Toxicity of indoxacarb to two species of predacious mites and a predacious mirid

Indoxacarb is a novel oxadiazine pro-insecticide that has no toxic effects on the adults, fecundity and eclosion of Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), a predacious phytoseiid, or Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a predacious stigmaeid. It is toxic to Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say), a predacious mirid that has been reported from several Quebec orchards where IPM programs are used. The LC50 for this mirid is about one-half of the recommended dose (0.054 g AI litre(-1)) of indoxacarb for apple orchards. Following an application, the intoxicated mirids remained motionless as their prolegs and posterior had paralyzed. Twenty-four hours later, they appeared smaller, shrunken and severely desiccated.     

Toxicity of a formulation of the insecticide indoxacarb to the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), and the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Indoxacarb is a new oxadiazine insecticide that has shown outstanding field insecticidal activity. The toxicity of a 145 g litre-1 indoxacarb SC formulation (Steward) was studied on the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris and the big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes. Both insect species responded very similarly to indoxacarb in topical, tarsal contact and plant feeding toxicity studies. The topical LD50 of the formulation was c 35 ng AI per insect for both species. Prolonged tarsal contact with dry indoxacarb residues did not result in mortality for either insect species. However, both species were susceptible to feeding through dried residues of indoxacarb after spraying on young cotton plants. Feeding on water-washed plants resulted in lower mortality than that observed with unwashed plants, and toxicity declined even more dramatically after a, detergent rinse, indicating that much of the indoxacarb probably resides on the cotton leaf surface or in the waxy cuticle. These results were corroborated by HPLC-mass spectrometry measurements of indoxacarb residues on the plants. Greater mortality for both species was observed in a higher relative humidity environment. Higher levels of accumulated indoxacarb and its active metabolite were detected in dead G punctipes than in L lineolaris after feeding on sprayed, unwashed plants. When female G punctipes ate indoxacarb-treated Heliothis zea eggs, there was significant toxicity. However, only c 15% of the females consumed indoxacarb-treated eggs, and the rest of the females showed a significant diminution of feeding in response to the insecticide. Cotton field studies have shown that indoxacarb treatments at labelled rates lead to a dramatic decline in L lineolaris, with negligible declines in beneficial populations. A major route of intoxication of L lineolaris in indoxacarb-treated cotton fields thus appears to be via oral, and not cuticular, uptake of residues from treated cotton plants. The mechanisms for selectivity/safety for G punctipes are currently under investigation and may be a combination of differential feeding behavior and diminution of feeding by females exposed to indoxacarb-treated eggs.     

棉盲蝽发生动态与气象条件关系分析

本文利用江苏省滨海县1985-2007年棉盲蝽发生动态资料,应用积分回归等方法分析了其增长率与气象条件的关系。结果显示:棉盲蝽的种群在一年中从第2代到第4代总体上是增长的,气象条件中的温度和湿度条件对其增长率影响明显。这表明,在生产实践中可以利用对棉盲蝽生长发育不利的气象条件进行科学防治,提高其防治效果。     

The effect of indoxacarb and five other insecticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

A laboratory study assessed the contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticidal soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). Amblyseius fallacis is a predacious phytoseiid mite and an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in North American apple orchards. The other two beneficials are widely used in greenhouses to manage various arthropod pests infesting vegetable and ornamental crops. Indoxacarb is a slow-acting insecticide, so toxicity data were recorded 7 days post-treatment when the data had stabilised. It showed no toxicity to O. insidiosus nymphs or to A. fallacis or P. persimilis adults. The LC50 values for O. insidiosus nymphs and P. persimilis could not be estimated with their associated confidence limits, because the g values were greater than 0.5 and under such circumstances the lethal concentration would lie outside the limits. The LC50 for A. fallacis was 7.6x the label rate. The fecundity of P. persimilis was reduced by 26.7%. The eclosion of treated eggs from both species of beneficial mites was not affected adversely. Among the other pest control products, S-kinoprene and endosulfan affected adversely at least one species of the predators, whereas dimethoate, abamectin and insecticidal soap were very toxic to all three beneficials. Indoxacarb should be evaluated as a pest control product in IPM programmes.     

Resistance and cross-resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and spinosad in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has developed resistance to many insecticides used for its control, recently including imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid compound. Other neonicotinoids are now being deployed to control this pest. A key point in the strategies of resistance management is the monitoring of resistance and cross-resistance. In the summer of 2003, imidacloprid-resistant adult Colorado potato beetles collected from Long Island, New York, USA were bioassayed using topical applications of imidacloprid and nine other neonicotinoids. Compared to a standard susceptible strain, the Long Island beetles showed 309-fold resistance to imidacloprid, and lower levels of cross-resistance to all other neonicotinoids, despite these never having been used in the field, i.e., 59-fold to dinotefuran, 33-fold to clothianidin, 29-fold to acetamiprid, 28-fold to N-methylimidacloprid, 25-fold to thiacloprid, 15-fold to thiamethoxam, 10-fold to nitenpyram, but less than 2-fold to nicotine. In injection bioassays, high resistance to imidacloprid was also found (116-fold). Piperonyl butoxide partially suppressed resistance to imidacloprid, but the resistance level was still over 100-fold, indicating that other mechanisms were primarily responsible for resistance. Low levels of resistance (8- to 10-fold) were found to the nicotinic activator, spinosad, in an imidacloprid-resistant strain collected from the same field in 2004. The cross-resistance seen with all the neonicotinoids tested suggests that the rotation of imidacloprid with other neonicotinoids may not be an effective long-term resistance management strategy. Rotation with spinosad also carries some risk, but it is unlikely that spinosad resistance in this case is mechanistically related to that for the neonicotinoids.     

Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of small‐fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect is able to oviposit into and damage ripe and ripening fruit, making it unmarketable. Because this is a new pest in the United States, it is necessary to identify registered insecticides to manage this insect effectively in conventional and organic production systems. RESULTS: The present laboratory bioassays and field trials identified a number of insecticides representing various modes of action that are effective in controlling D. suzukii. Products that performed well in the laboratory bioassay also performed well in the field, indicating that screening of new chemistries in the laboratory is a worthy exercise. Field application of pyrethoids, organophosphates or spinosyns provided 5–14 days of residual control of D. suzukii. The efficacy of the neonicotinoids as adulticides was not satisfactory compared with the other contact‐mode‐of‐action chemistries. Based on the zero tolerance by the small‐fruit industry and the individual effects mentioned above, neonicotinoids are not currently recommended for D. suzukii management. CONCLUSIONS: There are effective insecticides registered for controlling D. suzukii infestations in susceptible small‐fruit crops. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

高效氯氰菊酯对龟纹瓢虫幼虫-棉蚜的综合作用效应

进行了杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯对龟纹瓢虫幼虫-棉蚜综合作用效应的研究,在高效氯氰菊酯对棉蚜、龟纹瓢虫幼虫毒力测定的基础上,进一步研究了药剂直接处理后的龟纹瓢虫幼虫、取食不同药剂处理棉蚜的龟纹瓢虫及药剂综合作用后龟纹瓢虫幼虫的死亡率、捕食量及残虫化蛹率变化.结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯对棉蚜和龟纹瓢虫幼虫的毒杀作用强,LC50分别为7.369mg/L和0.912mg/L.药剂处理后的龟纹瓢虫幼虫3天捕食量下降15.6%～25.0%,而饲食带药棉蚜的龟纹瓢虫幼虫3天捕食量下降28.7%～51.6%,捕食量与药剂浓度呈反相关.同时,随着药剂浓度的升高,龟纹瓢虫残虫化蛹率逐渐下降.     

Use of zoophytophagous mirid bugs in horticultural crops: Current challenges and future perspectives

In recent years, the use of predatory mirid bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) in horticultural crops has increased considerably. Mirid bugs are zoophytophagous predators, that is, they display omnivorous behavior and feed on both plants and arthropods. Mirid bugs feed effectively on a wide range of prey, such as whiteflies, lepidopteran eggs and mites. In addition, the phytophagous behavior of mirid bugs can activate defenses in the plants on which they feed. Despite the positive biological attributes, their use still presents some constraints. Their establishment and retention on the crop is not always easy and economic plant damage can be caused by some mirid species. In this review, the current strategies for using zoophytophagous mirid bugs in horticultural crops, mainly Nesidiocoris tenuis, Macrolophus pygmaeus and Dicyphus hesperus, are reviewed. We discuss six different approaches which, in our opinion, can optimize the efficacy of mirids as biocontrol agents and help expand their use into more areas worldwide. In this review we (i) highlight the large number of species and biotypes which are yet to be described and explore their applicability, (ii) present how it is possible to take advantage of the mirid‐induced plant defenses to improve pest management, (iii) argue that genetic selection of improved mirid strains is feasible, (iv) explore the use of companion plants and the use of alternative foods to improve the mirid bug management, and finally (vi) discuss strategies for the expansion of mirid bugs as biological control agents to horticultural crops other than just tomatoes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of intraguild predation and lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of three acarophagous predators

This laboratory study reports the interaction of three predators found in commercial apple orchards in Quebec, Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). First, intraguild predation between H vitripennis and the two other predators was characterized in the absence and presence of their extraguild prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results showed an asymmetrical interaction in favour of the larger predator and the levels of intraguild predation were weak for the two predatory combinations. Presence of the phytophagous mite reduced the intensity of intraguild predation in the predatory combination of H axyridis and H vitripennis. Second, the effects of intraguild predation and the application of lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of the predators were evaluated. The application of the insecticide reduced prey consumption of H vitripennis and H axyridis but did not affect that of A fallacis. Combination of predators and an insecticide application resulted in two different situations depending on the species involved: a reduced predation efficacy for the combination of H vitripennis and H axyridis due to a knockdown effect caused by the insecticide, and no effect on T urticae consumption for H vitripennis and A fallacis. It is suggested that an integrated pest management program based on H vitripennis, A fallacis and lambda-cyhalothrin may be evaluated to repress phytophagous mites in Quebec orchards.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的代谢研究进展

对新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的化学结构特点及代谢研究进展进行了综述,重点对其在哺乳动物、植物和昆虫体内的代谢途径及相关的生物代谢酶进行了阐述。吡虫啉和噻虫嗪在环境中可被动物、植物、微生物及昆虫所代谢,与其生物代谢相关的酶主要是微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶和醛氧化酶,其中,P450同工酶可催化吡虫啉和噻虫嗪发生羟基化、去饱和、脱烷基、硝基还原等代谢反应,而醛氧化酶主要催化其硝基部分的还原。吡虫啉和噻虫嗪经过代谢后其生物活性通常有所降低,但也有部分代谢产物的活性反而升高,增加了其对昆虫的毒性以及对非靶标生物的风险。明确吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的代谢途径、代谢产物及其生物活性,对于了解新烟碱类杀虫剂的代谢机理,以及安全有效地使用该类杀虫剂具有重要意义。     

盲蝽成虫食诱剂的田间诱捕效果

本试验对盲蝽食诱剂中试产品进行了田间诱捕效果评价。结果表明,丙烯酸丁酯和丙酸丁酯按质量比3∶1配制的食诱剂对盲蝽成虫诱捕效果明显,诱捕量显著高于对照。2015年河北黄骅苜蓿田中,该食诱剂配方对盲蝽成虫的总诱捕量是对照的3.9倍,2016年河南新乡和河北廊坊绿豆田、河北廊坊棉花田中该食诱剂诱捕盲蝽总量分别是对照的55.3倍和39.0倍、15.6倍,均显著高于对照。诱捕到的盲蝽种类有绿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽、三点盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽,苜蓿田优势种苜蓿盲蝽和绿盲蝽、绿豆和棉花田优势种绿盲蝽的诱捕量同样显著高于对照。这表明,盲蝽食诱剂对田间盲蝽成虫具有明显的诱捕效果,可用于盲蝽成虫种群的监测与防治。     

害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性及其治理策略

烟碱和新烟碱类杀虫剂都是作为后突触烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的激动剂作用于昆虫中枢神经系统,但这两类杀虫剂存在明显不同的选择毒性:烟碱类对哺乳动物毒性较高,而杀虫活性低;新烟碱类具有高杀虫活性,而对哺乳动物低毒。由于新烟碱类杀虫剂的作用方式独特,对以前使用的如拟除虫菊酯类、氯化烃类、有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类等杀虫剂很少或无交互抗性,该类杀虫剂为防治一些世界性重大害虫(包括对以前使用的杀虫剂具有长期抗性的害虫)作出了重要贡献。但现已发现不少害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生了抗性。文章就害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性概况、抗性机理和抗性治理策略进行了综述。     

Thiamethoxam acts as a target‐site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that the resistance mechanism towards spinosad in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an altered target site. Like the neonicotinoids, the spinosyns act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in insects, but at a distinct site. The changes in nAChRs related to spinosad resistance in thrips might involve interaction with neonicotinoids. In this study, the efficacy of spinosad and neonicotinoids, alone and in combination, was evaluated in susceptible and spinosad‐resistant thrips strains. RESULTS: The neonicotinoids tested were imidacloprid, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin. No cross‐resistance was shown between spinosad and any of the neonicotinoids. However, an increased toxicity was observed when a mixture of spinosad with thiamethoxam or clothianidin was tested. No synergism was found in the susceptible strains. The more spinosad‐resistant the thrips strain, the stronger was the synergism. CONCLUSION: Data suggest that spinosad and thiamethoxam may interact at the nAChRs in spinosad‐resistant thrips, facilitating enhanced insecticidal action. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

近10年我国烟粉虱发生为害及防治研究进展

烟粉虱是我国重要农业害虫,近10年来我国烟粉虱发生为害呈现以下特点:烟粉虱的优势生物型/隐种由B型更替为Q型;传播植物病毒(如黄化曲叶病毒、番茄褪绿病毒)成为了烟粉虱重要的为害方式;烟粉虱抗药性问题逐渐突出;化学农药尤其新烟碱类杀虫剂的广泛使用是Q型烟粉虱取代B型烟粉虱的关键因素。烟粉虱的综合防控措施日益完善,抗药性治理与非化学防控措施受到重视,但是依靠农药的现状并未完全改变。本文综述了近10年来我国烟粉虱的发生为害及防治方面的概况,探讨了今后烟粉虱防控方面的研究内容。     

Differential metabolism of sulfoximine and neonicotinoid insecticides by Drosophila melanogaster monooxygenase CYP6G1

Sulfoxaflor [N-[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-λ⁴-sulfanylidene] cyanamide] is in development as the first product from the new sulfoximine class of insect control agents. Highly effective against a variety of sap-feeding pest insects, available data indicate no cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in pest insect strains that exhibit high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. In vitro studies of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP6G1 from Drosophila melanogaster, expressed in a Drosophila cell line, show very high levels of metabolism for a variety of neonicotinoids, but not for sulfoxaflor and its chloropyridine-analog. A sulfoxaflor analog with nitrogen in place of the carbon in the bridge between the pyridine and sulfoximine moiety shows a modest degree of metabolism. In silico homology modeling of the CYP6G1 with the sulfoximines and neonicotinoids suggests that steric effects may limit interactions of the sulfoximines with the reactive heme-oxo complex. A distinct relationship was identified for the summed Hückel charges and the degree of metabolism observed. These observations help explain the lack of sulfoxaflor metabolism by CYP6G1, and in turn provide a basis for the lack of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in insecticide resistant strains of pest insects.     

The efficacy of spinosad against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its impact on associated biological control agents on greenhouse cucumbers in southern Ontario

Insecticides are the most commonly used tactic to control western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on greenhouse cucumber. However, WFT has developed resistance to several of the insecticides presently in use. In addition, some of these insecticides adversely affect greenhouse biological control agents used to control WFT, resulting in subsequent pest resurgence. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel insecticides with unique modes of action for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs to effectively control WFT with minimal impact on associated biological control agents. In laboratory bioassays conducted in 2001, immature and adult WFT and three associated greenhouse biological control agents: Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were exposed to direct, direct/residual, and residual contact applications of the novel biopesticide, spinosad (Conserve 120 SC), and the industry standard for whitefly control, endosulfan (Thiodan 50 WP). In all three types of assay, spinosad was effective against immature and adult WFT life stages. It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa. Greenhouse studies involving exposure of immature and adult WFT and adult biological control agents to cucumber leaves sprayed previously with spinosad supported the laboratory data. Spinosad showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris exposed to leaves 1 day after treatment (DAT), moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus 1 and 8 DAT, and high toxicity to E. formosa up to 28 DAT. These data, along with spinosad's unique mode of action, suggest it would be a valuable reduced-risk control agent for greenhouse cucumber IPM programs.     

8种杀虫剂对云南不同区域草地贪夜蛾种群的室内毒力测定

为有效防控新入侵迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾,指导科学用药,本研究按照农业农村部推荐用药,在室内采用浸叶法测定了8种杀虫剂对滇西南、滇南、滇中、滇东北4个区域5个草地贪夜蛾种群3龄幼虫的毒力。测定结果表明,8种杀虫剂对上述草地贪夜蛾种群的毒力大小顺序依次为:5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WG(0.05～0.09 mg/L)≥25%乙基多杀菌素WG(0.16～0.26 mg/L)5%虱螨脲SC(0.84～7.07 mg/L)20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC(3.31～10.50 mg/L)10%虫螨腈SC(4.82～11.47 mg/L)30%茚虫威SC(23.79～40.41 mg/L)2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC(102.85～147.60 mg/L)32 000 IU/mg Bt WP(141.09～352.61 mg/L),其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威和Bt对4个区域种群的LD_(50)无显著性差异,虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯对4个区域种群的LD_(50)存在区域性差异,其中区域间差异显著的是5%虱螨脲SC,最大相对毒力指数为8.42倍。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫螨腈对草地贪夜蛾的LD_(90)均低于各药剂的田间推荐剂量,是防治草地贪夜蛾的最佳杀虫剂;茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾的LD_(90)超过了推荐剂量,选用时注意防效,高效氯氟氰菊酯和Bt不推荐作为防治药剂。研究结果为云南地区草地贪夜蛾的有效防治提供了参考。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421对棉蚜、绿盲蝽的田间防效

棉花是我国重要的经济作物, 虫害严重制约了棉花生产, 造成棉农的经济损失。目前, 化学杀虫剂仍是防治棉花虫害的主要手段, 长期使用化学杀虫剂导致棉蚜Aphis gossypii、绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum产生抗药性, 降低防治效果。本研究使用80亿孢子/mL金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421可分散油悬浮剂防治棉蚜、绿盲蝽, 室内生测结果表明, 金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421能有效侵染棉蚜和绿盲蝽, 随着浓度的升高, 对棉蚜和绿盲蝽的毒力增强。〖JP+2〗田间试验结果表明, 该药剂能有效控制棉花主要害虫棉蚜和绿盲蝽。采用1 200 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对棉蚜的防效达94.42%; 采用1 350 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对绿盲蝽的防效分别达到87.25%(新疆), 91.62%(湖北)。     

Residual toxicity of two insecticides on three field populations of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) collected along the St Lawrence valley in eastern Canada

Insecticides are still the single main pest control method employed today by most growers to mitigate damage done by the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae). In eastern Canada, the complex agricultural ecosystem, which may be described as a mosaic of farmlands dispersed among natural habitats (forest, prairies), allows tarnished plant bug adults to fly and move from sprayed to non-sprayed areas. In 2004 (late August to early September), three populations of L. lineolaris were collected from three mixed vegetation strips adjacent to orchards and vineyards along the St Lawrence valley: the Niagara Peninsula (Ontario), Dunham (Quebec) and La Pocatière (Quebec). Assays were done in the laboratory by confining adults in glass vials coated with dried residues. The estimated LC(50) values for the three populations varied from 11.2 to 16.8 x 10(-5) g L(-1) for azinphos-methyl and from 0.8 to 1.4 x 10(-5) g L(-1) for cypermethrin. In contrast to the Mississippi delta, no tolerance to insecticides was found in the populations collected. Possible explanations for this non-tolerance to insecticides includes a very low selection pressure as a result of the reduced number of insecticide treatments done in the context of the diversified agricultural landscapes encountered in eastern Canada which allow movements of adults from treated to non-treated areas.     

苯醚甲环唑在套袋与不套袋苹果中的残留及消解动态

通过两年田间试验并结合气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)技术,研究比较了苹果套袋 和不套袋2种不同栽培方式下苯醚甲环唑在苹果中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:2011和2012年, 苯醚甲环唑在未套袋苹果中的原始沉积量分别为0.44和0.17 mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为12.8和15.5 d;2012年其在套袋苹果中的原始沉积量为0.056 mg/kg,半衰期为31.9 d。两年的试验表明,于苹果收获前35~42 d,按照10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量(有效成分分别为66.7和100 mg/L)施药2次和3次, 距末次施药后7 d采收,套袋和不套袋果实中苯醚甲环唑的残留量均低于我国最大残留限量(MRL)值0.5 mg/kg,其中套袋处理均低于0.03 mg/kg,表明苯醚甲环唑按照推荐剂量及次数施用是安全的;在套袋方式下,苯醚甲环唑残留量明显降低。