’, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ‘Albasol’ and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) ‘Neska’, typical crops grown in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in this area. Sulfosulfuron residues did not affect barley and common vetch, but inhibited shoot length, root length and root dry weight of sunflower seeded into some soils treated with the 2× rate (40 g a.i/ha) 9 months earlier.     

不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫的致病力研究

为明确市售昆虫病原线虫制剂对蜂巢小甲虫（Aethina tumida）幼虫和蛹的致病力,为该害虫的防治提供新的技术措施,室内采用浸渍法、土壤法测定了5种不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫末龄老熟幼虫和蛹的致病力,采用土壤法测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae All）不同施用时间、不同施用剂量对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫致病力的影响。浸渍法生物测定结果表明,5种不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致病力差异很大,其中小卷蛾斯氏线虫All侵染4 d、12 d后,蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的校正死亡率分别为67.50%±0.05%和72.36%±3.14%,均显著高于其他品系。土壤法生物测定结果表明,昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫具有明显的致死作用,其中小卷蛾斯氏线虫All对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的侵染效果达100%,显著高于其他线虫品系。蜂巢小甲虫幼虫入土后,按不同时间顺序施用小卷蛾斯氏线虫All,结果表明14 d前施用均能取得良好的防治效果。侵染期线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫All与蜂巢小甲虫幼虫数量之比大于213∶1时,防治效果最佳。因此小卷蛾斯氏线虫All具有防治蜂巢小甲虫的潜力,可在发生蜂巢小甲虫危害的蜂场推荐使用。     

Effects of propylene oxide doses on Cyperus and Belonolaimus control and nutrient absorption in tomato

Among the current methyl bromide alternatives under study, propylene oxide has shown potential to control soilborne diseases, nematodes, and weeds in polyethylene-mulched tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Therefore, field trials were conducted to determine the most effective propylene oxide doses against populations for the nematode Belonolaimus spp. and the weed Cyperus spp. and their effect on nutrient uptake. Propylene oxide doses were 0, 190, 380, 570, 760, and 950 L/ha. Data indicated that populations of Belonolaimus and Cyperus rapidly decreased with 570 L/ha of propylene oxide. Propylene oxide doses also affected foliar concentrations of phosphorus and potassium. There was a linear increase of phosphorus concentration as dose increased, whereas potassium concentration increased rapidly after 190 L/ha of propylene oxide. The highest tomato yields were obtained with application of 760 and 950 L/ha of propylene oxide.     

Performance of improved guayule lines in Australia

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a potential source of commercial natural rubber. Its commercialisation depends mainly on economical plant production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of improved lines in Australia. Seeds from five improved lines (AZ-1, AZ-2, AZ-3, AZ-5 and AZ-6) and two previously developed guayule lines (N 565 and 11591) were obtained from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Seedlings from these lines were grown in a glasshouse for 3 months and later transplanted in a field experiment in early September 2001. Plant height and width were monitored from transplanting to 62 weeks at regular intervals. After 62 weeks, plant dry matter production, rubber and resin content, and yields were analysed. Plant height and width of the improved lines were higher than N 565 and 11591. Plant dry matter, rubber and resin yields were significantly different among lines. Of the five lines, AZ-1 and AZ-2 produced rubber yields of 620 and 550 kg/ha, respectively and these yields were significantly greater than for N 565 (371 kg/ha) and 11591 (391 kg/ha). AZ-1 and AZ-2 also produced significantly higher resin yields, 727 and 668 kg/ha, respectively, than those for N 565 (436 kg/ha) and 11591 (325 kg/ha). Rubber and resin yield increase of lines, AZ-1 and AZ-2, were in the range of 41–68% and 53–123%, respectively over N 565 and 11591. AZ-1 tended to produce higher rubber and resin yields than AZ-2 but exhibited highly variable plant height (CV=25%) and width (CV=41%) indicating potential for further genetic improvement. AZ-2 offers the best combination of desirable characters including early vigour, uniformity and comparatively higher rubber and resin yields.     

Effects of chrysophanol, parietin, and nepodin of Rumex crispus on barley and cucumber powdery mildews

Three substances that show antifungal activity against Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei were isolated from roots of Rumex crispus and identified as chrysophanol, parietin, and nepodin. The substances were tested for plant disease control activity in vivo against six plant pathogenic fungi. All specifically reduced the development of barley powdery mildew. The concentrations required for 50% disease control were 4.7 μg/ml for chrysophanol, 0.48 μg/ml for parietin, and 20 μg/ml for nepodin. These agents showed both curative and protective activity against barley powdery mildew. Chrysophanol (100 μg/ml) and nepodin (400 μg/ml) were more effective than the fungicides fenarimol (30 μg/ml) and polyoxin B (100 μg/ml), under glasshouse conditions, against cucumber powdery mildew, which is caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Parietin (30 and 10 μg/ml) reduced the development of cucumber powdery mildew as efficiently as fenarimol (30 μg/ml) and more effectively than polyoxin B (100 μg/ml).     

Development and growth of two Lesquerella species grown under different temperatures during the reproductive period

The genus Lesquerella is a promising source of hydroxy fatty acids (HFA). Several species such as Lesquerella fendleri and Lesquerella mendocina are candidate crops for arid and semi-arid cropping systems. Several reports are available on the environmental effects on growth and yield in Lesquerella, but information on the effect of temperature on plant growth and development specifically during the reproductive period in Lesquerella is limited. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of two contrasting thermal regimes after flowering on time to maturity, plant growth and biomass allocation to the different organs in L. fendleri and L. mendocina. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with plants grown at a range of 11–23 °C during the vegetative phase. After this stage, 50% of the plants of each species remained under the same temperature regime until maturity, whereas the other 50% was transferred to another module subjected to a range of 17–31 °C until maturity. The duration of the reproductive phase was reduced by 23 days in plants of both species in the 17–31 °C treatment compared to those at 11–23 °C, although no differences were observed when the length of the reproductive phase was measured in thermal-time units. Total plant biomass for both species was 20% greater in the 11–23 °C treatment. In L. fendleri, this increment occurred due to more vegetative shoot biomass, whereas in L. mendocina it was associated with greater reproductive and root biomass. No changes in biomass allocation were produced by temperature in L. fendleri, while in L. mendocina the lower temperature regime increased allocation to the reproductive organs, at the expense of a lower allocation to vegetative shoot. These results could be used to predict the specific temperature effects after flowering on yield under field conditions, and suggest that L. mendocina might be a promising perennial alternative for cooler sites.     

黄桃叶绿体基因组的组装与序列分析

以‘锦绣'黄桃为试材,利用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测定‘锦绣'黄桃的DNA序列,用SPAdes v3.10.1组装叶绿体基因组,以桃树叶绿体基因组为参考,对其进行叶绿体基因组特征和进化树分析,为进一步开展‘锦绣'黄桃遗传与鉴定学研究奠定良好基础。结果表明：‘锦绣'黄桃叶绿体基因组全长为157 786 bp,具有典型的四分体环状结构,GC含量为36.77%,AT含量为63.23%,包括1个大单拷贝区（LSC）、1对反向重复区（IR）和1个小单拷贝区（SSC）,序列长度分别为85 924、26 381、19 100 bp,LSC、IR和SSC区域中的GC含量分别为34.61%、42.58%、30.41%。‘锦绣'黄桃的叶绿体基因组共注释得到130个基因,包括85个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因;按照功能分类将其分为光合作用相关基因、自我复制相关基因、其他基因和未知功能基因4大类,在这些基因中包括18个双拷贝基因,分别是1个NADH脱氢酶亚基基因（ndhB）、4个自我复制基因（rpl2、rpl23、rps12、rps7）、4个rRNA基因（rrn16、rrn23、rrn4.5、rrn5）、7个tRNA基因（trnA-UGC、trnI-CAU、trnI-GAU、trnL-CAA、trnN-GUU、trnR-ACG、trnV-GAC）、2个未知功能蛋白基因（ycf1、ycf2）。在‘锦绣'黄桃叶绿体基因组中查找248个SSR位点,分布在LSC、SSC、IR区域的SSR数量分别为165、44、39个,占比分别为66.53%、17.74%、15.73%,以单核苷酸重复占绝对优势,主要是A/T,其次是三核苷酸类型,其优势重复单元类型是ATA、TAT和TTA。进化树分析表明,‘锦绣'黄桃与桃树（Prunus persica,MH169125.1）亲缘关系最近。本研究建立了适于‘锦绣'黄桃完整叶绿体基因组组装及其特征分析的方法,为‘锦绣'黄桃的鉴定和系统发育研究奠定基础。