Lophodermium piceae and Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii in fallen needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Falling needles collected from under individual 70-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees for about four years were checked for fungal fruitbodies. The most common fungi were Lophodermium piceae and Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii. Maximum frequencies of fruitbodies occurred in late autumn for L. piceae (ca. 80% of the needles), in summer for R. kalkhoffii (ca. 60%) and in winter for the third most common fungus, Tiarosporella parca (ca. 10%). The frequencies of needles with fruiting fungi varied greatly within and between years. This is the first report of T. parca from Sweden.     

油松落针病的发生与土壤条件关系的分析

文章对辽宁东部地区油松落针病的发生与土壤条件的关系进行了研究分析,结果表明:在7个县的油松发病林分内共有4种森林土壤类型,分别为石质棕色森林土、暗棕色森林土、草甸棕色森林土、生草棕色森林土。石质棕色森林土类型发病率(86.34%)和发病指数(50.01)最高。土壤肥力测定显示共同规律是随着土壤中速效氮、速效磷、钙和镁含量的减少而油松落针病均呈现病情加重的趋势,速效氮含量比正常下降了87.73%,表现最明显。发病林分的土壤pH值皆呈弱酸性,林分病情随着土壤的pH值减小而加重。     

Untersuchungen zur Variabilität von Lophodermium pinastri

Studies of the variability of Lophodermium pinastri. II. Differences in physiological behaviour . In culture trials with numerous strains of Lophodermium pinastri of different provenances the influence of temperature, pH and vitamins on growth was studied as well as ability to produce starch hydrolyzing enzymes. On the basis of these tests, the strains investigated could be divided into five groups.     

Veranderung der Krankheitsdisposition von Forstpflanzen durch Herbizide

Modification in disease-sensibility of forest plants by herbicide treatment. II. Laboratory studies on Lophodermium pinastri. The effect of TOP-KH (2, 4, 5-T) and Dichlobenil on the growth of Lophodermium pinastri in culture was studied in the laboratory. The effect of aqueous solutions of TOP-KH on germination of Lophodermium spores was also tested. Assessments were also made of the number of apothecia produced on herbicide-treated plants, their size and the number of spores emitted. A final discussion of results is given.     

Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Cuticularwachsen auf die Infektionsfähigkeit pathogener Pilze

The effect of cuticular waxes on the infection rate of pathogenic fungi. 1. Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea . Spore germination and growth rate of germ-hyphae of Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea are influenced by low concentrations of cuticular waxes, added to the germination medium. The stimulating effect increases with decreasing resistance of the species or race used for wax sampling. Generally the separately tested alcohol-, aldehyde-, ester-, fatty acid- and hydrocarbon fractions induce similiar but less pronounced reactions than total waxes. Exceptions occur. They led to suggestions in direction to single chemical components causing resistance. – Finally alcohol and hydrocarbon chromatOgrams of cuticular waxes for Pinus montana, P. nigra and Picea abies are presented for the first time.     

Endophytische Pilze in Nadeln von gesunden und geschädigten Fichten (Picea abies [L.] Karsten)

Endophytic fungi in needles of healthy-looking and diseased Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karsten). Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized, 5 to 6 year old needles of healthy-looking and diseased trees. Two fungal species could be isolated frequently: Lophodermium piceae and Tiarosporella parca. At any site neither L. piceae nor T. parca could be isolated more frequently from needles of diseased trees. The possible types of relationship between these two fungi and Norway spruce are discussed.     

Colonization and lignin decomposition of pine needle litter by Lophodermium pinastri

The colonization and lignin decomposition of pine (Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora) needle litter by an endophytic fungus, Lophodermium pinastri, was examined with field observations, a field experiment and laboratory experiments. In pine needles collected from the field, needle mass per length and lignin content were lower in needle portions bearing Lophodermium fruiting bodies than in the remaining needle portions, whereas total carbohydrate content was not different between them. Total and live hyphal lengths were greater in needle portions bearing Lophodermium fruiting bodies than in the remaining needle portions. Lophodermium fruiting bodies were not formed on sterilized needles after a 6‐month incubation on the forest floor, whereas they formed on 20% of non‐sterilized needles, indicating that this fungus can only colonize live needles on the branch. In pure culture decomposition tests, mass loss of lignin was detected for several isolates of L. pinastri, but was variable among isolates and between the needles of two pine species. A comparison of the rDNA‐internal transcribed spacer sequences between L. pinastri isolates of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora indicated that the two groups were phylogenetically separated. This study is the first to show that L. pinastri has the ability to decompose lignin in dead pine needles.     

Epidémiologie du Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev.

Epidemiology of the needle-cast fungus of pines (Lophodermium pinastri): results of four years studies with the aid of a Hirst spore trap . This study is dealing with the results of laboratory and forest (Haguenau) observations on the biology of the needle cast fungus of pines. The spores were harvested during a period of four years with a Hirst spore trap and their germination rate was studied. The results obtained permit to apply chemical treatments with a certainty of success.     

Veränderung der Krankheitsdisposition von Forstpflanzen durch Herbizide1

Modification in discase-sensibility of forest plants by herbicide treatment. I. Field trials with Lophodermium pinastri. The effect of two herbicides TOP-KH (salt of 2,4,5-T) and Casoron G (Dichlobenil) on incidence of Lophodermium pinastri on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrií L.) was investigated in field trials with potted plants. Treatment with TOP-KH led to increase in infection with higher herbicide concentrations and to higher numbers of severely infected plants in comparison with controls. Differences were greatest in spring. With Casoron G, however, smaller numbers of sevcrely infected plants were seen in spring and at the end of the growing season the damage was not much greater than in the controls. Possible reasons for changes in degree of infection are discussed as well as effects that could be expected on the epidemiology of pine needle cast.     

Physiologische Untersuchungen über die unterschiedliche Resistenz von Pinus sylvestris gegen Lophodermium pinastri

Physiological studies on variation in resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Lophodermium pinastri. I. Buffer capacity in needles. Studies on the buffering of hydrogen-ion concentration in needles of resistant and susceptible pines showed that the pH-value was changed by the growing fungus from about pH 3.7 to 5, The buffer capacity of homogenized needles varied greatly between clones, The change of pH-value as well as the buffer capacity were significantly different between resistant and susceptible clones.     

Two biotypes of Lophodermiul11 pinastri in Scotland

Two biotypes of Lophodermium pinastri, perhaps differing in their pathogenicity, were recognised on Pinus sylvestris in NE Scotland. These biotypes are described in artificial culture and are shown to be associated with definite habitats on pines, both in the plantation and in the nursery. In the discussion it is suggested that the present results might help to explain the difficulty many workers have experienced in trying to infect artificially young pine needles with L. pinastri.     

Lophodermium pinastri in submerged culture

The growth and morphology of Lophodermium pinastri under submerged conditions is described. Submerged cultures are shown to be suitable for the laboratory screening of the effectiveness of different fungicides which may be used in forestry against Scots pine needle-cast.     

Züchtung von Reinkulturen des Pilzes Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev. zur Entstehung von sexuellen Fruchtkörpern (Hysterothecien)

Production of hysterothecia from pure cultures of Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev. A method is described for the production of hysterothecia from pure cultures of L. pinastri. Previously sterilized needles of Finns sylvestris, after being overgrown on the culture dish are removed and put on living moss under natural conditions. In 2–2,5 months hysterothecia appear.     

Lophodermium needle cast,insect defoliation and growth responses of young Scots pines in Estonia

Using a retrospective approach, based on historical needle cast disease and insect pest records, data series of needle losses (reconstructed by the use of the needle trace method), tree growth parameters and meteorological data were studied to determine the impact of the appropriate pointer (epidemic or calamity) years on the annual radial and height increment of 46 sample trees in six Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in Estonia from 1887 to 2006. First, the needle cast epidemics during the last 120 years were retrospectively determined, with resulting 4.6 epidemics per decade as a mean frequency. If the sum of precipitation from May to August reached 300 mm (the mean of 12 epidemic years studied: 361 ± 15 mm), an epidemic of needle cast caused by Lophodermium seditiosum might follow the next year in young plantations. For insect defoliators, similarly clear triggering threshold values of precipitation or temperature could not be determined, although dry and warm summers and mild winters supported the calamities. We separately detected that both larger needle losses and growth reductions in trees related to Lophodermium needle cast epidemic years lasted until the same age of pines, 22–24 years, but for insect pest (diprinoid sawflies) calamity years the growth reduction lasted longer. The relevance of these findings for the prediction of Lophodermium needle cast epidemics is briefly discussed.     

黄山松上的散斑壳

对安徽省岳西县妙道山国家森林公园黄山松上的散斑壳进行了调查研究，共发现６个种，其中岳西散斑壳系一新种；南方散斑壳，扰乱散斑壳为黄山松上的新记录；针叶树散斑壳，库曼散斑壳，松针散斑壳为国内已记载的种。对新种作了汉文和拉丁文描述，记载了已知种的戽性。     

Control of Lophodermium and Phacidium needle cast and Scleroderris canker in Pinus silvestris

Cycloheximide and a mixture of chlorothalonil and cycloheximide gave acceptable control of Lophodermium pinastri as well as of Phacidium infestans and Scleroderris lagerbergii on Pinus silvestris. The recommended number of sprays per year is one and four respectively.     

Life cycle of Lophodermium piceae in Norway spruce needles

The spruce needle inhabiting ascomycete Lophodermium piceae can live symptomless for several years, before it completes its life cycle within less than one year as detailed studies have shown.     

Beobachtungen über Wechselwirkungen dreier Nadelpilze der Kiefer in vitro

Interactions in vitro among three pine needle fungi . Interactions in vitro among Lophodermium pinastri, Naemacyclus niveus and Dothistroma pini, all fungi on conifers, were related to their various host spectra. The results were remarkably conformable, with those species which were mutually tolerant in vitro being joint colonisers of many host species and vice versa.     

Fungi dangerous at Pinus contorta with special reference to pathogens from North Europe

Examples are given of North American fungi potentially dangerous to Pinus contorta plantations in northern Europe. The pathogenicity of North European fungi is discussed. P. contorta was found to be immune or nearly immune to all European rust fungi, more resistant than P. sylvestris to Phacidium infestans and Lophodermium pinastri, but less resistant to Crumenulopsis sororia and Discella strobilina. For other fungi no such clearcut conclusions could be drawn.     

四川松针上散斑壳菌致病毒素的确定及其致病性差异研究

生物活性测定表明,针叶树散斑壳真菌、松针散斑壳真菌、四川散斑壳真菌及二郎山散斑壳真菌在液体培养基中均可产生导致其寄主针叶枯死的致病毒素。研究表明4种散斑壳真菌毒素均为非蛋白质类组分,结合电导率的测定,发现4种毒素对其来源寄主松针及其他几种松针的毒性存在着差异,其中四川散斑壳真菌所分泌的毒素致病性相对最强。通过对3种不同科属杂草和雪松针叶的生物测定,得出4种毒素均为非寄主专化性毒素。