过寄生对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂不同程度过寄生对其自身生物学特性的影响。菜蛾绒茧蜂一次寄生行为一般只产一粒卵，过寄生情况下，寄生体内蜂幼有物理竞争现象。对菜蛾绒茧蜂存活率、发育历期、成蜂寿命，性比，产卵量及雌蜂前翅长进行考察发现，同独寄生相比，过寄生对该蜂的生长发育不利，且不利影响随每寄主体内蜂幼个体数的增加而加重。     

Effect of antifeedants on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae

Two neem preparations and the bitter‐tasting synthetic chemical denatonium benzoate were tested in the laboratory as antifeedants against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. The effects of the three materials on Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), a hymenopteran parasitoid of ­P xylostella, were also recorded. All three materials significantly reduced the food consumption of ­P xylostella larvae. Parasitoid cocoons were formed on approximately half of those larvae which had been exposed to female C plutellae, regardless of antifeedant treatment, but emergence of adult parasitoids from the cocoons was significantly reduced by antifeedant treatment. In terms of food consumption and mortality of unparasitised P xylostella larvae, and emergence of adult C plutellae, the effect of each antifeedant preparation was directly related to the concentration of material used, but the effects of the neem preparations were greater than those of denatonium benzoate. However, no adult P xylostella emerged on any antifeedant treatment, therefore some of the parasitoids survived antifeedant treatments which were fatal to the unparasitised hosts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

氰戊菊酯施用于寄主幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

25℃下,分别在菜蛾绒茧蜂产卵寄生后的第1、3、5、7天(幼蜂分别处于卵、初龄幼虫、中龄幼虫、末龄幼虫期)将20％氰戊菊酯乳油1000倍水溶液以喷雾法施用于被寄生的小菜蛾幼虫。第1天和第7天处理使蜂的存活率明显下降,第1天处理导致育出雌蜂的产卵量低于对照,而第3天和第5天处理使蜂存活率下降幅度相对较小,且第5天的处理引起育出雌蜂的产卵量高于对照。不同时间处理均显著延长了该蜂卵 幼虫的发育历期,其中以第5天延长最为显著。除第3天外,其余时间处理导致育出蜂个体小于对照,且以第1天和第7天处理影响更为显著。羽化雌蜂的寿命均短于对照。对存活率和产卵量进行综合分析表明,氰戊菊酯施用于寄主幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂幼蜂的影响随后者发育阶段不同而变化,卵、末龄幼虫期较初龄、中龄幼虫期受到的不利作用更大。     

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂主要寄生因子对寄主小菜蛾生长发育的调控

研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的主要寄生因子(多DNA病毒、毒液和畸形细胞)对寄主小菜蛾生长和发育的影响.通过利用结合假寄生和过寄生方法,证明寄生蜂寄生因子对寄主生长和发育有明显影响.结果显示,假寄生初期,寄主体重降低;但到后期,当未寄生寄主正常化蛹后,假寄生寄主继续取食、发育,寄主末龄幼虫期显著延长,不能化蛹,成为超重幼虫,最大体重可达10.52mg.正常寄生后,寄主的发育与未寄生寄主相比,始终处于抑制状态.过寄生对寄主生长、发育的抑制程度加剧.研究结果表明,假寄生与正常寄生后寄主的生长和发育有明显差异,这种差异的部分原因可能是由畸形细胞引起的.     

温度对菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在１５－３５℃范围内的９个温度下测定了温度对菜蛾绒茧蜂Ｃｏｔｅｓｉａ ｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｅ Ｋｕｒｄｊ．的个体发育,种群存活率和种群增长潜能的影响。卵－结茧,结茧羽化两阶段的发育速度与温度均呈直线关系,发育起点温度分别为１０．６和１１．８℃,有效积温常数分别为１０５．６和６２．０日度。     

母代光照经历对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育发生的影响

室内研究了在同一温度(25℃)3、种不同光照条件(8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D)下饲养的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,其后代在4种不同温度(13、15、17、20℃)和2种光周期(8L∶16D、11L∶13D)下饲养的滞育率变化情况。结果表明:母代的光照经历、子代饲养温度和光照周期这3个滞育诱导因素都会显著地影响滞育率。母代的光周期经历与子代诱导滞育的温度或光周期之间、子代诱导滞育的温度与光周期之间均存在交互作用,但3个因素间的交互作用不显著。母代在长日照条件下饲养可以降低子代诱导滞育的临界温度。子代在较低温度下饲养,母代经历的光周期对子代滞育的发生影响不大,甚至没有影响;但当子代在相对较高温度下饲养,母代经历的光周期对子代滞育发生的影响十分明显。     

多杀菌素对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾纯合子品系作寄主饲养菜蛾绒茧蜂,用多杀菌素田间推荐使用浓度(25 mg/L)分别处理处于卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的绒茧蜂,其中卵期和幼虫期通过处理寄主幼虫间接处理,并测定该药剂对成虫的毒力,系统观察该杀虫剂对绒茧蜂各虫期的致死和亚致死作用。与对照相比,绒茧蜂卵期或幼虫期其寄主受药后,可导致蜂幼虫死于寄主体内或啮出寄主的过程中,使结茧化蛹率下降43% ~56%,成虫羽化率下降19% ~33%,成蜂雌性比下降11% ~25%,而成虫大小、寿命和寄生力未受显著影响;在蛹期受药使成虫羽化率下降10%,成蜂寿命缩短,但对成虫寄生力无显著影响;对成虫24 h的LC99为4.31 mg/L。结果表明,多杀菌素可进入寄主作用于其体内的蜂卵和幼虫,或直接作用于蜂蛹和成虫,从而对绒茧蜂各个虫态产生显著的致死和亚致死效应,尤以对成虫高毒。     

常用杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂的影响及毒理机制研究

田间采集试虫室内测定结果表明,敌敌畏、灭多威和杀虫双对菜蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles plutellae高毒,乙酰甲胺磷对绒茧蜂毒性较低,而氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟虫腈、阿维菌素、定虫隆和Bt则是低毒的。菜蛾绒茧蜂AChE的Km及Vmax值分别是小菜蛾的0.22和2.08倍,AChE对敌敌畏的敏感性(K/em>i值)分别是小菜蛾的10.37倍。100 mg/L的胡椒基丁醚(PB)或磷酸三苯酯(TPP)均可使氰戊菊酯明显增效,其中PB的增效作用显著高于TPP。体内抑制实验结果表明,PB和TPP对绒茧蜂AChE活力无显著影响,低浓度(100 mg/L)的PB即可显著抑制绒茧蜂的α-NA和β-NA CarE活力,且抑制率高于TPP,TPP仅在高浓度(1 000 mg/L)时对绒茧蜂的两种CarE活力有显著抑制作用。由此推断,与小菜蛾相比,菜蛾绒茧蜂对有机磷的高敏感性与其显著较高的AChE敏感性有关;此外,多功能氧化酶的解毒代谢在菜蛾绒茧蜂对氰戊菊酯的耐药性中具重要作用。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明,该蜂能寄生小菜蛾各个龄期的幼虫,但当２－４龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生２、３龄幼虫,对２、３、４龄幼虫的选择系数分别为０．３７、０．３９、０．２４。该蜂对４龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而急剧下降,对进入４龄并发育至该龄期４０％时间以上的幼虫不能寄生。产卵寄生的雌蜂比例也随４龄幼虫日龄增大而急剧下降。小菜蛾幼虫被寄主后     

Evaluation of selective toxicity of five pesticides against Plutella xylostella (Lep: Plutellidae) and their side-effects against Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym: Eulophidae)

The toxicities of five pesticides commonly used in vegetable fields to the larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L) and its two major parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), were evaluated in the laboratory using several bioassays. When tested at the rates recommended for field application by the manufacturer, fipronil, avermectin and chlorfluazuron produced over 95% mortality on third-instar larvae of P xylostella, but fenvalerate and methomyl did not produce any substantial mortality to such larvae, and over 70% of P xylostella larvae could still pupate normally after feeding on cabbage leaf treated with the two pesticides. In a residual contact assay with adult parasitoids, fipronil and methomyl caused over 93% mortality within 24 h; fenvalerate killed approximately 55% of the adults within 24 h; avermectin and chlorfluazuron showed differential toxicity to the two parasitoids. Avermectin was extremely harmful to O sokolowskii but slightly toxic to C plutellae, while chlorfluazuron was more toxic to C plutellae than to O sokolowskii. In the residue assay with cocoons of C plutellae and pupae of O sokolowskii developed within P xylostella pupae, treatments with pesticides did not reduce adult emergence. However, the mortality of C plutellae adults emerged from the fipronil-treated cocoons increased greatly within 24 h post-emergence; adults from the fenvalerate-treated cocoons parasitized less host larvae. Treatments with fenvalerate and methomyl significantly increased the mortality of O sokolowskii adults within 24 h post-emergence. Recommendations of choosing pesticides for the control of P xylostella are given.     

南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯的抗性机制

通过解毒酶活性测定与钠离子通道基因片段的克隆、测序,研究了南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯产生高水平抗性的生化和分子机制。结果表明,南京抗性种群的酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性分别是敏感种群的1.06和1.16倍,无显著差异;以2,4二硝基氯苯(CDNB)和1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯(DCNB)为底物,南京抗性种群的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性分别是敏感种群的0.68倍和1.03倍;进一步利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别从敏感和抗性小菜蛾基因组DNA中扩增出了位于钠离子通道结构域IIS6的232bp和248bp的DNA片段;与敏感种群相比,南京抗性种群钠离子通道基因存在一个保守性点突变,即C突变为T,并导致亮氨酸突变为苯丙氨酸,表明神经不敏感性是南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯产生高水平抗性的主要机制。     

小菜蛾对Bt的抗性及其治理

本文综合论述小菜蛾对Ｂｔ的抗性现状,发展特点与作用机制,并提出相应的抗性治理对策 。     

杭州郊区小菜蛾寄生昆虫调查

１９８９～１９９６年,在杭州郊区调查了十字花科蔬菜小菜蛾的寄生昆虫天敌种类和被寄生率,共发现６种原寄生天敌,即赤眼蜂Ｔｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａ．ｓｐ．菜蛾绒茧蜂Ｃｏｔｅｓｉａｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｅ,颈双缘姬蜂Ｄｉａｄｒｏｍｕｓｃｏｌｌａｒｉｓ,菜蛾啮小蜂Ｏｏｍｙｚｕｓｓｏｋｏｌｏｗｓｋｉｉ,螟蛉埃姬蜂Ｉｔｏｐｌｅｔｉｃｎａｒａｎｙａｅ,无脊大腿小蜂Ｂｒａｃｈｙｍｅｒｉａｅｘｃａｖｉｎａｔａ．以及７种菜蛾绒     

小菜蛾和绒茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶对甲胺磷和甲基异柳磷敏感性监测

对 ACh E的 K m、Vmax和 Ki值的研究结果表明 ,田间小菜蛾和绒茧蜂对甲胺磷和甲基异柳磷的抗性与 ACh E对杀虫剂的不敏感性有关。田间监测结果表明 ,每年 9月至次年 2月期间 ,由于田间杀虫剂选择压较高 ,小菜蛾 ACh E对有机磷较不敏感 ,而在每年的 6月至 8月期间 ,ACh E敏感性有所升高 ,达到全年的最高点。寄生于同一虫源的绒茧蜂 ACh E敏感性的变化也呈明显的相关性。绒茧蜂 ACh E的敏感性显著高于小菜蛾 ,尚未达到高度不敏感水平。当田间选择压极高时 ,可导致小菜蛾 ACh E呈高度不敏感 ,此时绒茧蜂 ACh E也表现出较高的不敏感性。     

小菜蛾蛹寄生蜂颈双缘姬蜂的生物学,生态学特性研究

颈双缘姬蜂是小菜蛾蛹期的寄生蜂,试验蜂种来自马来西亚。笔者在室内对其一些生物学、生态学特性作了观察,并在玻璃房内进行了放蜂试验。在２０℃下,雌蜂的发育历期为１７．３天,雄蜂为１６．７天;２３℃下,相应为１２．２天;２７℃则为１１．０和１０．５天。提供蜜糖水和清水,成蜂寿命长（否则很快死亡）,如在２３℃下雌蜂可活５２．０天,雄蜂活３７．５天。在我们的试验条件下被寄生过的寄主蜂,大约只有３５％发育至成     

Inheritance of resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a field population of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Inheritance of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. CryIA(b) crystal protein was studied in Plutella xylostella L. (diamondback moth). A field population 50-fold more resistant to CryIA(b) than a control susceptible strain was used. Dose-mortality curves of the resistant population, the susceptible strain and the F₁ from the two reciprocal crosses were compared. Resistance transmission to the F₁ was dependent on the sex of the resistant progenitor. Sex ratio of the survivors to high doses of CryIA(b) in the F₁ of the two reciprocal crosses did not corroborate the preliminary hypothesis of resistance being due to a recessive sex-linked allele. Since, in a previous work, the loss of CryIA(b) binding capacity of resistant insects had been demonstrated, binding to midgut tissue sections from F₁ individuals was also analysed. The presence of binding in all of the F₁ preparations showed that, at least, a recessive autosomal allele was responsible for the loss of binding capacity in the resistant population.     

云南通海小菜蛾种群抗药性监测及田间药效评价

为掌握云南蔬菜主产区通海县小菜蛾种群对常用杀虫剂的敏感性及其田间防治效果, 采用浸叶法和田间小区试验对常用杀虫剂进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明：通海县小菜蛾种群对丁醚脲和Bt的敏感性最高, 仍处于敏感水平, 对茚虫威属低抗水平, 对虫螨腈和多杀菌素的抗性倍数分别为24.28和31.68倍, 属中抗水平, 对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性倍数为44.62倍, 到高抗水平, 对阿维菌素的敏感性最差, 抗性倍数829.90倍, 达极高抗水平。抗性水平和田间药效呈一定相关性, 氯虫苯甲酰胺和阿维菌素药后7 d对小菜蛾的防治效果均低于50%, 茚虫威、多杀菌素和丁醚脲的田间防效较好。通海县小菜蛾可选择的防治药剂包括茚虫威、多杀菌素和丁醚脲, 注意不同药剂之间的轮换和交替使用。