Glycogen synthetase activity in liver: regulation by the autonomic nerves

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in intact or pancreatectomized rabbits resulted in a marked increase, within 5 minutes of the onset of stimulation, in the total activity of liver glycogen synthetase. The effect was completely counteracted by simultaneous stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, although stimulation of the splanchnic nerve alone had little effect on the enzyme. Injection of insulin caused an increase in both the total activity of glycogen synthetase and the activity that was independent of glucose-6-phosphate. The response of the enzyme to vagal stimulation was much faster than to administration of insulin.     

Surgery in the rat during electrical analgesia induced by focal brain stimulation

Chronic monopolar electrodes were implanted in the region of the midbrain central gray in eight rats. In three rats, continuous 60 cycle-per-second sine-wave stimulation resulted in an electrical analgesia defined by the elimination of responses to aversive stimulation while general motor responsiveness was retained. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out in these animals during continuous brain stimulation without the use of chemical anesthetics. Following surgery, brain stimulation was terminated, and responses to aversive stimuli returned. Electrodes effective in inducing electrical analgesia at the lowest currents were located at the dorsolateral perimeter of the midbrain central gray. It was concluded that focal brain stimulation in this region can induce analgesia in the absence of diffusely applied "whole brain" stimulation.     

Receptive field organization of units in the first optic ganglion of diptera

Centripetal spike potentials were recorded from two classes of units (transient and sustained) in the intermediate chiasma of flies. On-off units were characterized by a transient discharge after the onset and cessation of a light spot presented within its elliptical receptive field. Receptive fields of sustaining units were composed of three roughly circular regions arranged adjacently along a line; stimulation of the center region elicited a sustainied discharge, whereas stimulation of either adjacent region elicited an off discharge. Adjacent regions antagonized the central region, for stimulation of either inhibited the discharge resulting from stimulation of the central region.     

"Copulation-reward site" in the posterior hypothalamus

Posterior hypothalamic selfstimulation of male rats, in which monopolar,platinum electrodes had been belaterally implanted, increased after systdmic injection of testosterone. constant stimulation to the same site elicited immediate copulation with estrous female rats. During constant stimulation males would press a bar to open a door for access to females. Even after ejaculation, males continued to open the door and to display sexual activity until stimulation terminated. Posterior hypothalamic stimulation is like normal sexual stimulation; it is rewarding, the reward varies with the amount of the sex hormone, and it elicits motivated copulation.     

激素营养液对不同苗木生长效应的影响

该文对两种激素营养液与不同苗木的苗高、地径及生物量的生长关系进行了研究。结果表明：①两种激素营养液对实验树种的苗高、地径生长均有促进作用，且Ⅱ号激素营养液较Ⅰ号为优。②Ⅰ号激素营养液可提高苗木地径。     

Somatovisceral pathway: rapidly conducting fibers in the spinal cord

Fibers that respond to distension of hollow viscera and to mechanical stimulation of somatic structures were found primarily near the ventromedian fissure of the upper lumbar spinal cord. These fibers could be directly excited by electrical stimulation at C(1). The average conduction velocity for these fibers was 68.6 meters per second.     

Autoradiographic imaging of phosphoinositide turnover in the brain

With [3H]cytidine as a precursor, phosphoinositide turnover can be localized in brain slices by selective autoradiography of the product [3H]cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, which is membrane-bound. In the cerebellum, glutamatergic stimulation elicits an increase of phosphoinositide turnover only in Purkinje cells and the molecular layer. In the hippocampus, both glutamatergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation increase phosphoinositide turnover, but with distinct localizations. Cholinergic stimulation affects CA1, CA3, CA4, and subiculum, whereas glutamatergic effects are restricted to the subiculum and CA3. Imaging phosphoinositide turnover in brain slices, which are amenable to electrophysiologic studies, will permit a dynamic localized analysis of regulation of this second messenger in response to synaptic stimulation of specific neuronal pathways.     

Stimulation of frontal cortex and delayed alternation performance in the monkey

Unilateral or bilateral stimulation of the region surrounding the sulcus principalis of the cortex of the monkey interferes with delayed alternation performance. It is without effect on auditory discrimination performance. Bilateral stimulation is more disrupting than unilateral stimulation. The impairment is limited in time to the period of stimulation and is fully reversible.     

Spinal reflexes and seizure patterns in the two-toed sloth

In striking contrast to the seizure patterns of other animals, the electroshock seizure of the sloth consists of weak extension followed by tonic flexion and terminal clonus. A similar pattern is seen with direct spinal cord stimulation. Strychnine produces a pure flexor convulsion. In the spinal sloth, painful stimulation of one foot causes extension at some joints of that limb and strong flexion at all joints of the contralateral limb.     

Superior colliculus: single unit responses to stimulation of visual cortex in the cat

Electrical stimulation of area 18 of the cat visual cortex produces intense excitation of neurons in the superior colliculus. Excitation is followed by a period of decreased collicular responsiveness to light stimulation. These effects are seen in both directionally selective and nonselective units. The corticocollicular projection is retinotopically organized.     

Vagotomy: effect on electrically elicited eating and self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus

A subdiaphragmatic vagotomy markedly inhibits eating and self-stimulation produced in rats by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The stomach is known to be affected by hypothalamic stimulation via the vagus, and afferents from the stomach can influence the hypothalamus via the same nerve. Consequently, this result suggests that eating and self-stimulation may be partly controlled by hypothalamic influences on the stomach which, in turn, affects hypothalamic sensitivity.     

Response decrements in the cochlear nucleus of decerebrate cats during repeated acoustic stimulation

In the cochlear nucleus of decerebrate, paralyzed cats, multiple-unit responses to an acoustic stimulus showed significant decrements when the stimulus was repeatedly presented once every 5 seconds. These decrements developed in the absence of peripheral receptor adaptation. The responses recovered to the level prior to stimulation when stimulation was withheld for 5 to 10 minutes. Dishabituation by somatic stimulation of the forepaw, however, was less effective than in the intact cat. The continued development of response decrements after strychnine blockade of peripheral olivocochlear influences and central postsynaptic inhibition suggests a mechanism of decreased synaptic effectiveness, which has previously been postulated for neuronal habituation in brainstem and spinal cord.     

复方中药对感染NIB鸡淋巴细胞刺激指数的影响

为了探明由熟地等组成的复方中药对感染肾型传染性支气管炎雏鸡免疫功能的影响规律,将雏鸡随机分为6组(空白对照组,攻毒对照组,西药治疗组,复方中药低剂量、中剂量、高剂量治疗组),分别于给药后3、6、9、14、19d采集血样,测定血液中T、B淋巴细胞的刺激指数。结果表明:试验用复方中药不仅可以提高人工感染肾型传染性支气管炎雏鸡T淋巴细胞的刺激指数,而且可使该雏鸡B淋巴细胞的刺激指数恢复到正常水平。结果还表明,试验用复方中药可以提高人工感染肾型传染性支气管炎雏鸡的细胞免疫功能,并可使该雏鸡体液免疫功能得以恢复。     

Slowing of heart rate after septal self-stimulation in rats

Heart rate, recorded continuously from rats trained to press a bar for intracranial electrical stimulation of their septal areas, fell consistently after brain stimulation. Interpretation of the rewarding effect of septal stimulation had previously been limited by the absence of any data on the autonomic effects of the stimulation. The results of this study suggest that the rewarding effect may possibly be produced by a parasympathetic (quieting) reaction of the autonomic nervous system to septal stimulation.     

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm

Animals receiving low-intensity electrical stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala while drinking plain tap water were injected with toxic doses of lithium chloride to examine whether brain stimulation can serve as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm. Subjects receiving this pairing greatly reduced their water intake in a retention test, in a similar manner to a group in which saccharin was paired with poisoning. Pairing lithium chloride with stimulation of the amygdala had no effect on subsequent water intake in the absence of brain stimulation. This effect appears to be locus specific, as caudate stimulation could not serve as a conditioned stimulus.     

Self-stimulation in the ventromedial hypothalamus

Male Sprague-Dawley rats pressed a bar for electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus. The threshold for such behavior correlated positively with the threshold to stop feeding and the threshold to escape from prolonged stimulation at the same electrode site. The results again open the question of the role that the ventromedial area is playing in positively reinforcing and punishment systems.     

Object-carrying by rats: an approach to the behavior produced by brain stimulation

Rats were provided with opportunity to turn reinforcing hypothalamic stimulation on and off by traversing back and forth across a chamber. When provided with edible and inedible objects, all animals that self-stimulated carried them from the stimulation to the nonstimulation side. Neither food deprivation nor a history of stimulus-bound eating produced a preference for the edible objects. Equivalent stimulation provided without regard to the animals' location in the chamber did not elicit object-carrying. Results are interpreted in terms of the natural conditions which normally elicit this species-specific unit of behavior. Implications for understanding other behavior patterns elicited by hypothalamic stimulation are suggested.     

Superinduction of c-fos by nerve growth factor in the presence of peripherally active benzodiazepines

Alterations in proto-oncogene expression after stimulation of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by nerve growth factor (NGF) have been investigated. A specific stimulation of c-fos messenger RNA and protein was detected 30 minutes after treatment. This induction was enhanced more than 100-fold in the presence of peripherally active benzodiazepines. The effect was specific as very little change was observed in the levels of c-rasHa, c-rasKi, c-myc, and N-myc messenger RNA's. Under the conditions used here, NGF treatment ultimately results in neurite outgrowth, with a reduction or cessation of cell division. Thus, stimulation of the c-fos gene in this system appeared to be associated with differentiation and not with cellular proliferation. The effect of benzodiazepines was stereospecific and represents a novel action of these compounds at the level of gene expression.     

Desynchronized electroencephalogram in the deeply sleeping cat

Electroencephalographic patterns of the different stages of sleep in the cat are shown, with special reference to a desynchronized deep sleep. This sleep stage is characterized by an increase in reticular stimulation arousal threshold and by the reappearance of 5 to 6 spikes per second on the electroencephalogram immediately after threshold behavioral arousal.     

Plasma Corticosteroids: Changes in Concentration after Stimulation of Hippocampus and Amygdala

Plasma 17-OH corticosteroid levels were determined before stimulation and at various intervals after stimulation in these limbic sites in patients in whom implanted electrodes had been placed during evaluation for surgical treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Stimulation of the amygdala was followed by an elevation of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Hippocampal stimulation resulted in a decreased corticosteroid level, followed in two instances by a secondary elevation.