Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA

Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.     

Front Cover Image

The cover image is based on the Research Article Nonanal, a new fall armyworm sex pheromone component, significantly increases the efficacy of pheromone lures by Ahmed M. Saveer et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7460 . Image Credit: Matt Bertone.

     

草地贪夜蛾到底有多“贪”

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda被认为是世界上最具破坏性的害虫之一。其巨大的破坏性主要源于其具有贪吃、贪育、贪婪、广适、耐药等特性。治"贪"就是要利用它的贪性发展出一系列的治理措施和技术,使得其贪性难以发挥,将其种群密度控制在经济为害水平以下,以保障作物生产和生态安全。     

昆虫类信息素研究进展及应用前景

昆虫信息素具有微量、高效、无毒、不伤害天敌、不污染环境等优点,在害虫综合治理中发挥着重要作用。然而,天然信息素的高挥发性和在空气快速氧化以及合成成本高等问题限制了其在害虫综合治理中的实际应用。与天然信息素相比,昆虫类信息素具有更好的物理、化学和毒理性等优点,可以弥补天然信息素的不足,现已成为国内外的研究焦点。本研究对昆虫类信息素的概念与类型、研发与合成、特性及应用前景等方面进行归纳总结,阐述了利用昆虫类信息素在害虫综合治理上的研究状况,并展望了其应用前景。     

Insect Pests and Mites

Abstract

Weeds are major components of agro-ecosystems and they affect the biology of pests and beneficial insects in several ways; provision of flowers, presence of neutral insects, modification of crop microclimate, production of chemical stimulus, alteration of colonisation background, etc. The more relevant beneficial crop–weed–insect interactions are discussed. The role of weeds in regulating pest populations is illustrated by studies on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping systems, in which chemical interactions between Empoasca kraemeri Ross &; Moore and two grass weeds were identified. It is proposed to continue and develop this kind of research in order to incorporate weeds into pest control strategies.     

Old and new association of Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with alien invasive and native Spodoptera species and key stemborer species: implication for their management

BACKGROUND

Maize production in Africa is hindered by a myriad of biotic challenges, key among them being invasive and native lepidopteran stemborers. Recent invasion of the continent by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has further exacerbated the situation. Fortunately, Cotesia icipe was found to be very promising against S. frugiperda. However, the co-occurrence and interaction between S. frugiperda and the stemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis, and Chilo partellus) in maize agroecosystem may jeopardize the efficiency of C. icipe as a biocontrol agent of S. frugiperda. This study investigated the performance of C. icipe on S. frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis and the stemborers. Specifically, the preference and acceptability of C. icipe to the host insects, the physiological suitability of the hosts for its development, and the effect of these hosts on the fitness parameters of the offspring were assessed.

RESULTS

Cotesia icipe accepted all the tested hosts, albeit with higher preference for Spodoptera species than for stemborers under multiple-choice tests. Also, the highest parasitism of up to 97% was recorded on S. frugiperda compared with parasitism on the stemborers of 43% in B. fusca. Moreover, physiological suitability and fitness traits (except for per cent female offspring) varied with host species, again being optimal on Spodoptera species.

CONCLUSION

Cotesia icipe demonstrated strong potential to control S. frugiperda in maize due to its high affinity for parasitization and developmental success in this host; and despite its non-specific parasitization, the presence of other hosts may not prevent its maximum control of S. frugiperda. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

中国草地贪夜蛾的防控策略

草地贪夜蛾2019年已经在中国南方和周边国家的热带、南亚热带地区完成定殖过程。自2020年起,将在春、夏两季随季风向北逐代迁移进入中国长江流域、黄河流域和东北小麦、玉米等重要农作物主产区发生为害,形成对国家粮食生产安全的长期性威胁。作者基于对草地贪夜蛾生物学习性和发生规律的认识,借鉴中国棉铃虫等重大农业害虫防控的经验教训,提出了中国草地贪夜蛾防控工作"两步走"策略。在近年内,实施以化学防治、物理防治、生物防治和农业防治为主的综合防治技术体系,旨在解决短期内生产上草地贪夜蛾为害的应急管控问题。然后通过现代农业信息技术和生物技术的创新与应用,力争在3～5年的时间内构建和实施以精准监测预警、迁飞高效阻截和种植Bt玉米为核心的综合防治技术体系,实现低成本、绿色可持续控制目标,满足中国农业生产高质量发展和社会生态文明建设的战略性需求。     

吴茱萸病虫害防治研究进展

概述了吴茱萸主要病虫害种类,介绍其了预测预报、农业防治、物理防治、化学防治等防治方法,并提出了生物防治技术和基因工程技术在其病虫害研究中的应用前景.     

Pheromone‐based integrated pest management to control the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in cabbage fields

Biorational and regular insecticide applications were evaluated for management of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) in Karnataka State, India, in 1996 and 1997. The IPM programme, based on the pheromone trap catch threshold of eight moths per trap per night, included utilization of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae. (250 000 adults ha⁻¹), the predator Chrysoperla carnea (2500 eggs ha⁻¹), the neem‐based chemical nimbecidine (625 ml ha⁻¹), the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (500 ml ha⁻¹), and the synthetic insecticide phosalone (2.8 litre ha⁻¹). The IPM programme induced a reduction of trap catches, egg and larval populations and, therefore, a low level of damage to the crop. The economic analysis showed that the cost of the IPM treatments was also considerably lower than that of ordinary insecticide practice (average of $62 relative to $123 ha⁻¹, respectively). Gross profit was also clearly higher in IPM plots than in farmer's fields, ranging from $777 to $810 ha⁻¹ in the IPM plots compared with $456 to $462 ha⁻¹ in the insecticide‐treated fields. As a consequence of lower input costs and higher gross profit, net profit in IPM treatments was even more favourable, and the economic savings associated with the utilization of the IPM programme amounted to $380 ha⁻¹ in 1996 and $410 ha⁻¹ in 1997. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于性诱和物联网的草地贪夜蛾成虫种群动态智能化监测

为实现田间草地贪夜蛾成虫种群动态的智能化监测,本研究对本文作者前期研发的基于性诱和物联网的害虫智能监测设备进行了田间应用和评估。研究发现,该智能监测设备的实时采集数据和人工计数数据所反映的草地贪夜蛾高峰期均为9月20日-9月22日、10月14日-10月22日和11月4日-11月6日,自动计数的平均准确率达75.03%;桶形诱捕器仅监测到9月20日-9月22日和10月14日-10月22日这2个高峰期,但整个监测期间桶形诱捕器诱集到的草地贪夜蛾种群数量与智能监测设备监测到的种群数量没有差异(Z=-0.784,P=0.433)。此外,该智能监测设备的实时监测数据表明：草地贪夜蛾成虫具有明显的昼夜活动节律,而且受环境温度影响较大。当日平均温度≥16℃时,大多在18:00后开始活动,晚上12点左右达到活动高峰期;当日平均温度<16℃时,草地贪夜蛾成虫整体活动性不强,但在16:00-16:59和23:00-00:59出现两个活动小高峰期。以上结果表明,基于性诱和物联网的智能化监测可以用于草地贪夜蛾的远程实时测报。     

The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes

The foundation of an integrated pest management program involves valid treatment thresholds, accurate and simple monitoring methods, effective natural controls, selective pesticides and trained individuals who can implement the concept. The Integrated Control Concept written by Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen elucidated each of these points in an alfalfa ecosystem. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) has a low per acre value, requires little hand labor and is primarily marketed in the USA. In contrast, fresh market table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) has a high per acre value, requires frequent hand labor operations, suffers unacceptable cosmetic damage and is marketed throughout both the USA and the world. Each of the components of a working IPM program is present in table grape production. Marketing grapes to foreign countries presents special problems with pests considered invasive and where residue tolerances for some selective insecticides are lacking. However, fresh market grape farmers are still able to deal with these special problems and utilize an IPM program that has resulted in a 42% reduction in broad‐spectrum insecticide use from 1995 to 2007. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应

本文研究稻田全天放鸭对水稻病、虫、杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,稻鸭共育后12和42d,共育田水稻基部飞虱、叶蝉的总量比不养鸭稻田平均减少63．8％和77．3％;稻鸭共育后10和40d,共育田杂草比不养鸭稻田平均减少50．6％和94．2％;分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数,稻鸭共育田比不养鸭稻田分别低67．1％和52．5％。另外,稻鸭共育田的害虫天敌蜘蛛数量明显增加,比常规种稻田多1．66～2．61倍,这也显著改善了稻田的生态环境,抑制了水稻害虫的危害。     

Insect Growth Regulators and their Potential in the Management of Stored-product Insect Pests

Concern about the impact of pesticides on both health and environment has resulted in the search for alternative control measures for stored-product insect pest. Amongst such alternatives are insect growth regulators (IGRs), a class of biorational compounds that disrupt the normal development of insects. Because of their selectivity of action, these compounds appear to fit the requirements for Third Generation Pesticides, environmentally benign and safer grain protectants. IGRs have been developed commercially and are being used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, public health and stored products. IGRs affect the biology of treated insects, for example, both embryonic and post-embryonic development, reproduction, behaviour and mortality. Abnormal morphogenesis is the observed effect of IGR action on the insects. Many of them are more potent than current insecticides, even against the eggs.Compared with the conventional insecticides, IGRs do not exhibit quick knock-down in insects or cause mortality, but the long-term exposure to these compounds largely stops the population growth, as a result of the effects mentioned in both the parents and progeny.The present paper focuses on the previous works on different IGRs available commercially. Also, their possible role in the management of stored-product insect pests has been discussed.     

害虫生物防治综合效益评价方法

害虫生物防治效果的评价方法通常采用化学防治效果的计算方法,一般仅体现短期内对目标害虫的致死作用结果,而忽略了天敌在自然界数量增殖后对害虫种群数量的长期而持续的控制效果,以及在保护生态环境、保护生物多样性等方面的评价.判断害虫生物防治计划是否获得成功,目前缺乏广泛认同的评价方法.本文对害虫生物防治效果的评价方法进行了梳理...