浅议莽山国家森林公园文化资源的旅游开发

莽山国家森林公园是我国华南地区重要的生态旅游地之一,其文化资源也相当丰富,包括瑶乡民俗风情、历史遗迹、民间传说和生态文化等。在莽山生态旅游发展过程中,文化资源不是核心资源,起不到重要吸引力作用,但构成了莽山生态旅游完备资源体系,是莽山旅游可持续发展的重要资源保证。莽山文化资源旅游开发要按照文化内容的不同,实施不同的开发策略。     

九疑山国家森林公园文化资源旅游开发探讨

九疑山国家森林公园是我国华南地区重要的生态旅游胜地之一，其文化资源极其丰富，包括民间传学、历史遗迹、瑶乡风情和生态文化等。在九疑山生态旅游发展过程中，文化资源不是核心资源，但构成了九疑山生态旅游完备资源体系，是九疑山生态旅游可持续发展的重要资源保证。九疑山文化资源旅游开发要按照文化内容的不同，实施不同的开发策略。     

福州国家森林公园可持续发展生态旅游问题探讨

生态旅游是一个利用生态发展旅游,并通过旅游保护生态的可持续发展模式。本文通过对福州国家森林公园发展生态旅游的优势进行分析,论述了其发展生态旅游主要存在的问题,最后针对福州国家森林公园如何可持续发展生态旅游进行了探讨。     

贵溪国家森林公园生态文化建设对策研究

森林公园是森林生态文化的主要载体,森林生态文化则是森林公园开发生态旅游的核心资源[1]。贵溪国家森林公园具有特色生态文化资源,主要包括畲乡民俗风情、历史遗迹和生态文化等。结合贵溪国家森林公园总体规划实践,提出按照不同的生态文化内容实施相应的开发建设策略。     

大老岭国家森林公园生态旅游的开发与管理

分析了大老岭国家森林公园的自然地理概况、人文经济、景观生态和旅游资源,探讨了其景观生态与旅游开发之间的关系,并提出了生态旅游开发与管理的相关方案:根据生态管理的科学规律设计生态化景观结构,合理布局景观生态功能区,制定合理的生态旅游容量。     

浅谈黎母山国家森林公园的旅游开发

通过对黎母山国家森林公园生态旅游资源及其开发的现状分析，提出了黎母山生态文化旅游发展的建议和对策。     

湖南实现森林生态旅游可持续发展的几个问题

湖南是一个森林生态旅游资源极为丰富的省份,境内绚丽多彩的森林景观、物种繁多的动植物资源、奇特壮观的山水及悠久的历史文化,为森林生态旅游的发展奠定了良好的基础。自建立全国第一个国家森林公园———张家界国家森林公园以来,全省的森林生态旅游资源开发取得了很大成绩,至1999年8月止,共建立国家森林公园和省级森林公园40处,县级以上自然保护区35个。为了实现森林生态旅游可持续发展,在分析了存在的6个障碍因素的基础上,从10个方面提出了对策。     

关于张家界国家森林公园生态文化建设的思考

张家界国家森林公园作为我国第一个国家森林公园,是国内较早将林业资源与旅游开发相结合的成功典型,也是率先开展生态旅游实践的知名景区,如何加强自身生态文化建设,提升旅游     

卯山国家森林公园旅游产品开发探析

介绍卯山国家森林公园概况及风景资源现状,应用生态旅游规划理论,对森林公园旅游产品开发进行了探析,包括对旅游资源的开发建设条件评价、总体布局、旅游产品开发和旅游区形象策划等,为类似森林公园生态旅游的可持续发展提供参考。     

国家森林公园生态旅游研究

指出了生态旅游是以有特色的、良好的生态环境作为景观的旅游,它以保护自然生态环境为前提,提倡人与自然和谐共生,为了支持生态旅游更好、更快地发展,国家森林公园犹如雨后春笋般拔地而起。事实证明,国家森林公园对景观资源的保护做出了不可磨灭的贡献。国家森林公园生态旅游处处体现着可持续发展的观念,它以波澜壮阔的自然景观与人文景观作为依托,向游客提供前所未有的生态体验与生态教育,使其获得精神上的愉悦与满足,并向其渗透保护生态环境的观念。从国家森林公园生态旅游的监管方、运营方及游客等三个方面分析了这个行业存在的问题,并提出了科学有效的发展策略。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.