藜不同溶剂提取物的杀蚜活性

以萝卜蚜为试虫,对4种不同溶剂藜提取物的杀蚜活性进行了研究。结果表明,石油醚和乙醇提取物的杀虫活性最为显著,对萝卜蚜有很强的触杀和拒食作用,石油醚提取物72 h的平均拒食率为73.33%,拒食中浓度AFC_(50)为61.731 mg/mL,触杀校正死亡率为97.69%,LC_(50)为22.431 mg/mL;乙醇提取物72 h的触杀校正死亡率为93.82%,LC_(50)为34.698 mg/mL,与对照组具有显著差异。此外,藜其他溶剂提取物也表现出一定的杀蚜活性。     

30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治萝卜蚜田间药效试验

为了筛选出防治萝卜蚜高效、低残留药剂,对30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油和40%氧乐果乳油防治萝卜蚜进行了药效对比及用量试验。田间试验结果表明,30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油对萝卜蚜具有理想的防治效果,表现出良好的速效性和持效性,使用30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油65～135mL/667m2,在蚜虫发生期内喷雾防治,施药第1d,防治效果就超过90%,药后第10d仍保持在90%以上,且对油菜安全。     

麻疯树种子提取物对萝卜蚜的杀虫活性

从麻疯树种子中提取毒蛋白、种子油及其乙醇提取物,研究并比较了三者对萝卜蚜的触杀活性.结果显示种子毒蛋白对萝卜蚜无明显的触杀活性;而种子油则对萝卜蚜显示出很强的触杀作用,其毒力回归方程为y=2.5748X 3.0235,LD50为5.8560g/L;种子油乙醇提取物对萝卜蚜也具有显著的触杀活性,触杀作用的毒力回归方程为y=3.5229X 3.8441,LD50为2.1286g/L,低于种子油LD50,显示其杀虫活性较种子油更强.种子油乙醇提取物的田间防治试验显示,2.02g/L乙醇提取物对萝卜蚜具有较好的田间防治效果,药后7天的防效仍可达到72.11%.     

苍耳倍半萜内酯和博落回生物碱对3种蔬菜害虫的活性比较

为探讨苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)倍半萜内酯分离物L-Ⅱ(主要成分为4β,5β-环氧苍耳素-1a,4a-内过氧化物)的活性大小,将其与博落回(Macleaya cordata)总生物碱提取物MacSC(主要成分为血根碱和白屈菜红碱)的活性进行了比较研究.结果显示,两种测试物对试虫均表现较高活性,其中,苍耳倍半萜内酯分离物L-Ⅱ对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)4龄幼虫的选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)为23.6 mg/L,活性强于博落回生物碱提取物MacSC(111.8 mg/L):在测试浓度为10 mg/mL时,L-Ⅱ处理组的小菜蛾4龄幼虫仅有4.30%发育为成虫,是对照的6.12%,小菜蛾蛹的羽化率为对照的12.05%,而MacSC的影响相对较低,两值分别为对照的33.89%和56.23%:在上述测试浓度,L-Ⅱ对桄蚜(Myzus persicae)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)均有较强的忌避作用,24 h忌避率分别为72.03%和74.47%,而MacSC对桃蚜的忌较效果较低(55.50%),对萝卜蚜无忌避活性.说明苍耳倍半萜内酯分离物L-Ⅱ对几种试虫的拒食、忌避和生长发育抑制活性均高于博落回总生物碱提取物MacSC.     

圆果大赤螨对萝卜蚜的捕食作用与5种杀螨剂的耐药性

室内测定了圆果大赤螨对萝卜蚜的捕食作用及对5种常用杀螨剂的敏感性.结果表明,大赤螨成螨对萝卜蚜若蚜的捕食量随温度升高而显着增加,20、25和30℃等3种温度下的日捕食量分别为5.30±0.57、7.97±0.26和10.53±0.74头;大赤螨对萝卜蚜成蚜的捕食量均较小,且3种温度处理之间无显著差异.由药后5 d总死亡率结果可见,5种药剂对大赤螨的毒性从低到高依次为:1%阿维·鱼藤新型EC 1500倍液<1%阿维·鱼藤新型EC 1000倍液和24%螺虫乙酯SC 3000倍液<73%克螨特EC 2000倍液和1%阿维·鱼藤新型EC 750倍液<1.8%阿维菌素EC4000倍液<18%阿维·甲氰EC 4000倍液.供试5种药剂中,18%阿维·甲氰EC4000对大赤螨的致死速度最快,24h死亡率高达98.77%±1.23%.     

几种植物提取物对萝卜蚜的光活化杀虫活性

采用索氏提取和水蒸馏法,分别获得黄皮种子甲醇、石油醚提取物,万寿菊根甲醇提取物和猪毛蒿精油。以不同的浓度并结合紫外光光照处理,发现黄皮种子甲醇提取物在浓度1～5 mg/mL的浓度范围内,对萝卜蚜的死亡率为60%～90%,光照与非光照处理,其死亡率不存在显著差异;其石油醚提取物浓度5 mg/mL时,则显示出光活化效应,光照与非光照的死亡率分别为34.77%和19.29%。猪毛蒿精油浓度0.5 mg/mL和5 mg/mL时,不显示出光活化效应,但在1 mg/mL时则表现出显著的光活化效果,光照与非光照的死亡率分别为83.65%和24.15%。万寿菊根甲醇提取物浓度5 mg/mL时,光照与非光照的死亡率分别为23.91%和9.74%,表现出光活化效应。     

Modelling regional level spatial distribution of aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) growth in Indian mustard using satellite-based remote sensing data

Abstract

We developed a procedure for preparing a model for mapping spatially distributed zones of aphid pest (Lipaphis erysimi) outbreaks at a regional level. This study employed near-surface meteorological parameters derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Television and Infra-Red Operational Satellites (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data and field observations of disease infestation. The study area comprised three sites representing semi-arid and sub-humid regions of dominant Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)-growing regions of India. A model based on TOVS-derived cumulative surface air temperature and minimum specific humidity (SpH) was developed to estimate the date of ‘aphid onset’ (first appearance), date of peak infestation and location of severity with respect to aphid population density. Aphid population growth rate during the linear growth phase between aphid onset to peak was computed using SpH-weighted temperature and dates of sowing of the crop (crop age). Sowing dates of mustard crop, of northwest India, were obtained from spectral growth profiles derived from time series remote sensing (RS) products of the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor. Estimated dates of peak aphid infestation and peak population showed a strong match with the observed data. The location of peak aphid population density was depicted in each spatial grid of 25×25 km² for parts of northwest India. The simulated aphid population build-up and date of peak population density was validated with observed data for an unknown site in the Sriganganager district, Rajasthan state, India. Comparison of predicted dates of attaining peak aphid population with observations showed a deviation of ±7 days. After validation, the regional level model was applied over a large area of a mustard-growing region for varying dates of sowing, surface air temperature and specific humidity, to show the spatial distribution of aphid growing severity zones (population density) and to predict dates of severe aphid infestation (peak population) at each grid level in the region.     

杂草稻落粒粳的生物学特性与防治

为了解杂草稻(暂定名:Oryza sativa L.)的生物学特性和探索杂草稻的有效控制技术,开展了杂草稻落粒粳的防治研究.杂草稻落粒粳是在我国东北辽宁省丹东市的水稻田发现的,其植株比常规栽培稻高,容易掉粒.落粒粳颖果呈中长型,果壳稻草色或黄间黑灰色,小穗无芒或有芒,芒长4～12cm.颖果千粒重2.35g.种皮桔红色.落粒粳种子在13～38℃条件下的发芽率均大于88%.水层2.5～10cm处理,落粒粳植株干重减少50%～69%.二甲戊灵660～990 g ai/hm2处理对落粒粳的植株鲜重防效达到优良水平.二甲戊灵对常规栽培稻秀水11的生长无不良影响,对水稻安全.     

中粳稻区白背飞虱灾变规律及配套控制技术研究

白背飞虱在中粳稻区具有成虫迁入早，迁入量大，增殖倍数高，迁入下代即猖獗危害等特点。白背飞虱暴发时，二代若虫高峰期虫量，与一代7月10－15日田间虫量极显著正相关。据此建立了预测试，提出了发生程度预测指标，预报准确率达85％以上。研究表明，水稻不同生育期，不同虫口密度的白背飞虱的增长速度不一样；同一生育期，低密度的增殖速度要大于高密度，但总虫量高密度处理显著高于低密度区。二代白背飞虱百穴虫量与水稻产量损失呈极显著正相关；防治指标为189－190头。因此，当二代白背习虱发生早或超过180头以上时，应采取“治二压三”的防治策略，须用药防治。同时还形成了与之配套的，而且行之有效的水稻中后期多种害虫总体防治控制技术。     

The current status of pesticide resistance in Australian populations of the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor)

BACKGROUND: The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker, is an important pest of broad‐acre farming systems in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In 2006, high levels of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids were discovered in this species in Western Australia. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2010, the authors monitored resistance in field populations and found it had spread considerably within the state of Western Australia. Twenty‐six paddocks from 15 individual properties were identified with resistance, and these paddocks ranged over 480 km. To date, resistance has not been detected in any other Australian state. Resistance in H. destructor appears to be found across the entire pyrethroid group, but not to other chemical classes such as organophosphates and carbamates, or other chemistries with novel modes of action. CONCLUSION: The high levels of resistance occurring in Western Australia have caused considerable economic losses due to ineffective chemical applications and mortality of crop plants at seedling establishment. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive resistance surveillance programme to be developed for H. destructor within Australia. Growers need to consider non‐chemical approaches for pest control and should be encouraged to implement pesticide resistance management programmes for H. destructor. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based intercropping systems for biological pest control

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in temperate climates. As its pests are mainly controlled with insecticides that are harmful to the environment and human health, alternative practices such as intercropping have been studied for their potential to promote biological control. Based on the published literature, this study aimed to review the effect of wheat‐based intercropping systems on insect pests and their natural enemies. Fifty original research papers were obtained from a systematic search of the peer‐reviewed literature. Results from a vote‐counting analysis indicated that, in the majority of studies, pest abundance was significantly reduced in intercropping systems compared with pure stands. However, the occurrence of their natural enemies as well as predation and parasitism rates were not significantly increased. The country where the studies took place, the type of intercropping and the crop that was studied in the association had significant effects on these results. These findings show that intercropping is a viable practice to reduce insecticide use in wheat production systems. Nevertheless, other practices could be combined with intercropping to favour natural enemies and enhance pest control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Current status of biological control of paddy weeds in Vietnam

Rice is a staple food in Vietnam and accounts for > 7.7 × 10⁶ cultivated ha, which provide 35.5 × 10⁶ t of rice, of which 4.2 × 10⁶ t were exported in 2004. The enlargement of the cropping area and the enhancement of rice yield have rapidly increased the amount of agrochemicals, including herbicides, in crop production in Vietnam. From 1990–2003, the percentage of herbicides in total pesticides has increased ≈ 10-fold to 30.2%. In addition, the improper use of herbicides caused environmental hazards, unsafe agricultural products, and human health problems. Biological management integrated with traditional weed control techniques might help to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and build eco-friendly, sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam. This paper reviews the efforts in establishing a strategy for biological management of weeds that was conducted in recent years by Vietnamese weed scientists. This has included cropping system management, water and soil management, integrated pest management, and utilization of plant allelopathy as major components of the strategy. Many plants with strong allelopathic potential can be a source for biological weed suppression and soil fertility improvement. The utilization of allelopathic properties in rice might also help to provide new rice cultivars with weed-suppressing characteristics.     

应用生物防治技术控制天牛危害

天牛是多种林木、果树、花卉的重要蛀干害虫,其周期性暴发往往造成林业、果树业巨大的经济损失。 本文从天敌、纤维素酶抑制剂,植物引诱和性信息素、寄主抗虫性等四个方面对天牛生物防治的研究和应用进 行了论述。     

岫岩农业生态环境与农田害虫的生物控制研究初报

岫岩县是辽宁省生态农业建设示范县之一,具有得天独厚的自然资源优势,为害虫的生物控制提供了良好的条件。研究表明,良好的农业生态环境为农田提供了丰富的天敌资源,对一些主要害虫具有明显的自然控制作用;通过补充释放天敌昆虫,对主要害虫取得了较好的防治效果。     

桔小实蝇生物防治研究进展

本文综述了国内外桔小实蝇的生物防治研究进展,概括了国内外对桔小实蝇起主要控制作用的主要天敌种类,论述了桔小实蝇寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌的利用;病原微生物中真菌、线虫、共生菌等的利用;对桔小实蝇具有引诱作用的水解蛋白、化学物质和植物次生物利用;桔小实蝇不育技术的应用等方面,并讨论了今后持续控制桔小实蝇中生物防治方面的发展趋势,以期为今后桔小实蝇持续控制提供生物防治方面的参考。     

菵草与油菜的竞争及防除阈值

采用添加系列试验研究了菵草与移栽油菜间的竞争关系.结果表明,菵草与油菜竞争光能,田间光照强度随菵草密度的增加而降低.移栽油菜在菵草的竞争干扰下,单株分枝数、角果数、千粒重及产量均随菵草密度增加而逐渐降低,油菜减产主要与菵草密度增大引起单株角果数减少有关.油菜产量损失与菵草密度之间的关系可用y = -0.0003x2 0.2269x 4.7638的数学模型来模拟,油菜田菵草的经济危害允许水平为3.24%,其防除阈值为8株/m2.     

Economic and financial model to the mass-rearing of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Heteroptera: Miridae), a biological control agent against the tomato moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in protected culture

BACKGROUND

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a major pest of tomato produced in glasshouses and open field, causing severe damages to crops, reducing the quality of tomato fruits. The current maintenance of the pest populations below the economic threshold is not achieved by natural and classical control, thus requiring the continuous application of biological control agents (BCAs), under an augmentative or inoculative approach. The present study aims to develop an economic and financial model to evaluate the commercial viability of a continuous mass production of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur), a BCA commonly used against the tomato moth, Tuta absoluta, in protected culture. The estimations for our model were based on two approaches: the farm-level impact analysis and the benefit–cost analysis.

RESULTS

The results of the farm-level analysis show that the adoption of a more sustainable biological control approach is profitable for farmers and the benefit–cost analysis provides evidence that the investment on a new factory dedicated to the mass rearing of M. pygmaeus to control tomato moth populations generates a positive net present value (NPV) of 7.2 million euros, corresponding to an internal rate of return (IRR) of 28.4% per year.

CONCLUSION

Our results are in line with (i) the more recent European Commission proposals for a new Regulation on sustainable use of plant protection products, which includes the reduction of 50% the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 2030 and (ii) most of the existing literature which conclude that new projects on BCA production are worth investments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜的危害损失和防治指标研究

禾谷缢管蚜种群数量和危害历期是造成小麦产量损失的主要因素。采用累积虫日作为危害量指标 ,建立了蚜虫危害量与小麦产量损失的回归模型 ,即Y₁=1.4250+5.3529×10^-4X₁,Y₂=1.1780+0.0106X₂ ,确定了禾谷缢管蚜的动态防治指标