玉米氮,磷,钾吸收量与施肥效应分析

在相同土壤条件和施肥量下,对玉米,烤烟进行盆栽对比试验,结果表明：玉米抽雄吐丝期地上部吸收氮,磷,钾量的顺序为Ｎ〉Ｋ〉Ｐ,玉米田间小区施肥试验表明;氮,磷,钾肥对玉米的增产效果为Ｎ〉Ｋ〉Ｐ,与其吸收量大小是一致的;而氮,磷,以的优化配比为中氮中磷高钾处理（Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ＝１．０：０．５：０．８－１．０）,即施Ｎ１５－１６ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５７．５－８．０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,Ｋ２Ｏ１２     

覆膜马铃薯平衡施肥研究初报

采用二次回归饱和Ｄ－最优设计，对米拉马铃薯进行Ｎ，Ｋ肥料效应试验研究。借助于ＣＡＳＩＯ ｆｘ－３６００Ｐ型计算器，建立了肥料效应方程。最佳施肥量为Ｎ８．２２ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２．Ｋ２Ｏ１２．０８ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２，最佳产量为２００２．３０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２，肥料配比Ｎ：Ｋ２Ｏ为１：１．４７，肥料增产量５３０．１０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２，纯收益４２４．０８元／６６７ｍ＾２，投产比１：３．９８。指出在施有Ｐ     

不同基因型烤烟对氮肥形态的适应和在水分胁迫下抗旱性影响的研究

本文通过盆栽试验,研究了在ＮＨ４ＮＯ３,ＮａＮＯ３,ＵＲＥＡ和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４四种形态氮肥下生长的两个烤烟主栽品种Ｋ３２６和ＮＣ８９在土壤干旱胁迫下抗旱性的差异。同时研究了上述四种氮肥形态对烤烟的有关生物学性状和烟叶产量的影响。实验证明,在同等施肥水平下四种氮肥对烤烟生长的促进效果为ＮＨ４ＮＯ３〉ＮａＮＯ３〉（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４〉ＵＲＥＡ。其中ＮＣ８９对ＮＨ４－Ｎ和ＵＲＥＡ的适应能力略强于Ｋ３２６     

大蒜发芽叶培养体细胞胚发生

将大蒜发芽叶培养于ＭＳ（１／２ＮＨ４ＮＯ３＿＋２，４－Ｄ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ上，形成愈伤组织。愈伤组织继代后，转移到ＭＳ（ＫＮＯ３２５２５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４１６５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，无ＮＨ４ＮＯ３）＋ＫＴ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋６－ＢＡ４ｍｇ／Ｌ＋Ａｄｅｎｉｎｅ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＡＡ０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基上，２５天后，形成体细胞胚并能再生植株。其中，胚状体发生的必要条件是ＮＯ３／ＮＨ＾＋４＞１，ＫＴ／     

沸石在复混肥中的作用与应用

沸石在复混肥中的作用如下：（１）保Ｎ 沸石“分子筛”吸ＮＨ４＾＋再释放;减少尿素Ｎ流失;减缓尿素Ｎ转化为ＮＨ４＾４＋－Ｎ速度。（２）减少Ｐ的固定 沸石吸ＨＰＯ４＾２－再释放;沸石吸ＮＨ４＾＋成为ＮＨ４＾＋－沸石（铵化饱和沸石）在释放ＮＨ４＾＋时大量吸收Ｃａ＾２＋。（３）沸石中含Ｋ和多种微量元素 可供作物吸收利用,沸石在复混肥中的作用,主要是用它包衣尿素,配制沸石长效复浊肥,此肥最大的特点是长效,增     

离子注入缓解Al^3＋毒害绿豆根生长及根尖细胞核仁的作用

用不同剂量的Ｎ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾＋离子束辐照绿豆种子，研究缓解Ａｌ＾３＋对根生长及根尖细胞核仁的毒害作用。结果表明：在２×１０＾１５、５×１０＾１５Ｎ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２，５×１０＾１５和１×１０＾１６Ｃｕ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２剂量范围内，离子注入对１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ａｌ＾３＋处理的绿豆具有保护性作用。     

水稻平衡施肥效果简报

研究结果表明，单施Ｎ肥比不施肥增产１４．３％，在施Ｎ肥基础上配施Ｐ、Ｋ肥，则增产率上升为２３．８％。单施Ｎ肥、Ｎ肥利用率仅为２０．１％，在施Ｎ肥基础上配施Ｐ、Ｋ肥，则Ｎ肥利用率上升为３３．５％。ＰＫ肥当季利用率分别为１１．８％入４４．４％。经济效益分析表明，单施Ｎ肥６６７ｍ＾２纯收益为５６．７元，在施Ｎ肥基础上配施Ｐ、Ｋ，则６６７ｍ＾２纯收益上升为７５．５元     

不同小麦种光合作用对光、温、CO2及水分胁迫的反应

本文以三个典型的小麦种为材料，对其部分生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明野生一粒小麦及节节麦的光饱和点都在１０５０μＥｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１左右，而普通小麦中国春的光饱和点为８５０μＥｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１左右。饱和光强下野生一粒小麦和节节麦的光合速率分别比中国春高３６．３％和２７．２％。光合作用最适温度野生一粒小麦和节节麦均在３５℃左右，较普通小麦中国春高（中国春为３０℃左右）。在１００至３００ｐｐｍＣＯ２浓     

大豆氮磷钾吸收动态及模式的研究

根据２年对２个大豆品种的测定结果,大豆叶片、叶柄、茎秆、荚皮的Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ百分含量随生育进程呈明显的下降趋势。籽粒中Ｎ的百分含量在成熟前２周达到最大值,尔后下降;Ｐ２Ｏ５含量比较稳定;Ｋ２Ｏ稍呈下降趋势。大豆单株的Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５和Ｋ２Ｏ绝对含量的积累可用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线方程加以表达,拟合良好。大豆植株吸收各种养分最快的时间：Ｎ约在出苗后第９￣１０周,Ｐ２Ｏ５在第１０周前后,Ｋ２Ｏ约在第８     

水稻覆草保墒旱作技术研究

探索了覆草保墒旱作的可行笥及其配套的栽培技术。研究认为用覆盖４５０ｇ／ｍ＾２以上的稻、麦草取代覆膜旱作是可行的。覆草保墒旱作相应配套栽培技术：改良、培肥土壤,增加土壤蓄保墒能力是前提;在选择抗（耐）旱性强的品种（组合）、培育素质好的旱育秧的基础上,增加栽插密度到１５穴／ｍ＾２以上,每穴２粒种子苗,施Ｎ１８．７５ｇ／ｍ＾２,Ｎ：Ｐ：Ｋ约３：１：２,Ｎ肥底蘖肥后移、后期追肥比例增加到３０％以上,可获较理想产量。     

培养液NO-3/NH+4比对甜菜幼苗NO-3、NH+4 吸收特性的影响

采用标准偏高糖型甜研7号与标准偏丰产型甜研8号2个二倍体纯系品种及水培方法，研究了子叶期（11d）甜菜对NO3^-和NH4^＋的吸收特性以及不同NO3^-／NH4^＋比对苗期（31d）甜菜吸收特性的影响。发现了子叶期甜研7号较甜研8号对NH4^＋有较大的Vmax,有利于NH4^＋的吸收。低NH4^＋浓度比促进甜菜对N03的吸收。而且甜研7号受到的影响相对大于甜研8号。不同NO3^-／NH4^＋也影响甜菜对NH4^＋的吸收速率，2品种所受的影响并不相同。2品种遗传特性不同导致了甜研7号对NH4^＋的吸收较甜研8号敏感。高浓度NH4^＋的存在促进了甜研7号与甜研8号对NH4^＋的吸收。说明可以通过调节甜菜对NO3^-与NH4^＋的吸收与同化关系来调控甜菜的氮代谢，以提高甜菜的产量与质量。     

Molybdenum Uptake and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Evidence for Heterosis

The absorption of Mo by the roots and. transport to the shoot of intact seedlings of a sorghum hybrid and its parent cultivars were measured for 3 h from 10 to 100 μmol ammonium molybdate. The patterns of absorption revealed hybrid vigour and the hybrid followed the patterns of the male- parent 168. Studies on the effects of different amounts of Mo on the nitrate reductase activity also showed the occurrence of hybrid vigour in the- hybrid CSH-7.     

Selective Absorption of K over Na in Sugar Beet Cultivars and its Relationship with Yield and Quality in Two Contrasting Environments of Central Greece

Selective absorption (SA) of K over Na (i.e. the preferential absorption of K over Na) has been proposed as a Na tolerance mechanism but genotypic variation for this trait has not been assessed with sugar beet in the field. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the variation of SA in 14 sugar beet cultivars and to relate SA with yield and root quality in two sites of central Greece (Amfithea and Pyrgetos). Genotypic variation for SA was significant and the SA values were higher in Pyrgetos, the site with the lower soil K and Na concentrations. In Pyrgetos, a favourable environment for sugar beet growth, cultivars yielded more and root quality was better. In that site, a negative relationship between SA and yield (fresh root weight, sugar yield) was found indicating that strong Na exclusion from root is a disadvantage for high yielding. Negative SA–yield relationships were evident in Amfithea when five cultivars with very low SA values (<1.00) were excluded from the analysis. Combined all the cultivars, curvilinear functions were the best-fitted curves for the SA–yield relationships. In Amfithea, where sugar beets had lower water content in root (WCR), a significant, positive correlation between SA and % sucrose content in fresh root weight was found. This finding was ascribed to the dilution of sucrose in roots due to the increased WCR as a result of the increased root Na concentration. In both sites, SA was positively related with root K concentration and negatively with Na concentration. The positive correlations between SA and root α-amino N concentration indicated that sugar beet N nutrition could be affected by the genotypic ability to exclude Na from the root.     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

芝麻菜硝酸盐含量基因型差异研究

对从国内外引进的170个芝麻菜品种,采用水杨酸-浓硫酸方法进行了硝酸盐含量的测定,结果表明芝麻菜基因型间硝酸盐含量存在显著差异,可划分为硝酸盐含量高和硝酸盐含量低的品种类群。     

重金属镉对甜菜中几种微量元素吸收的影响特点

以甜菜作为供试材料,在营养液中添加不同浓度的Cd~(2+),研究重金属镉对甜菜微量元素营养吸收影响,为进一步研究镉污染对甜菜生长的影响提供基础数据,为甜菜安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)随着Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗逐渐褪绿变黄,幼苗干鲜重降低;(2)镉胁迫后甜菜幼苗吸收Cd~(2+)浓度呈增加趋势;(3)在营养液中添加Cd~(2+),致使根、茎、叶中的硼、铜、锌、铁、锰、钼都发生不同程度的改变,其含量有的增加、有的减少。在营养液中由于镉元素的存在,影响甜菜的营养吸收,破坏了营养平衡致使甜菜生长发生改变,产生不同程度的危害。随着营养液中Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗受到危害变重,镉影响明显。     

黑土土壤硝态氮时空变异对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响

150086 黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区学府路368号（黑龙江省农科院土肥所）     

甜菜种质资源品质性状鉴定与评价

旨在更加科学真实地评价甜菜种质资源的品质性状,有针对性地对种质资源优异品质性状进一步挖掘利用。引用甜菜块根蔗糖可回收率、杂质指数、可回收蔗糖量3 个综合指标,排除甜菜块根中有害性非糖分钾、钠、α-氮的影响,对参试的162 份甜菜种质资源2 年试验鉴定结果的有关品质性状进行分析。结果表明：甜菜块根中影响蔗糖提取的有害性非糖分钾、钠、α-氮在不同的种质资源材料间差异较大,其中钠含量在参试种质资源材料中极差达到4.763 mmol/100 g,为平均数的1.84 倍,变异系数34.43%;α-氮含量和钾含量在不同参试种质资源材料间也表现出较大差异,变异系数分别为16.90%和19.03%。通过对参试种质资源材料的评价,筛选出蔗糖含量高、有害性非糖分含量低的高糖组种质资源材料10份、中高糖组48份材料,2组平均蔗糖可回收率分别为15.88%和14.95%;筛选出杂质指数低于4.0、块根产量在45.00 t/hm2以上的丰产型种质资源材料7份,杂质指数4.0~4.5、块根产量在45.00 t/hm2以上丰产性较好的种质资源材料14 份。甜菜块根中可回收蔗糖量指标综合了蔗糖可回收率和块根产量2个性状指标,利用该项指标评价种质资源材料,可以挖掘出丰产优质的种质资源。用可回收蔗糖量指标评价甜菜品种,筛选丰产、高工艺品质的品种,兼顾甜菜种植者和制糖企业双方利益,有利于甜菜制糖产业可持续发展。     

菜薹硝酸盐积累与品种、营养品质之间的关系

为获得3种不同颜色菜薹的硝酸盐积累和营养品质间的关系,以绿菜薹(菜心)、白菜薹和红菜薹为试验材料,采用水肥一体化种植和对菜薹的营养品质测定相关方法对不同颜色菜薹的硝酸盐积累与维生素C、可溶性固形物等营养品质间的关系进行研究。结果表明:绿、白和红菜薹不同品种间硝酸盐含量差异显著。硝酸盐聚类分析将44个菜薹品种划分为硝酸盐含量高和低的2个类群:硝酸盐含量高的类群(33个品种)中包括绿菜薹33个品种中的31个品种和白菜薹5个品种中的2个品种;硝酸盐含量低的类群(11个品种)包含2个绿菜薹品种和3个白菜薹品种,另6个红菜薹品种均属于硝酸盐含量低品种。菜薹硝酸盐积累与其营养指标密切相关,根据硝酸盐含量和营养品质指标(包括维生素C、还原糖、可溶性固体物质和蛋白质含量)的聚类分析结果分为3类:第1类包含32个绿菜薹品种和2个白菜薹品种,为高硝酸盐含量和营养品质指数低的品种;第2类包含6个红菜薹品种和2个白菜薹品种,为低硝酸盐含量和营养品质较高的品种;第3类包含1个绿菜薹和1个白菜薹品种,硝酸盐含量低且营养品质佳的品种。PCA分析表明,硝酸盐积累与各营养指标存在差异,且相关性分析也证实硝酸盐与营养指标存在显著相关。菜薹硝酸盐与营养品质分类和相关性分析为筛选和选育低硝酸盐高品质品种奠定基础。     

Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet

Viral disease of rhizomania is one of the most important diseases of sugar beet all over the world. The disease significantly has reduced the yield and quality of sugar beet, and has imposed high economic loss to farmers. Long-term breeding programs to introduce tolerant cultivars are the only chance of avoiding further yield losses. This study tried to measure and analyze the growth of shoots and roots of rhizomania-tolerant and -susceptible sugar beet with the aim of providing information for modeling of the rhizomania effects on the growth of sugar beet. Growth indices were used for analyzing, quantification, and time-course of sugar beet growth under infested and non-infested soils conditions. A 2-year experiment was conducted using four sugar beet cultivars in 2010 and 2011 in Mashhad, Iran. The results of this study showed that under infested soils, root dry matter and leaf area index of the susceptible cultivars in comparison to tolerant cultivars were lower by 57 and 24%, respectively. In addition, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of susceptible cultivars were affected by rhizomania and were lower than in tolerant cultivars. On non-infested soil, the difference between dry matter and growth indices of susceptible and tolerant sugar beet cultivars was not significant. Rhizomania decreased green area and photosynthesis capacity and led to lower growth rate and dry matter production. Our study quantified the growth of rhizomania-infested sugar beet plants in comparison with non-infested plants and provided information to be used for modeling of the rhizomania effects on the growth of sugar beet.