Polyethersulfone Membrane Filters for Sampling Soil Water from In Situ Soils and Intact Soil Columns for Phosphate Analysis

Abstract

Porous plates or cups are commonly used to collect soil solution samples in field studies or from intact soil columns. Some commonly used materials for porous plates may adsorb soil solution constituents such as phosphorus (P). An alternative to using a porous plate is to use a membrane filter with a known pore size and bubble point. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of polyethersulfone membranes (pore size 0.45 µm and bubble point >200 kPa) to extract soil solution from in situ soils and intact soil columns for phosphate analysis. In situ soil solution samplers were constructed from modified reusable polysulfone membrane filter holders equipped with polyethersulfone membranes (47 mm diameter). A ?10 kPa vacuum was maintained in the samplers, which enabled soil solution collection at soil water potentials of 0 to ?4 kPa in loamy sand, 0 to ?10 kPa in sandy loam, and 0 to ?12 kPa in sandy clay loam soils. In a laboratory study, soil solution samplers continued to hold a vacuum to ?77 kPa soil water potential. Soil solution samplers were further evaluated in a field study at 45‐, 90‐, and 135‐cm depths in two soils. Samplers operated with relatively few difficulties for the first 12 months of field evaluation. Membranes apparently dried during periods of low soil water potential but increases in soil moisture were sufficient to rewet the membrane. Sampler failures in the field increased during 13–18 months because aged vacuum tubing and root interferences with samplers at 45 cm. Improvements in sampler design may improve the durability for implementation in long‐term field experiments. Membrane filters worked near flawlessly to maintain unsaturated conditions in intact soil columns. The filter units facilitated easy collection of soil water from the intact soil columns without altering the chemical composition of the percolate.     

Influence of mineral fertilizers and different soil types on nutrient leaching: Results of lysimeter studies in East Germany

A lysimeter experiment on mineral fertilizer use and soil type was begun in 1985 to study the interrelationships between the level of mineral fertilization and the leaching of nutrients. Increased application of mineral fertilizers brought about not only a significant reduction in effluence build-up, but also a significant increase in yield. The lowest levels of nitrogen leaching were found in clay-sand soil in use as grassland, and the highest in sandy soil used as arable land. Unexpectedly, the study was unable to prove statistically that a reduction in N, P and K leaching follows automatically from a reduction in mineral fertilization. Hence, suboptimal fertilization cannot be the only corrective measure if a noticeable or marked reduction in the adverse impact on water quality due to nutrient leaching is to be achieved. Interim plantings should be integrated in crop rotations. Agricultural crops must be siteadapted and suited to the fertilization regime.     

田间条件下氮的矿化及硝态氮淋溶研究

采用SRC（Soil-Resin-Core）装置,研究了重庆市主要土壤类型的氮矿化差异以及与硝态氮淋溶的关系。研究结果表明,微酸性紫色土（菜地）的氮索矿化量、硝态氮淋失量和有效氮的变幅均较大,而其它两种坡耕地变化的氮素矿化景和硝态氮的淋失量变幅均较小。相关分析表明：在微酸性紫色土中,影响硝态氮淋失的主要因素是矿化量,且二者呈显著正相关;而其它两种坡耕地土壤的矿化量与硝态氮淋失量不表现相关性。这就表明不同土壤矿化、硝态氮淋失的情况有差异。     

亚热带主要耕作土壤硝态氮淋失特征试验研究

本文选取红壤、水稻土、潮土、黄棕壤和紫色土等我国亚热带地区的主要耕作土壤为研究对象,采用土柱模拟试验,研究了在这些土壤中,氮素累积与硝态氮迁移的动态特征,并对氮素的淋失风险进行了定量评价和预测。结果表明,硝态氮在土壤中的淋失过程可分为两个明显的阶段:高浓度快速降低阶段和低浓度缓慢降低阶段。硝态氮淋失过程存在明显的拐点,该点对应的累积入渗量（拐点入渗量）变化范围为38.1 - 219.7 mm,且随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈幂函数关系增加,表明随硝态氮含量的增高,其淋失风险呈加速增大的趋势。硝态氮淋失强度随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈显著的线性变化趋势。初步估测,我国亚热带地区年降水入渗量700 mm和土壤硝态氮累积水平为N 20 mg /kg条件下,表层土壤（0-20cm）的硝态氮年平均淋失量为N 484.9 kg /hm2,土壤间的变异系数（CV）分别为26.5%。土壤硝态氮含量是影响硝态氮淋失强度的决定性因素,其它土壤性质的影响均相对较小,因此,控制土壤氮素累积和化肥施用水平是降低其淋失风险的关键环节。     

减量施氮及秸秆深埋对春玉米地土壤电导率和硝态氮淋溶的影响

通过在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站半覆膜种植春玉米大田试验,研究了减氮及秸秆深埋对土壤电导率、土壤硝态氮淋溶和玉米产量的影响,旨在为提高氮肥利用效率和保护环境提供理论依据。试验设5个处理3个重复,处理包括不施氮(CK)、常规施氮(CON1,N 250kg/hm2)、常规施氮加秸秆(CON2,N 250kg/hm2+秸秆)、减量施氮(CR1,N 200kg/hm2)和减量施氮加秸秆(CR2,N 200kg/hm2+秸秆)。测量了春玉米各生育期土层剖面土壤电导率、收获期土壤硝态氮含量和春玉米产量。结果表明:土壤电导率在分蘖期、拔节期40—150cm土层出现峰值,在抽穗期、成熟期40—200cm土层出现峰值,峰值范围下移。在0—150cm土层范围内,土壤电导率整体呈现CON2CON1,CR2CR1。在0—150cm土层范围内,常规施氮土壤电导率高于减量施氮。与常规施氮相比,减量施氮减少了土壤剖面硝态氮含量,同时,采取秸秆深埋措施也能减少土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并延缓硝态氮的淋溶下移。与常规施氮相比,减量20%施氮增产9.59%。施氮条件下,秸秆深埋时,有利于提高作物产量,提高氮肥增产潜力。秸秆深埋有利于提高土壤电导率,减少土壤硝态氮含量,阻控土壤硝态氮向下淋溶,提高玉米产量。     

Establishment of Critical Sap and Soil Nitrate Concentrations using a Cardy Nitrate Meter for Two Carrot Cultivars Grown on Organic and Mineral Soil

Abstract

Nitrate (NO₃ ^?) meters have been used effectively for crop nitrogen (N) management in many crops, including corn and cabbage. The use of a Cardy NO₃ ^? meter to assess the N status of the carrot crop could improve the utilization of applied N, but critical NO₃‐N concentrations are required. Two carrot cultivars were grown on mineral and organic soils over 3 years at five N application rates to establish critical sap and soil NO₃‐N concentrations and to identify the effects of soil type and cultivar. Although a yield response to N application occurred on mineral soil in 2 of 3 years, consistent critical sap NO₃‐N concentrations could not be established because of variability among years, cultivars, and soil types. Critical soil nitrate concentrations were highly variable, but values of 31 to 36 mg · L^?1 NO₃‐N could be established for the early sampling date to 30 cm deep. Sap NO₃‐N concentrations cannot be used alone for N analysis of carrots, but early‐season soil NO₃‐N assessment could be useful in adjusting N‐fertilization practices.     

Residual effect and nitrate leaching in grass‐arable rotations: effect of grassland proportion,sward type and fertilizer history

A key point in designing grass‐arable rotations is to find the right balance between the number of cultivations and the length of the grass phase. In a field experiment, we investigated the effect of cropping history (grazed unfertilized grass–clover and fertilized [300 kg N per hectare] ryegrass, proportion of grassland and previous fertilizer use) on crop growth and nitrate leaching for 2 years following grassland cultivation. In the final year, the effect of perennial ryegrass as a catch crop was investigated. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) of grassland cultivation was higher at 132 kg N per hectare in the rotation with 75% grassland compared with on average 111 kg N per hectare in rotations with 25 and 38% grassland and the NFRV of ryegrass in the rotation was higher than that of grass–clover. Nitrate leaching following cultivation was not affected by the proportion of grassland in the crop rotation or sward type. However, there was a considerable effect of having a ryegrass catch crop following the final barley crop as nitrate leaching was reduced from 60 to 9 kg N per hectare. When summarizing results from the crop rotations over a longer period (1997–2005), management strategy adopted in both the grassland and arable phases appeared to be the primary instrument in avoiding nutrient losses from mixed crop rotations, irrespective of grass proportion. In the arable phase, the huge potential of catch crops has been demonstrated, but it is also important to realize that all parts of the grass‐arable crop rotations must be considered potentially leaky.     

土壤深度对土磷素淋失的影响

利用渗漏池设施,研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下不同土壤深度对土磷素淋失的影响。种植8季作物结果表明,对深度小于80 cm 的渗漏池,淋出土体的累积渗滤液量和累积全磷量随化学磷肥施用量的增加而减少; 随土层深度的增加,淋出土体的渗滤液和磷量均减少,且二者的减少率都很接近,表明磷素淋失主要受通过土体的土壤水分控制。相对于深度小于80 cm的土层,供试土壤的粘化层有效地减少了土壤渗滤液和磷素淋失。各深度渗漏池渗滤液中的磷以可溶态为主,约占全磷的70%左右,颗粒磷约占30%。合理施肥并加强水分管理是土区减少磷素向土壤深层迁移的有效手段。     

农田土壤环境监测渗漏池系统的构建技术及应用

粗放的农田管理措施导致耕地质量连年下降,过量的投入品从农田流失至河流湖泊,特别是农田养分、重金属和农残等的淋溶加剧了农业面源污染的风险。渗漏池作为农业环境监测的重要装置,可分析土壤渗滤液的各成分及其淋洗特征,建立运移模型,评估不同农业措施对农田生态系统的影响,进而为完善农田管理措施提供技术支持。该文针对农业环境研究中的主要渗漏池类型,归纳总结了各类渗漏池的构建与布设方法,对渗漏池中的土壤装填、土壤表层隔离和渗漏液取样的方法等进行了系统描述,分析了不同渗漏池类型的优缺点,讨论了影响渗漏池监测结果的主要因素,并结合渗漏池在农田环境监测中的发展现状,提出了建议与展望。总体而言,各类渗漏池各有优缺点,渗漏池的构建应以具体研究需求为导向,结合地质地形条件、作物种植环境及自身建设水平等情况,在试验可接受的偏差范围和建设预算内,有针对性地构建适宜自身条件平台的渗漏池,从而实现低成本和高精确度的研究体系。     

W-OH固化剂对土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失的影响

采用盆栽试验结合天然降雨观测,研究了不同W-OH喷施浓度(1%、3%和5%)对作物(大豆、玉米和大蒜)地土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下W-OH的保水作用受降雨量和作物类型影响;小雨和中雨条件下,玉米地土壤水渗漏量随W-OH施用浓度的增加呈先减小后增加,浓度为3%的处理渗漏量最低,保水效益明显;当降雨量达大雨及以上级别时,W-OH的保水作用与其喷施浓度成正比;W-OH对大豆和大蒜地的保水作用不受降雨量的影响,且其对二者土壤水渗漏量的影响规律相似,与对照(不喷施WOH)相比,各处理水分渗漏量随W-OH浓度增加而增加。在作物生长初期,W-OH的保肥作用与其施用浓度成正比,经历后续降雨渗流多次淋溶,保肥作用趋于稳定;玉米和大蒜地喷施中、高浓度(3%和5%)的WOH即可减少硝态氮淋失量,大豆地1%浓度的W-OH即可减少硝态氮淋失。     

改善根系生长捕获深层土中NO3-N最优化免耕玉米氮肥利用率

Subsoil acidity restricts root growth and reduces crop yields in many parts of the world. More than half of the fertilizer nitrogen(N) applied in crop production is currently lost to the environment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gypsum application on the efficiency of N fertilizer in no-till corn(Zea mays L.) production in southern Brazil. A field experiment examined the effects of surface-applied gypsum(0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha~(-1)) and top-dressed ammonium nitrate(NH_4NO_3)(60, 120, and 180 kg N ha~(-1)) on corn root length, N uptake, and grain yield. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using undisturbed soil columns collected from the field experiment site to evaluate NO_3-N leaching, N uptake, and root length with surface-applied gypsum(0 and 10 Mg ha~(-1)) and top-dressed NH_4NO_3(0 and 180 kg N ha~(-1)). Amelioration of subsoil acidity due to gypsum application increased corn root growth,N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency. Applying gypsum to the soil surface increased corn grain yield by 19%–38% and partial factor productivity of N(PFPN) by 27%–38%, depending on the N application rate. Results of the undisturbed soil column greenhouse experiment showed that improvement of N use efficiency by gypsum application was due to the higher N uptake from NO_3-N in the subsoil as a result of increased corn root length. Our results suggest that ameliorating subsoil acidity with gypsum in a no-till corn system could increase N use efficiency, improve grain yield, and reduce environmental risks due to NO_3-N leaching.     

漓江水陆交错带硝态氮淋失规律的模拟研究

以广西桂林市潜经村漓江水陆交错带为研究区域,按照不同淹没程度将水陆交错带分为重度淹没带(T_1)、中度淹没带(T_2)、轻度淹没带(T_3),运用室内土柱模拟试验,研究不同淹没带、不同尿素施肥量、不同价态阳离子对硝态氮(NO_3~--N)淋失的影响。结果表明:(1)在正常施肥条件下,重度淹没带NO_3~--N淋失量最大(117.5kg/hm~2),显著高于中度淹没带(108.0kg/hm~2)和轻度淹没带(102.7kg/hm~2)淋失量。(2)随着施肥量增加NO_3~--N淋失量显著增加,当施肥量分别是140kg/hm~2,180kg/hm~2,220kg/hm~2时,NO_3~--N淋失比值为1∶1.35∶1.94。(3)土壤中阳离子Na~+、Ca~(2+)的存在可显著减少11.38%~18.31%的NO_3~--N淋失量,但不同价态阳离子之间对NO_3~--N淋失量的影响差异不显著。(4)随着淹没程度减小土壤容重逐渐降低,土壤粘粒含量逐渐增加,有机质则呈先减小后增加的趋势。在低、正常施肥处理下,NO_3~--N淋失量与土壤容重呈显著正相关,与土壤粘粒含量呈显著负相关;在高施肥处理下,NO_3~--N淋失量与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关。     

氮肥运筹对水稻氮素吸收和稻田渗漏液氮素浓度影响

通过大田试验,设计3个不同氮肥水平（0、150、240kgN·hm^-2）和两种不同施肥比例（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥：40％：30％：30％、基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30％：20％：50％）,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻氮素吸收和稻田渗漏液氮素浓度的影响。结果表明,稻田渗漏液中NH4＋-N、NO3--N和总N浓度在施肥后第3d达到最大、随后降低,在施氮后的第7d,分别降为峰值的5．6％～16．9％、13．8％～22．5％、22．5％～34．5％。施氮水平处于0—240kgN·hm^-2时,水稻产量、氮素积累总量（totalNaccumulation,TNA）和稻田渗漏液Nm—N、N0i—N和总N浓度随着氮素水平的提高而显著增加;在较高氮肥水平（240kgN·hm^-2）下,与氮肥前移相比（基肥：分蘖HE：穗粒肥=40％：30％：30％）,采用氮肥后移（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30％：20％：50％）的施肥比例,水稻产量和成熟期TNA分别增加6．2％和16．4％,稻田渗漏液NO3--N及总N浓度分别降低8．9％和4．8％,而对NHZ—N浓度影响不显著,说明适宜的氮肥运筹可以增加水稻的产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素渗漏损失。     

Investigation of Nitrate–Nitrogen (NO3–N) Mass Balance Between Effluent and Soil Under the Effect of Raw Pistachio Residues and its Biochar Application

Disruption in the nitrogen (N) cycle balance has a negative impact on the overall trend of sustainable development, and using soil amendments is necessary to reduce these hazards. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of three levels of amendments (0, 7.5 g/kg of pistachio residues, and 7.5 g/kg of biochar) and four levels of irrigation water salinity including 0.5 (urban water), 5.5, 8, and 10.5 dS/m and in three replications. Two pistachio seedlings were transferred to all columns and then in three steps, and in each step, 25 mg N/kg of potassium nitrate was added. The results indicated that pistachio residuals and its biochar increased nitrate outflow from effluent by 9% and 52%, respectively. The effects of amendment treatment and irrigation water salinity on all three characteristics of output nitrate, soil nitrate, and absorbed plant nitrate were significant at 1% level.     

水分调节剂DY-ET100对番茄产量、品质及水氮在土壤中扩散的影响

为解决水分在土壤中横向扩散范围小和硝态氮淋溶等问题,以水分调节剂DY-ET100为供试材料,以清水、渴以友为对照,研究和对比了水分调节剂DY-ET100的添加对水分在不同土壤中的扩散情况及对硝态氮淋溶和番茄产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在掺沙和未掺沙黏土中添加水分调节剂DY-ET100较清水处理番茄果实中VC含量分别显著提高12.50%和20.51%;添加DY-ET100的处理使距滴头0～30 cm范围内的水分在土壤中分布更加均匀,滴灌时水分扩散半径较清水和渴以友分别增加22.53%和12.33%;在掺沙和未掺沙黏土中较清水处理硝态氮累积量增加41.21%和18.83%;同时减少硝态氮的淋溶损失量,在掺沙和未掺沙黏土较清水处理硝态氮淋溶损失降低7.53%和8.07%。研究为水分调节剂的使用推广提供了数据支撑。