包气带土壤pH对灌溉施肥响应的变异过程

为了分析灌溉施肥活动引起的包气带土壤pH值变异特征及其对地球化学条件的响应,通过历时3 a的野外原位灌溉施肥试验,应用不同季节灌前、灌后6 m土层中不同深度的测定资料,系统分析了土壤pH对灌溉、施肥的响应过程,结果表明：各深度pH值呈弱变异性（CV=1.01%~2.28%）,与灌溉前相比,灌后土壤pH值的均值和变异系数均呈现明显的变化;灌前包气带各层pH具有强烈的空间自相关性,灌后受水分、基质等相互作用影响,pH的空间自相关性有所减弱,C₀/(C₀+C)和变程a分别由7.23 m和3.54 m(灌前0 d)减少到3.26 m和2.76 m(灌后第10天)。土壤基质是决定土壤酸碱性的主要因素,在灌溉施肥活动对pH的响应过程中,地球化学条件（土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质(SOM)、氧化还原电位（RP）等)、土壤基质组成和氮底物浓度（NH⁺₄-N）等的交互作用影响pH的动态。土壤含水量和温度单独对pH影响不显著,两者交互作用对pH有显著影响。引起土壤pH变化的主要变异源为Cl^-、土壤有机质(SOM)、NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N等营养物质和不同空间深度土壤基质的差异,表明灌溉施肥改变了包气带pH地球化学动力场、营养物质和土壤基质的交互作用,引起各深度的生物地球化学反应,控制pH值的空间变异特性。当包气带介质土壤水分变化时,首先营养物氨态氮以分子态或水合态形式被介质吸附,H⁺得到释放,使得灌后第4天pH值下降。随着氨氧化过程中H⁺的释放,pH在灌前和灌后第10天和第30天有显著差异。氨的氧化引起硝酸盐含量不断增加,使得硝酸盐对pH值的影响在灌后不断增强,相关系数由0.24(0 d,P<0.05)增加到0.41(30 d,P<0.01),而氨态氮对pH值的影响逐步降低,相关系数由0.43(0 d,P<0.01)降低为0.19(30 d,P>0.05)。     

Production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus Ochraceus

The effects of growth conditions, trace metals, carbon and nitrogen source on ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 were investigated in submerged liquid culture medium. No correlation between biomass production and OTA synthesis was observed. OTA production depended on the initial pH and was influenced by changing the pH of the culture medium. This effect was not due to differences in the availability of metal ions. At pH 6.5, 0.2 mg l^?1 Zn increased biomass and OTA production by 50%. Fe at 0.12 mg l^?1 resulted in a 40% decrease in the amount of OTA/biomass although the quantity of biomass was not affected. Amounts of OTA produced per biomass increased with decreasing glucose concentrations. Lactose triggered the highest amounts of OTA/biomass despite low yields of biomass. NO₃ ^? stimulated the amount of OTA/biomass by 25% and NH₄ ⁺ reduced the amount of OTA/biomass by 25% compared with NH₄NO₃ as nitrogen source.     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

The effect of plant-induced changes of pH upon the adsorption and phytotoxicity of s-triazlne herbicides

The effect of plant-induced changes of soluiion pH upon the adsorpiion of s-lriazme herbicides in either K-monimorillonite or Na - bentonite ciay-nutrieni suspensions and iheir phyioioxi- city in soil was studied. ln clay-NO₃^? suspensions (wiih NO₃- as the nitrogen source) maize planls (Zea may L.) caused a marked rise in solution pH and this resulted in a rapid descrp- tion of bound atrazine or simazine. in clay-NHa ⁺ suspensions (with NH4 ⁺ as the nitrogen source) the lowering of solution pH through plant aclivity resulted in jnereased adsorption of these herbicides. In soil, changes of rhizosphere pH were also found when either KNO₃ or (NH₄) ₂SO₄ were supplied as fertilizers, bul it was nol established whether ihis had a direct effeci upon the significant increase in weight of (NH₄)₂SO₄ treated wheat (Tri- ticum aestivum L.) planls at low herbicide concentrations compared with KNO₃ treated wheat plants.     

铵态氮和硝态氮对香蕉枯萎病发生的比较研究

 为寻找降低香蕉枯萎病发生的防治措施,通过室内盆栽接种试验,研究了铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)对香蕉枯萎病发生及其植株叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、病原菌在植物体内的数量分布和植物钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、钼(Mo)、可溶性糖和木质素含量的效应。结果表明:不接种病原菌的条件下,不同氮素处理对香蕉幼苗生长影响无差异;接菌情况下,与NH₄⁺-N处理相比,NO₃^--N处理显著降低植株各器官的病原菌数量、发病率和发病严重程度。病原菌侵染后,不同氮素处理下植株光合作用均显著下降:NO₃^--N处理香蕉苗保持比NH₄⁺-N处理更高的光合速率;病原菌侵染后NH₄⁺-N处理的植株Ca、Mg、Fe和Mo含量相对于侵染前没有显著差异,但NO₃^--N处理下此4种元素含量均显著升高。病原菌侵染后的植株叶片可溶性糖含量在不同氮素处理中都没有显著变化,但在根系中,NO₃^--N处理的侵染植株可溶性糖含量显著降低。与此同时,病原菌侵染后,木质素含量在NH₄⁺-N处理植株中变化不显著,但其含量在NO₃^--N处理侵染后显著上升。综上所述,NO₃^--N处理可增加植株抗病相关矿质元素的吸收,诱导香蕉苗木质素形成,使其木质化程度增加,从而维持较高的光合作用,保持较高的抗病水平。     

溴虫腈在不同溶剂中的光化学降解

研究了高压汞灯光源下溴虫腈在不同溶剂中的光化学降解特性及其影响因素。在室内模拟条件下,初始质量浓度为2 mg/L的溴虫腈在纯水中的光解半衰期为25.86 min,在1~10 mg/L范围内,其光解速率随初始浓度的增大而降低;溴虫腈在pH值为5、7和9的缓冲溶液中的光解半衰期分别为42.52、24.49和32.39 min,即其在中性条件下光解最快;不同形态含氮离子(NO2-、NO3-、NH4+)对溴虫腈的光解均表现为抑制作用,且在离子质量浓度＜20 mg/L时,NO3-、NO2-的抑制作用较强,≥20 mg/L时则NH4+的抑制作用较强;溴虫腈在不同有机溶剂中的光解速率从大到小依次为:正己烷>甲醇>乙酸乙酯>丙酮,其光解速率与有机溶剂的极性大小无关。研究结果可为溴虫腈的环境风险评价提供参考。     

Influence of the nitrogen form on in vitro organogenesis in Equisetum arvense

The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of organogenesis in Equisetum arvense have not been clarified yet. However, high concentrations of nitrogen have been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on in vitro tuber formation in E. arvense. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of the form of nitrogen in a medium on in vitro organogenesis in E. arvense. Single‐node segments of E. arvense rhizomes were cultured in the test medium. The NH₄‐N and NO₃‐N concentrations of the test medium, respectively, were adjusted by adding NH₄H₂PO₄ and KNO₃ to the basal medium. The basal medium was a nitrogen‐free, modified form of White's medium. Vegetative shoots were newly formed in the test tubes for concentrations of NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N that exceeded 56 mg L^?1. However, no rhizome was formed at NH₄‐N concentrations exceeding 28 mg L^?1. The number of newly formed tubers decreased at an NH₄‐N concentration of 28 mg L^?1 and no tuber was formed at NH₄‐N concentrations exceeding 56 mg L^?1. In summary, although the presence of NO₃‐N in the medium did not inhibit in vitro rhizome or tuber formation in E. arvense, the presence of NH₄‐N in the medium exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the in vitro formation of both of these organs.     

黄芪根腐病生防放线菌筛选鉴定及其优化培养

为获得对黄芪根腐病具有强抗菌活性的生防菌株,采用平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法对分离于河西走廊盐碱土中的172株放线菌进行拮抗菌的筛选,获得优菌株DA4-4-1,根据其形态、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA基因序列进行系统发育学分析鉴定,并根据单因素试验与正交试验对培养基条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株DA4-4-1对黄芪根腐病的2种主要致病菌尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和茄腐镰刀菌F.solani均有较好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径最大分别为20.16 mm和19.33 mm,抑菌率最大分别为34.62%和32.44%。结合16S rDNA基因序列的系统发育分析,将菌株DA4-4-1鉴定为链霉菌属蓝紫链霉菌Streptomyces tuirus。培养基最佳碳源为麦芽糖,氮源为(NH_4)_2SO_4,其优化条件为麦芽糖15 g/L、(NH_4)_2SO_4 0.5 g/L、NaCl 10 g/L、pH 7,在此条件下菌株DA4-4-1的抑菌率可达到86.72%。表明菌株DA4-4-1是1株具有较强抗菌活性的放线菌,具有良好的生物防治和开发应用潜力。     

A diagnostic medium for the semi-selective isolation and enumeration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas axonopodis</Emphasis>pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">vignicola</Emphasis>

A semi-selective medium for isolation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant and soil samples was developed. Twelve carbon and five nitrogen sources were tested with four strains of X. axonopodispv.vignicola, and 25 antibiotics were screened against saprophytes. -cellobiose (10g) was selected as the optimal carbon source. Among the antibiotics, cefazoline inhibited growth of most of the saprophytes with little effect on strains of the pathogen. ,-methionine enhanced growth of X. axonopodispv.vignicola. Boric acid along with ammonium chloride suppressed growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The semi-selective medium designated as cefazoline-cellobiose-methionine (CCM) medium contained K₂HPO₄ 1.34g, KH₂PO₄ 0.4g, MgSO₄ 0.3g, H₃BO₃ 0.2g, NH₄Cl 1.0g, -cellobiose 10g, cycloheximide 0.2g, ,-methionine 1.0g, cefazoline 10mg and agar 14g per l of water (pH 7.2). Colonies of X. axonopodispv.vignicola on CCM medium were whitish, round, raised and 0.2–1.8mm in diameter 96h after incubation. CCM medium generally inhibited growth of Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus subtilis and saprophytes isolated from cowpea leaves. Colonies of Pseudomonas fluorescens and a saprophytic bacterium, which were not completely suppressed by CCM, could be differentiated from X. axonopodispv.vignicola by their smaller size and different color. The CCM medium proved useful for isolation of X. axonopodispv.vignicola from cowpea plant and soil samples. This is the first report of a semi-selective medium developed for detection of X. axonopodispv.vignicola.     

有机-无机肥配施对黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤N2O排放的影响

为探明不同施肥方式对旱作麦田土壤N₂O排放的影响,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置单施有机肥(M)、单施无机肥(N)、有机-无机肥配施(MN)3种施肥方式,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对春小麦地土壤N₂O排放通量进行测定,并对其影响因子(NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N、土壤温度、土壤含水量)和春小麦产量进行同期测定。结果表明：春小麦地在整个生育期内表现为N₂O排放源,各处理均在施肥后出现N₂O排放峰。不同处理土壤N₂O累积排放量表现为N>MN>M>CK,N₂O净损失量(以氮计算)为1.175 8～1.428 kg·hm^-2,占当季施氮量的1.12%～1.36%,有机-无机肥配施降低了氮肥中氮素以气态形式的损失量。MN、N、M处理春小麦产量分别较CK处理增加了45.1%、31.0%、18.8%,各处理土壤NO^-_3<...     

Effect of dalapon-sodium on nitrification and denitrification in a tropical loam soil

A loamy soil treated with dalapon-sodium was incubated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions with added ammonium or nitrate nitrogen respectively. The incubated dalapon-sodium treated soil and controls were analysed periodically for NH₄+N and NO₃^-N. Results indicated that the herbicide retarded nitrification and denitrification by up to 8 and 12 weeks respectively. Effet du dalapon-sodium sur la nitrification et la dénitrification dans un sol de limon tropical Un sol de limon traité avec du dalapon-sodium a été mis en incubation dans des conditions aérobies ou anaérobies avec addition d'azote ammoniacal ou nitrique respectivement. Le sol traité avec du dalapon-sodium et mis en incubation a été analysé périodiquement, ainsi que les témoins, pour NH₄^+N et NO₃^-N. Les résultats ont montré que l'herbicide retardait la nitrification et la dénitrification respectivement jusqu’à 8 et 12 semaines. Wirkung von Dalapon-Na auf Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation in einem tropischen Lehmboden Einem mit Dalapon-Na behandelten Lehmboden wurde Ammon- bzw. Nitratstickstoff zugesetzt und unter aeroben bzw. anaeroben Bedingungen gelagert. Der mit Dalapon-Na behandelte Boden und die entsprechenden Kontrollen wurden periodisch auf NH₄⁺- und NO₃^--Stickstoff untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Herbizid die Nitrifikation um bis zu 8 und die Denitrifikation bis zu 12 Wochcn verzögerte.     

The distribution and degradation of chlormequat in wheat plants

The distribution and degradation of chlormequat chloride (2-chloro 1,2-¹⁴C ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) was determined after uptake by the roots of summer wheat seedlings. This plant regulator was readily translocated from the roots to the above ground parts and converted into choline. Choline was further metabolized to betaine which upon demethylation yielded finally glycine and serine. Both amino acids were incorporated into a protein fraction.The occurrence of radioactively labeled glycine and serine in the amino acid pool and the evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ from chlormequat treated plants indicated that serine was formed from glycine under the release of ¹⁴CO₂ during photorespiration.One week after the uptake period 82% of ¹⁴C chlormequat taken up by the roots was recovered as the parent compound or as breakdown products in wheat plants. In addition 5% of the amount taken up by the roots was released as ¹⁴CO₂ by the leaves.Fifty per cent of the total amount of chlormequat originally present in roots and leaves was already metabolized after 7.5 days. No evidence has been obtained for the presence of unchanged chlormequat or an unknown metabolite in the nucleic acid or protein fraction.     

Characterisation of energy-dependent efflux of imazalil and fenarimol in isolates of Penicillium italicum with a low,medium and high degree of resistance to DMI-fungicides

Differential accumulation of [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol by germlings of wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates ofPenicillium italicum was studied at various pH values. At pH 7 and 8 the low-resistant isolate E_300–3 accumulated 22% and 35%, respectively, less imazalil than the wild-type isolate W₅. Imazalil accumulation at pH 5 and 6 was similar. Isolate E_300–3 also accumulated less fenarimol as compared with the wild-type isolate. This difference was much more obvious than for imazalil and was observed at all pH values tested. Differences in accumulation of both imazalil and fenarimol between low (E_300–3), medium (H₁₇) and high resistant (I₃₃) isolates were not observed. These results suggest that decreased accumulation of DMIs is responsible for a low level of resistance only and that additional mechanisms of resistance might operate in isolates with a medium and high degree of resistance. With all isolates fenarimol accumulation was energy-dependent. This was not obvious for imazalil.The wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates had a similar plasma membrane potential as determined with the probe [¹⁴C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide ([¹⁴C]TPP⁺). Various test compounds, among which ATPase inhibitors, ionophoric antibiotics and calmodulin antagonists, affected the accumulation of [¹⁴C]TPP⁺, [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol. No obvious correlation between the effects of the test compounds on accumulation levels of the fungicides and [¹⁴C]TPP⁺ could be observed. These results indicate that the plasma membrane potential does not mediate the efflux of DMI fungicides byP. italicum.     

青海高原长期复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤供氮能力的影响

利用绿肥的培肥效应,小麦收获后复种绿肥毛叶苕子。在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,研究后茬作物油菜生育期土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮的时空变化。结果表明,油菜生育期0～100 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮积累量均表现为有毛叶苕子处理高于无毛叶苕子处理,硝态氮积累量均表现为有毛叶苕子处理低于无毛叶苕子处理。毛叶苕子与化肥配施效果好,毛叶苕子施用对提高和保持土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮含量,相比CK提高9.54%～18.33%,相比纯施化肥提高0. 94%～19. 28%。化肥配施毛叶苕子处理较单施化肥土壤硝态氮含量降低7.01%～38.51%。绿肥引入小麦(油菜)种植体系后,对小麦(油菜)生长季内土壤氮库、氮素循环及培肥土壤产生一定影响。     

Inorganic and organic osmolytes accumulation in five halophytes growing in saline habitats around the Aiding Lake area in Turpan Basin,Northwest China

Halophytes dominate the plant community in saline soils. Here, osmoregulation via the accumulation of osmolytes is the basic strategy by which plants survive salinity stress. We investigated the accumulation of inorganic and organic osmolytes in the leaves of five halophytes (Tamarix hispida, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Kalidium foliatum, Karelinia caspica, and Phragmites australis) growing in the dry lakebed of Aiding Lake, Xinjiang, China. The succulent euhalophytes (H. strobilaceum and K. foliatum) accumulated large amounts of Na⁺, whereas other species had low Na⁺ concentrations. P. australis contained high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, and amino acids, such as proline and alanine. K. caspica accumulated large quantities of mannitol. H. strobilaceum and K. foliatum had high glycine betaine contents. Only T. hispida accumulated γ-butyro betaine, which was found in high concentrations. Our findings indicate that at least four types of osmolytes (carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids, and betaines) function either alone, or in combination in the osmoregulation of these halophytes.     

Cholinergic properties of pinched-off synaptic nerve endings from the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana

The preparation and cholinergic properties of a subcellular fraction, enriched in pinched-off nerve-endings (synaptosomes) from the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, are described. The endings retained their cytoplasmic components, as shown by the presence of marker enzymes and by ultrastructural examination. A carrier-mediated, high-affinity uptake of [³H] choline into the synaptosomes was demonstrated, and this uptake was saturable, depended on a Na⁺-gradient, and was inhibited by hemicholinium-3. It had an apparent K_m value of 0.6 (±0.1) μM, and a V_max of 20.5 (±2.5) pmol min^?1 per mg of protein. The high-affinity [³H]choline uptake was associated with the synthesis of [³H]phosphocholine and [³H]O-acetylcholine. The rate of [³H]choline uptake in synaptosomes was increased by DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane] at 100 nM concentration, and this increase was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, while neostigmine appeared to be a potent inhibitor (I₅₀ = 10 pM) of the DDT-activated uptake of [³H]choline. The site of action of the insecticides was specifically on the pre-synaptic nerve terminals because the synaptosomes preparation did not retain the post-synaptic membrane of the original nerve-endings. Cockroach synaptosomes provided a useful in-vitro preparation for studying the effects of insecticides on the pre-synaptic nerve endings.     

Effect of salt stress on the structure and carbon flow mechanism in a noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Effect of salt stress on structural changes, ion uptake, rate of photosynthesis and path of carbon in the exotic weed Parthenium hysterophorus have been investigated. Photosynthetic leaf area, chlorophyll and carbon assimilation rates were adversely affected by salt stress. Increased Na⁺ uptake caused decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ absorption. Originally a C₃ plant, P. hysterophorus appears to form aspartate as a primary product of photosynthesis when exposed to NaCl. The stimulation of PEP carboxylase activity also occurred due to salt stress. Excessive accumulation of malate during steady state of photosynthesis was possibly due to inhibition of malic enzyme. It appears that although the plant switches over to an ‘aspartate producer’ when exposed to salt, further utilization of photosynthetically assimilated carbon is through malate. Being a weed, the plant appears to be highly adaptive to stress conditions.     

耕作方式对旱地麦田土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分分布的影响

为明确蓄水保墒耕作方式下旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳及碳组分和全氮及氮组分在不同粒径团聚体组分中的分布特征,深入了解不同耕作方式下土壤碳氮固持机制,以连续3 a(2017—2020年)实施不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、深翻)后冬小麦收获期0～20 cm土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法测算土壤团聚体的构成与稳定性(R_0.25,>0.25 mm团聚体含量;MWD,平均重量直径;GMD,几何平均直径),并测定各粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC)和碳组分(重组有机碳,HFOC;轻组有机碳,LFOC;易氧化有机碳,EOC;可溶性有机碳,DOC;颗粒有机碳,POC)含量、全氮(TN)和氮组分(硝态氮,NO^-₃-N;铵态氮,NH⁺₄-N;可溶性有机氮,SON)含量,分析了碳氮组分的相关关系。结果显示：(1)免耕和深松处理>2 mm团聚体土壤比例较深翻处理分别提高8.8%和22.1%,免耕有利于增加<0.053 mm粉黏粒比例,较深松和深翻处理分别提高46.4%和27.7%。深松处理较深翻...     

Competitive traits of the invasive grass Arundo donax are enhanced by carbon dioxide and nitrogen enrichment

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and soil nitrogen (N) may confer competitive advantages to invasive species over native plant species. We conducted a two‐way factorial experiment, growing the model invasive plant Arundo donax in CO₂ growth chambers to test how CO₂ and N availability interact to affect plant growth and biomass allocation. CO₂ was supplied at c. 400 mg L^?1 and c. 750 mg L^?1. N was supplied as ammonium nitrate at 640, 320 and 80 mg L^?1. We hypothesised that the fertilisation effect of CO₂ enrichment would offset limitations from N deficiency. The results indicated that A. donax plants grown with enriched CO₂ and abundant N accumulated approximately 50–100% more biomass and allocated approximately 50% more biomass to rhizomes than plants grown under ambient CO₂ conditions. Neither treatment affected the leaf area per unit mass (specific leaf area; SLA). Greater growth will likely increase A. donax's competitive potential, because increased rhizome biomass has been associated with increased stress tolerance and post‐disturbance resprouting capacity. The consistent SLA under all treatments suggests that A. donax has a morphological strategy that prioritises increasing leaf quantity over increasing individual leaves' photosynthetic potential. These results reveal the ecological strategies that contribute to the successful establishment, dominance and persistence of this invasive plant species.     

干旱胁迫对玉米根际氮的有效性及其相关酶活性和细菌的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫下两基因型玉米根际有效态N及其两种相关酶活性和细菌的变化.结果表明:除白单9苗期外,干旱胁迫增加了玉米根际NH4 -N的含量,增加幅度为白单31＞白单9;NO3--N受干旱胁迫的影响比较小.干旱胁迫增加了玉米苗期根际蛋白酶的活性,减少了拔节期和抽雄～开花期的活性;脲酶活性受干旱胁迫的影响随基因型和生育时期而发生变化.干旱胁迫减弱了玉米氨化细菌的根际效应,与对照根际氨化细菌数量相比,白单31在苗期和拔节期根际氨化细菌数量受干旱胁迫的影响达极显著水平,在抽雄～开花期达显著水平;根际硝化细菌数量在干旱胁迫下有所增加.干旱胁迫改变了玉米根际NH4 -N和NO3--N与蛋白酶、脲酶、氨化细菌和硝化细菌的相关性.