Nitrate nitrogen and nitrate reductase activity in Verna lemon tree leaves

The determination of the leaf nitrate concentration, as well as the nitrate reductase activity have been proposed as a parameters for the estimation of the nitrogen requirements of citrus plants. Because this, it is interesting to dispose of a well criteria for their suitable diagnosing. On nutritionally normal Verna lemon trees we study the annual evolution of the leaf nitrate levels as well as the nitrate reductase activities. At the same time, the cause of the nitrogen alterations induced by iron chlorosis are determined. The results show that is the ferredoxin the iron compound responsible of this nitrogen unbalance.     

机械损伤对烤烟植株氮素吸收及体内烟碱含量的影响

采用砂培和营养液培养方法,研究了在营养生长阶段切除顶芽和叶片损伤对烟株生长、体内烟碱浓度、氮浓度及吸氮量的影响。结果表明,切除顶芽导致烟株体内烟碱浓度和含量显著增加。叶片损伤也能增加体内的烟碱浓度,且损伤二次比损伤一次的效果更为明显,说明叶面损伤对烟株体内烟碱合成的影响具有累积效应。但叶面损伤对烟株体内烟碱合成的影响小于打顶处理。切除顶芽和叶面损伤对烟株体内的氮浓度及吸氮量均无显著影响,但显著提高了烟株体内单位氮素产生烟碱的能力。试验结果还表明,机械损伤刺激烟株体内烟碱的合成,烟碱增加与氮素吸收无直接关系。     

Interaction of nitrate and sulfate reduction in tobacco

A series of experiments was conducted to study the interrelationship of sulfate (SO₄) and nitrate (NO₃) reduction in ‘Ky14’ tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as influenced by nutrient solution availability of NO₃ and SO₄. The activities of ATP sulfurylase and NO₃ reductase, the first steps of SO₄ and NO₃ reduction, respectively, have been considered as indicators of the state of regulation of the assimilatory pathways of SO₄ and NO₃. Activity of ATP sulfurylase was derepressed when SO₄ was limited in the nutrient solution, provided that there was a net accumulation of reduced N in the tissue. The availability of SO₄ or the lack of N resulted in repressed activity of ATP sulfurylase. Nitrate reductase activity was induced when NO₃ was available in the nutrient solution, provided that there was a net accumulation of reduced S in the tissue. When NO₃ was limited in the nutrient solution or there was a lack of S, repression of NO₃ reductase activity resulted.     

西南烟区氮素供应与烤烟氮素吸收的关系

【目的】氮是影响烤烟产量和品质的最重要元素,本研究旨在探索氮素供应与烤烟氮素吸收的关系,为提升西南烟区烤烟氮素营养管理水平奠定理论基础。 【方法】在云南、贵州设置多点施肥试验,采用田间原位培养试验、15N 同位素示踪方法,研究烤烟对土壤及肥料氮的吸收。 【结果】烤烟氮素累积量与土壤基础供氮量呈线性正相关,土壤基础供氮量分别解释了烤烟氮素累积量和烤烟土壤氮素累积量 82.6% 和 84.8% 的变异,是烤烟氮素累积量的决定性因素;土壤基础供氮量与土壤有机质含量密切相关,在土壤有机质含量 0～35 g/kg 范围内,土壤基础供氮能力随着有机质含量的增加而增加;鉴于烤烟对氮素的需求,土壤基础供氮量在 60 kg/hm2、土壤有机质含量 20 g/kg 左右较为适宜烟叶品质的形成。烤烟氮素来源主要包括土壤矿化氮、土壤起始无机氮及肥料氮,西南烟区在烤烟大田期土壤氮矿化量为 19.9～38.9 mg/kg,大田期土壤矿化氮量与烤烟氮素累积量呈非线性相关,当土壤矿化氮量增加至 30 mg/kg 以上时,烤烟氮素累积量不再增加;单位土壤有机质大田期矿化氮量与有机质含量的关系可以用对数方程来表达,通过此方程可初步预测土壤矿化氮供应量。西南烟区土壤起始无机氮 (0—30 cm) 和肥料氮输入量为 14.1～237.7 kg/hm2,两者输入量与烤烟氮素累积量呈显著正相关,当土壤起始无机氮和肥料氮输入量超过 150 kg/hm2 时,烤烟氮素的累积量趋于稳定;烤烟氮素累积量随无机氮素供应的增加而增加,烤烟生长季氮供应量超过 300 kg/hm2 时烤烟氮素累积量增加趋势变缓,此时烤烟氮素累积量达到了 100 kg/hm2。西南烟区氮肥利用率为 25.4%～37.1%,土壤有机质与肥料氮利用率的相关系数达到了 0.783 (P < 0.01),肥料利用率随土壤有机质含量以对数函数方式增长。 【结论】在西南烟区烤烟农田生态系统中,烤烟种植宜选择土壤基础供氮量在 60 kg/hm2、有机质含量 20 g/kg 左右的土壤,肥料氮和土壤起始无机氮供应量之和应在 150 kg/hm2 以内,烤烟生长季总无机氮供应量应控制在 300 kg/hm2 以内。西南烟区氮肥利用率平均为 32.6%,通过培育土壤,提高土壤肥力可提高氮肥利用率。     

云南植烟土壤有机质与氮含量的研究

2004年在云南省91个烟叶主产县(区)采集683个植烟耕层土壤进行分析。结果表明,云南植烟土壤有机质和全氮含量变幅较大,平均含量分别为33.0 g.kg-1和1.9 g.kg-1,两者处于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级高水平含量的土壤样本分别占54.3%和68.3%。碱解氮含量平均140.8 mg.kg-1,处于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级高水平含量的土壤样本占63.1%。不同植烟土壤类型有机质和全氮含量差异较大,其中水稻土含量较高,紫色土次之,红壤及黄壤含量相对较低。     

不同氮素水平对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以当前甜菜（Beta Vulgaris L.）生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,设立4个氮素水平（N 0、60、120、180 kg/hm2）,研究硝态氮肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase, NR）和亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase, NiR）活性以及光合速率与叶绿素总含量的影响,探讨了氮素水平与NR及NiRA之间的关系。结果表明:在甜菜生育期间,光合速率呈单峰曲线变化,NR、NiR活性及叶绿素总含量基本呈双峰曲线变化,叶绿素变化曲线的高峰期早于NR活性,NR活性早于NiR活性。氮肥用量在N 120 kg/hm2时显著提高了甜菜光合速率、叶绿素总含量、NR活性和NiR活性。相比于N 120 kg/hm2,N 180 kg/hm2时光合速率及叶绿素总含量没有明显变化,NR与NiR活性则有一定的提高。本试验中,甜菜产量随氮水平的增加而提高;含糖率则相反,随氮水平的增加而降低,N 120 kg/hm2水平下产糖量最高。     

旱地土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡、氮肥利用的关系

利用长期肥料试验资料研究了土壤氮素平衡、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮之间的相互关系。结果表明,小麦不同施肥处理的氮肥利用率（NUE）为30.9%~65.8%,平均53.6%;土壤硝态氮累积率2.3%~44.1%,平均13.2%;氮素表观损失率25.0%~42.7%,平均33.2%。一般情况下,氮素盈余值与氮肥用量呈正相关,与磷肥用量呈负相关;土壤中硝态氮的数量与氮素盈余值呈正比,与氮肥利用率呈反比。黄土旱塬地区,小麦在经济合理施氮条件下,氮素盈余值为13.79 kg/hm2,硝态氮累积量为23.00 kg/hm2,说明过量施用一定数量的氮肥对保持作物生产力和土壤氮素营养是必要的。     

The effect of chloride and sulphate salts on the nitrate content in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.)

The effect of chloride and sulphate on the nitrate accumulated in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L., cv. deci minor) under low light conditions was examined. The plants were grown on a complete nutrient solution for circa 45 days and then chloride was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. In another experiment, sulphate was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. Approximately 5 days later a reduction in growth occurred. The nitrate in the plants was not completely exhausted and was very slowly available for reduction both in the leaf blades and midribs. It was immaterial whether sulphate or chloride was substituted for nitrate in the nutrient solution. Chloride was taken up from the solution but sulphate was not. In plants in both treatments, sugars accumulated concomitantly with the decrease in nitrate content.

The actual nitrate reductase activity in the leaf blades decreased several days after the chloride and sulphate treatments began and was negligible on day 12. Nevertheless, the potential nitrate reductase activity of the treated plants was still 50% of the control.

It is suggested that the availability of nitrate from the storage pool is the limiting process for nitrate reductase activity, and is independent of the metabolic demand. For commercial growers it may be of advantage to use hydroponics in which the nitrate can be removed easily several days before harvest, to reduce high nitrate contents in vegetables, particularly under low light conditions.     

Relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen,nitrate leaching and nitrogen uptake by corn in a compost and chemical fertilizer-amended regosol

Abstract

To determine the relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen (N), nitrate–nitrogen leaching (NO₃-N leaching) and N uptake by plants, a field experiment and a soil column experiment were conducted. In the field experiment, microbial biomass N, 0.5 mol L^?1 K₂SO₄ extractable N (extractable N), NO₃-N leaching and N uptake by corn were monitored in sawdust compost (SDC: 20 Mg ha^?1 containing 158 kg N ha^?1 of total N [approximately 50% is easily decomposable organic N]), chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) treatments from May 2000 to September 2002. In the soil column experiment, microbial biomass N, extractable N and NO₃-N leaching were monitored in soil treated with SDC (20 Mg ha^?1) + rice straw (RS) at five different application rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Mg ha^?1 containing 0, 15, 29, 44 and 59 kg N ha^?1) and in soil treated with CF in 2001. Nitrogen was applied as (NH₄)₂SO₄ at rates of 220 kg N ha^?1 for SDC and SDC + RS treatments and at a rate of 300 kg N ha^?1 for the CF treatment in both experiments. In the field experiment, microbial biomass N in the SDC treatment increased to 147 kg N ha^?1 at 7 days after treatment (DAT) and was maintained at 60–70 kg N ha^?1 after 30 days. Conversely, microbial biomass N in the CF treatment did not increase significantly. Extractable N in the surface soil increased immediately after treatment, but was found at lower levels in the SDC treatment compared to the CF treatment until 7 DAT. A small amount of NO₃-N leaching was observed until 21 DAT and increased markedly from 27 to 42 DAT in the SDC and CF treatments. Cumulative NO₃-N leaching in the CF treatment was 146 kg N ha^?1, which was equal to half of the applied N, but only 53 kg N ha^?1 in the SDC treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference between N uptake by corn in the SDC and CF treatments. In the soil column experiment, microbial biomass N in the SDC + RS treatment at 7 DAT increased with increased RS application. Conversely, extractable N at 7 DAT and cumulative NO₃-N leaching until 42 DAT decreased with increased RS application. In both experiments, microbial biomass N was negatively correlated with extractable N at 7 DAT and cumulative NO₃-N leaching until 42 DAT, and extractable N was positively correlated with cumulative NO₃-N leaching. We concluded that microbial biomass N formation in the surface soil decreased extractable N and, consequently, contributed to decreasing NO₃-N leaching without impacting negatively on N uptake by plants.     

Modeling nitrate leaching and organic‐C build‐up under semi‐arid cropping conditions of N India

Nitrate leaching, overall N balance, and organic‐C build‐up in a semi‐arid agro‐ecosystem in NW India was estimated from the results of a long‐term manurial trial with farmyard manure (FYM) and mineral‐N fertilizer in operation since 1967 at the Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. The model LEACHN was calibrated for the wheat‐growing period November 2000 to April 2001 and the leaching of nitrate during this period was predicted to 48 kg N ha^–1 without mineral‐N fertilization and 59 kg N ha^–1 with addition of 120 kg mineral‐N fertilizer, both with the addition of 15 t ha^–1 FYM. The N balance for the simulation period showed that the 120 kg N ha^–1–mineral N fertilization compared to zero mineral N, both plus FYM, resulted in only slightly higher crop uptake, leaching losses, and NH₃ volatilization, and a negligible increase of N in organic matter. The largest amount remains as an additional build‐up of mineral N in the profile (84.3 kg N ha^–1) which is prone to losses as ammonia or nitrate. The model was used to simulate organic‐C build‐up with FYM and a decrease of organic C without FYM for a period of 33 y (1967–2000). The simulated C build‐up to about 0.1 g kg^–1 agreed very well with the measured values and showed that additional mineral‐N fertilization will not have any significant effect on organic‐C content. Simulations with the assumption of no FYM application showed a gradual decrease of organic C from its starting value of 0.046 g kg^–1 in 1967 down to almost half of this. This agreed well with the observed organic‐C values of 0.028 g kg^–1 as measured for unmanured plots.     

Plant‐available nitrogen in the soil: Relationships between pre‐plant and pre‐sidedress nitrate tests for corn production

Corn (Zea mays L.) producers in the rainfed regions sometimes sidedress fertilizer N according to pre‐plant–nitrate test (PPNT) results based on the assumption that there is a linear relationship between pre‐sidedress nitrate test (PSNT) and the PPNT. There has been no report on such relationship in Ontario (Canada) and elsewhere in the nonirrigated corn‐growing regions. A field study was conducted near Ottawa, Canada for 7 y to (1) determine changes in soil available N from pre‐planting to shortly after the sidedress stage (late June) for corn and (2) establish a quantitative relationship between PPNT and PSNT. In each year, soil samples from fields of three to four plot experiments with different cropping histories, soil textures, and management levels, taken at 7 to 10 d intervals, and from on‐farm trials taken at pre‐planting and pre‐sidedress, were extracted with 2 M KCl. The concentrations of NO ‐N were determined colorimetrically. It was found that soil NO ‐N concentration of PSNT was a linear function of PPNT with an average slope of 1.7. However, the slope of the regression equations differed dramatically among cropping sequences, and to a lesser extent, soil textures. The NO ‐N concentration after planting to pre‐sidedress was influenced by air temperature and precipitation during this period of time. Both PPNT and PSNT positively correlated with corn‐grain yield. Our data suggest that cautions must be taken when deciding the rate of fertilizer N for sidedress application to corn based on PPNT test, especially under more humid northern climate conditions.     

不同氮形态和氮水平对水田与旱地烤烟烟叶糖含量及相关酶活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了硝态氮和铵态氮两种氮肥形态和5个施氮水平对水田与旱地烤烟在团棵期、旺长期、脚叶采烤期、腰叶采烤期和顶叶采烤期烟叶中可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖含量,蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性的变化动态及烤后烟叶中可溶性总糖、总氮和烟碱的浓度的影响。结果表明,当施用硝态氮和铵态氮后,水田与旱地施氮量分别在0～120和0～112.5 kg/hm2范围内均能明显提高烤烟烟叶中的可溶性总糖、蔗糖和果糖含量;硝态氮和铵态氮的肥效相当。水田烤烟在生育期内烟叶的糖分含量明显高于旱地烤烟。施用氮肥还能明显促进SS和SPS活性,加速烟叶中碳水化合物的代谢。烘烤后旱地烟叶中的可溶性总糖含量(332～383 mg/g,DW)显著高于水田烟叶的含量(305～342 mg/g,DW)。施用铵态氮,旱地与水田可溶性总糖含量（分别为366.5、331.3 mg/g,DW）,显著高于硝态氮处理（分别为358.9、317.2 mg/g,DW）;而旱地烤烟烟叶的总氮和烟碱浓度（12～16 mg/g,DW）却低于水田烟叶烟碱浓度(16～20 mg/g,DW);旱地烤烟烟叶的可溶性总糖/总氮或烟碱比值高于水田烟叶。     

氮肥品种对春小麦硝酸盐含量及分布的影响

以永良4号为实验材料,采用田间试验、化学分析、生物统计相结合的方法,系统研究了施用尿素、硝铵、碳铵3种氮肥品种对春小麦硝酸盐含量和分布的影响。结果表明,施用不同品种的氮肥均显著提高了全株特别是茎叶的硝酸盐含量及累积量,不同氮肥品种之间对籽粒硝酸盐含量及累积量的影响均无显著差异。施用硝酸铵并没有提高籽粒硝酸盐含量。硝态氮含量在生育前期极高,到后期迅速降低,成熟期时籽粒中分布已经很少,远低于绿色食品规定的标准。     

恩施烟区土壤氮素和烤烟烟碱含量的分布特点及关系分析

以恩施烟区有代表性的宣恩县和咸丰县为试验地点, 采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法, 分析了土壤氮素和烤烟烟碱含量的分布状况及其相互关系, 结果表明: 恩施烟区土壤全氮含量适宜, 速效氮含量明显偏高, 依据土壤氮素含量, 可把129个供试土壤样品聚成高、中、低3类, 其中低氮类样本所占比例(60.47%)最大.烤烟烟碱含量变幅为8.18～42.25 g·kg-1, 平均为22.80 g·kg-1, 变异系数为36.42%; 烟碱含量在15～35 g·kg-1的样本占总样本数的66.94%; 烟碱含量在不同品种间、等级间和海拔高度间均存在显著变异, 品种间烟碱含量表现为"K326">"云烟85">"云烟87", 不同等级间表现为B2F>C3F>X2F, 不同海拔间表现为低海拔>中海拔>高海拔.建立了土壤速效氮含量对烤烟烟碱含量的回归方程, 经F测验未达到显著水平.     

两个品种水稻中硝酸盐吸收和利用率对氮素饥饿的响应特征

Ammonium（NH＋4） is the main nitrogen（N） form for rice crops, while NH＋4near the root surface can be oxidized to nitrate（NO-3）by NH＋4-oxidizing bacteria. Nitrate can be accumulated within rice tissues and reused when N supply is insufficient. We compared the remobilization of NO-3stored in the tissue and vacuolar between two rice（Oryza sativa L.） cultivars, Yangdao 6（YD6, indica）with a high N use efficiency（NUE） and Wuyujing 3（WYJ3, japonica） with a low NUE and measured the uptake of NO-3, expression of nitrate reductase（NR）, NO-3transporter genes（NRTs）, and NR activity after 4 d of N starvation following 7-d cultivation in a solution containing 2.86 mmol L-1NO-3. The results showed that both tissue NO-3concentration and vacuolar NO-3activity were higher in YD6 than WYJ3 under N starvation. YD6 showed a 2- to 3-fold higher expression of OsNRT2.1 in roots on the 1st and 4th day of N starvation and had significantly higher values of NO-3uptake（maximum uptake velocity, Vmax） than the cultivar WYJ3.Furthermore, YD6 had significantly higher leaf and root maximum NR activity（NRAmax） and actual NR activity（NRAact） as well as stronger root expression of the two NR genes after the 1st day of N starvation. There were no significant differences in NRAmax and NRAact between the two rice cultivars on the 4th day of N starvation. The results suggested that YD6 had stronger NRA under N starvation, which might result in better NO-3re-utilization from the vacuole, and higher capacity for NO-3uptake and use, potentially explaining the higher NUE of YD6 compared with WYJ3.     

Crop nitrogen recovery and soil nitrogen dynamics in a 10‐year field experiment with biowaste compost

When fertilizing with compost, the fate of the nitrogen applied via compost (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching, soil accumulation) is relevant both from a plant‐production and an environmental point of view. In a 10‐year crop‐rotation field experiment with biowaste‐compost application rates of 9, 16, and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1 (f. m.), the N recovery by crops was 7%, 4%, and 3% of the total N applied via compost. Due to the high inherent fertility of the site, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was also low. In the minerally fertilized treatments, which received 25, 40, and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 on average, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Although total N loads in the compost treatments were much higher than the N loads applied with mineral fertilizer (89–225 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1 vs. 25–56 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1; both on a 10‐year mean) and the N recovery was lower than in the treatments receiving mineral N fertilizer, soil NO ‐N contents measured three times a year (spring, post‐harvest, autumn) showed no higher increase through compost fertilization than through mineral fertilization at the rates applied in the experiment. Soil contents of N_org and C_org in the plowed layer (0–30 cm depth) increased significantly with compost fertilization, while with mineral fertilization, N_org contents were not significantly higher. Taking into account the decrease in soil N_org contents in the unfertilized control during the 10 years of the experiment, 16 t compost (f. m.) ha^–1 y^–1 just sufficed to keep the N_org content of the soil at the initial level.     

烤烟烟碱含量与土壤有机质、氮素含量的关系分析

分析了湖南烟区222个烤烟样品烟碱含量与土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮之间的关系。结果表明：（1）烤烟烟碱含量在不同等级间存在较大的变异，总体呈现出B2F〉G3F〉X2F的趋势，平均烟碱含量为2．84％，变幅为0．58％～5．95％，变异系数为34．07％；（2）不同等级烟碱含量分别与土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮的相关系数均达到1％的极显著水平；（3）采用聚类分析方法把同一等级烟叶样品的烟碱含量分为高、中、低3类，不同类别相比较，有机质含量越高的土壤，其土壤全氮、碱解氮以及相应的烟叶烟碱含量也越高，表明土壤有机质含量的高低，直接影响了土壤氮素的供应状况，进而影响了烟碱含量的积累。     

Nitrate content and induction of NADH nitrate reductase in cultured rice cells

The nitrate content of cultured rice cells grown in liquid R-2 medium containing 40 mM nitrate increased rapidly and reached a maximum 6 hr after inoculation. After about 6-hr lag period, NADH nitrate reductase activity increased rapidly to the 24th hr. Promotive effects on the nitrate accumulation and the induction of NADH nitrate reductase were found by the addition of 5 mM ammonium into the medium. Nitrate content increased exponentially as a function of increasing external nitrate concentration between 0 and 80 mM. The NADH nitrate reductase activity also increased from 0 to 40 mM of nitrate media, but leveled off between 40 and 80 mM.

A high level of nitrate content was detected in the cells grown in 10 or 40 mM of nitrate medium without sucrose for 48 hr, suggesting that sucrose in the medium may have no effect on the nitrate accumulation in the early growth period.