德国土壤科学的研究进展

本文通过访问德国前土壤学会主席以及有关文献的查对、研究,介绍了德国土壤科学的主要研究进展,包括德国土壤科学的起源、国家与国际合作、土壤发生学研究、土壤制图与分类、土壤化学与矿物学、土壤物理和生态系统研究等方面的代表性人物与主要研究进展,希望能对我国同行有些启发和借鉴作用。     

守护耕地土壤健康支撑农业高质量发展

本文回顾了土壤健康概念的演进过程,结合我国国情农情,分析了耕地土壤健康管护的重要性.从保障粮食安全、打赢净土保卫战和加强土壤健康监测等3个方面,总结了我国目前已开展的相关工作及成效;并从强化科研创新、完善体制机制、深化人才培养、发挥学会作用等4个方面,阐述了进一步加强耕地土壤健康管护的科研方向与工作重点.     

2021年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文对2021年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的资助格局进行分析,并以环境地球科学学科土壤学领域的三个二级申请代码：D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学和D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等项目的申请与受理、通讯评议与上会推荐、资助立项、研究队伍和分类属性等方面进行了深入的分析,为将来的土壤学领域的基金申请提供科学指导。     

Organische Bodensubstanz und Bodenzönose — Qualitäten,Korrelationen und Wechselbeziehungen — Einführung in das Symposium

Dead organic matter and soil biota — qualities, correlations and interrelationships At the biannual meeting of the German Soil Science Society at Konstanz, September 7 to 12, 1997, a symposium was held to summarize actual research on the quality of soil dead organic matter and its interrelations with the soil biota. This introduction outlines the frame and reports on lectures by O. Dilly and J. C. Munch, L. Beyer and U. Irmler, by W. Foissner and also by U. Graefe not included in the following papers.     

Soil genesis,classification, and cartography: 1924–1974

The progress in soil genesis, classification, and cartography is traced from their early backgrounds, through the IVth International Conference of Pedology held in Rome in 1924. The decision was made then to broaden the membership through a new International Society of Soil Science with congresses in different countries. The first of these was held in the United States in 1927.Dramatic progress had been made by Dokuchaev and his school and by several others. Both in the old Russian Empire, in the United States, and elsewhere, kinds of soil unlike those in Western Europe had to be understood and used.Soil surveys, and their application to farming, forestry, and engineering were greatly improved during the 1920's and 1930's.The congresses of the International Society of Soil Science were very helpful in 1930 and 1935. Because of World War II, these were interrupted until the 1950 Congress. Other congresses were held in 1954, 1956, 1960, 1964, and 1968.The Society also held several special conferences. In addition, many members of the Society took important parts in other conferences sponsored by individual governments, the United Nations, and related U.N. agencies, including many concerned with progress in the newly developing countries.Still many new challenges lie ahead.     

N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soils

¹⁵N tracing studies in combination with analyses via process-based models are the current “state-of-the-art” technique to quantify gross nitrogen (N) transformation rates in soils. A crucial component of this technique is the optimization algorithm which primarily decides how many model parameters can simultaneously be estimated. Recently, we published a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method which has the potential to simultaneously estimate large number of parameters in ¹⁵N tracing models [Müller et al., 2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726].Here, we present the results of a reanalysis of datasets by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34], Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] and Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] using the MCMC technique. Analytical solutions such as the ones derived by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34] result in gross rates without uncertainties. We show that the analysis of the same data sets with the MCMC method provides standard deviations for gross N transformations. The standard deviations are further reduced if realistic data uncertainties are considered. Reanalyzing data by Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] (Capac soil) resulted in a model fit similar to the one of the original analysis but with more precise estimates of gross N transformations. In addition, our analysis showed that small N transformations such as heterotrophic nitrification, which was neglected in the original analysis, could be quantified for this soil. Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] provided evidence of a non-uniform exploitation of applied and native N that led to an overestimation of gross N transformations. Reanalyzing the data (CENIT soil, low N application) with the Müller et al. [2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726] model where oxidation was set to Michaelis-Menten kinetics resulted in a satisfactory fit between modeled and observed data, indicating that the observed artifact by Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] was mainly due to inappropriate kinetic settings. Our study shows that the combination of a MCMC method with ¹⁵N tracing models is able to consider more complex and possibly more realistic models and kinetic settings to estimate gross N transformation rates and thus overcomes restriction of previous ¹⁵N tracing techniques.     

基于文献计量分析的土壤固碳研究进展

为了解国内外土壤固碳的相关研究前沿与进展,本文基于Web of Science核心数据库与CNKI数据库,利用文献计量分析方法对领域内的研究现状、研究热点和前沿趋势进行了分析.研究结果表明:关于土壤固碳研究的发文量整体呈上升趋势,且近几年增幅较大.美国的发文量及发文期刊的影响力均较高.从国际合作水平来看,中美两国的合作...     

Evaluation of Assouline–Or Adjusted Model to Express Soil Drainage Curve

Eurasian Soil Science - The objectives of this research are prediction of soil drainage curve using Assouline and Or (2014) adjusted soil drainage model and comparison of the predicted results with...     

Bibliometric analysis of research on soil health from 1999 to 2018

Purpose

Soil health has been a major focus of research by international scholars because it is an important factor that supports human survival and development. However, few scholars have performed bibliometric analyses of research on soil health. This study investigated the current research status and development characteristics of soil health.

Materials and methods

We performed a bibliometric analysis of documents on soil health from 1999 to 2018 in the Web of Science Core Collection. The bibliometric analysis tools, CiteSpace and HistCite software, were applied.

Results and discussion

A total of 1629 documents on soil health in the Web of Science Core Collection were identified. From the research status of soil health, the number of publications will continue to increase. Most of the research institutions examining soil health are located in the USA, and there is little cooperation and communication among countries, neither do research institutions in this field. Each country has its own research labs while lab cooperation within individual countries is relatively close. Most documents on the research of soil health have been published in the journal Applied Soil Ecology. In addition, research directions are expanding from the basic study of soil production, soil health indicators, and soil pollution to the comprehensive study of soil ecosystem.

Conclusions

Bibliometric analysis tools, CiteSpace and HistCite software, provide a comprehensive approach for making predictions regarding trends in the field. This method was used in this study to identify the hotspots, frontiers, and future development of soil health to provide guidance for future research.

     

温带沙漠土壤空间分布的尺度依赖性研究

Spatial variation is a ubiquitous feature of natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions, and is often present at various scales in these regions. To determine the scale dependence of the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties and the dominant scales （factors） for soil heterogeneity in arid regions, the spatial variability of soil resources was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Central Asia at the scales of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 m （from individual plant to population or community to ecosystem）. Soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were considered in the investigation. At a scale of 10-1 m, which represented the scale of individual plant, significant enrichment of soil resources occurred under shrub canopy and ＂fertile islands＂ formed in the desert ecosystem. Soil EC exhibited the largest heterogeneity at this scale, indicating that individual plants exerted a great influence on soil salinity/alkalinity. Soil nutrients exhibited the greatest heterogeneity at a scale of 102 m, which represented the scale of sand dune/interdune lowlands （between communities）. The main important factors contributing to soil spatial heterogeneity in the Gurbantunggut Desert were individual plants and different topographic characteristics, namely, the appearance of vegetation, especially shrubs or small trees, and existing sand dunes. Soil salinity/alkalinity and soil nutrient status behaved differently in spatial heterogeneity, with an inverse distribution between them at the individual scale.     

Some Specifics in Using Optical Properties of Soil Surface for Moisture Detection

Eurasian Soil Science - The research was aimed at the analysis of relationship between the soil surface spectral reflectance and the moisture content in soil samples as the basis for moisture...     

Analysis of the Informativity of Big Satellite Precision-Farming Data Processing for Correcting Large-Scale Soil Maps

Eurasian Soil Science - Large-scale soil maps produced by research institutes for land management (GIPROZEM) are the main source of soil information on arable land in Russia. These maps date back...     

Legal aspects of soil conservation and land cadaster works

The analysis of modern Russian legislation in the sphere of environmental protection, management of natural resources, soil conservation, and land cadaster works has been performed. It is shown that a common federal approach to environmental impact assessments and soil quality assessments is virtually absent. Ecological indices are not taken into account in the federal land cadaster. Most of the recently adopted legislative regulations in this sphere have a technocratic character. The recent governmental regulations on land and environmental monitoring have still not been put into practice. To ensure soil conservation policy and protect soils as a component of the environment, a distinction should be made between the notions of soil and land in the legal documents. The basic principles of the proposed law “On Soil Conservation” are outlined. It is argued that a system of soil-ecological criteria should be elaborated for the proper assessment of soil quality. As a soil conservation service is absent in Russia, it is suggested that the Dokuchaev Soil Science Society should organize an association for the protection and rehabilitation of Russian soils.     

Soil Management,Soil Functions and Soil Fertility. - Results and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Workshop Sponsored by the Robert Bosch Foundation,Stuttgart -

The Robert Bosch Foundation, a non-profit organization for public interests and welfare, has sponsored a series of scientific workshops dealing with modern agriculture and its impacts on soil functions and soil fertility. Most of the participants are experts in their fields and members of the German Soil Science Society. The group after a critical analysis of the present situation made conclusions and recommendations, which have been summarized in seven publications and a special memorandum. This article describes the main topics of these documents and summarizes the recommendations.     

SOIL WATER: QUANTITIES, UNITS AND SYMBOLS

Soil water studies involve physical quantities, units and symbols, and these are discussed in terms of the International System of Units (SI) and the soil physics terminology (1976) of the International Society of Soil Science. The author particularly examines

• (i) the relation of SI units to the familiar but superseded cgs units;
• (ii) the effect of the frame of reference on the expression of water potential and hydraulic conductivity;
• (iii) the different interpretation of hydraulic conductivity in soil physics and in biophysics; and
• (iv) methods of avoiding ambiguity in presenting data.

     

基于USLE模型的大小凉山地区土壤侵蚀定量研究

[目的]对四川省凉山地区土壤水力侵蚀状况进行定量研究,为该区水土流失调查提供数据支持。[方法]利用四川省地理国情普查数据,基于对USLE模型的本土化研究成果进行分析和研究。[结果]凉山彝族自治州平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 207.67t/(km2·a),土壤侵蚀面积为15 221km2,占该区土地总面积的25.19%。从空间分布上看其中金沙江沿岸是凉山彝族自治州土壤侵蚀最为严重的地区,其次是安宁河流域和黑水河流域。[结论]凉山州目前水土流失面积较大,水土流失治理的形势依然严峻。     

基于文献计量的土壤有机碳与土壤微生物多样性研究前沿态势分析

为了系统了解国际上土壤有机碳与微生物多样性的研究进展,基于Web of Science数据源,利用Web of Science数据库分析工具和Thomson Data Analysis(TDA)、社会网络分析与可视化工具Netdraw和Ucinet,从论文年度变化趋势、全球研究实力国家、机构分布和力量比较、基金资助机构和主题分布、机构合作和研究内容等方面,对1992~2015年的相关论文,尤其是近10年来土壤有机碳及其影响因素的相关文章进行计量分析。结果表明:(1)论文数量呈逐年增长态势,土壤有机碳与土壤微生物多样性研究主要集中在欧美发达国家(地区);美国和德国综合影响力最高,英国、瑞典、瑞士、荷兰论文篇均被引较高,以中国科学院为代表的中国机构在该领域研究增长较快,研究论文最多,但论文整体质量有待提高。(2)中国国家自然基金资助机构产出论文最多;美国国家科学基金会资助论文篇均被引最高,其次是德国研究基金会,中国科学院科学基金名列第3,各国在共同资助的研究主题基础上,各有其特色主题;美国的一些研究机构是全球该领域研究合作交流的中心,其次是德国和中国中科院。(3)土壤有机质、土壤有机碳、凋落物分解、氮、磷、微生物生物量、土壤性质、气候变化、碳固定是该领域10年来的热点研究主题。未来应加强国际合作研究,关注土壤重金属、凋落物分解和微生物呼吸等相关主题,以提高我国研究水平,将相关研究成果及时应用于解决相应的实际问题。     

Isotopic Composition of Carbon in Humus Acids of Albic Retisols and Luvic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Carbon isotope ratios in soil organic matter are often used in paleoecological research for reconstructing climate and plant communities (type of photosynthesis). The...     

基于Web of Science数据库的土壤呼吸知识图谱分析

以Web of ScienceTM核心合集数据库中1999 ～ 2019年有关土壤呼吸的6363篇文献作为数据源,借助CiteSpace知识图谱分析工具,对合著国家、作者、机构、学科分布、文献共被引网络及主题词共现网络等进行可视化分析.研究结果表明:①土壤呼吸研究的发文量经历了平稳增长、迅速增长和起伏增长三个阶段;②美...