Reactions of sewage farm soils to different irrigation solutions in a column experiment. 1. Solid phase physicochemical properties

Veränderungen in Rieselfeldböden während eines Säulenversuchs mit unterschiedlichen Beregnungslösungen. 1. Physikochemische Eigenschaften der Festphase In einem 2.5 Jahre dauernden Säulenexperiment wurden die physikochemischen Eigenschaften von zwei Sandböden, eines genutzten sowie eines ehemaligen Rieselfeldes, untersucht. Die Böden wurden gekalkt, beziehungsweise mit unterschiedlichen Beregnungslösungen beaufschlagt. Die Menge an austauschbaren basischen Kationen sowie die Basensättigung beider Böden veränderte sich deutlich während des Experiments. Diese Veränderungen wurden durch Boden-pH-Änderungen verursacht. Die spezifische Oberfläche und die Kationenaustauschkapazität dieser Standorte hängen vom Gehalt an organischer Substanz im Bodenprofil ab. Die Oberflächenladungsdichte war — unabhängig von der Tiefe — in beiden Böden gleich.     

BCR法在污染农田黑土重金属形态分布研究中的应用

通过对东北地区污染农田黑土剖面的取样调查分析，对重金属Cd、Ph、Cu、Zn在农田黑土中的污染状况及其迁移特征进行了对比研究，并就BCR（the Community Bureau of Reference）连续提取法在农田土壤重金属污染评估中的应用进行了探讨。结果表明，重金属的迁移率大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn，Cd的酸可溶态占全量的比率高于其它重金属。Pb的酸可提取态浓度随土壤深度增加而增大，公路附近土壤中PL、Cu及城市郊区土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的氧化物结合态含量均随土壤深度的增加而升高，已存在向下迁移的趋势。4种重金属有机结合态在采样区土壤中基本都表现为耕层高于非耕层。研究表明，应用BCR连续提取法有助于确定土壤重金属污染以及重金属向下迁移状况，借助该法可以有效、可靠地对土壤重金属污染进行评估。     

不同肥料长期施用下稻田镉、铅、铜、锌元素总量及有效态的变化

以中国科学院桃源农业生态实验站的长期田间定位试验为基础,研究了16年长期定量施肥对土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn积累及其有效性的影响。结果表明:单施化肥可使土壤Cd含量降低、Pb含量增加,对Cu和Zn的积累无显著影响,水稻收获时的移出效应可能是Cd含量降低的主要原因;与单施化肥相比,有机物料循环可提高土壤Cd和Pb的积累,但对Cu和Zn的积累无显著影响。试验期内单施化肥对土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的有效性无显著影响;有机物料循环可显著提高Cd和Zn的有效性,这与有机物料循环引起的土壤有机质含量增加和pH降低有关。     

某硫矿重金属分级及土柱淋溶

Fractions of various heavy metals in a sulfidic minespoil were investigated.Column leachine experiment was also conducted to simulate “acid mine drainage“(AMD) from the minespoil.The results show that leaching of heavy metals from the minespoil was extremely significant during the initial water flushing.The amounts of heavy metals leached out dramatically reduced after leaching twice.It is worthwhile to note that in this study,Zn,Mn,Fe,As and Ni in the first leachate exceeded the total amount of each corresponding water-extractable(1:5,soil:water)metal contained in the minespoil sample.This appears to suggest that 1:5 water extraction did not allow accurate estimation of water-leachable concentrations of the above heavy metals.This work has implications for the management of sulfidic minespolis.Acid drainage of great environmental concerns is likely to occur only during heavy rainfall events after substantial soluble and readily exchangeable acid and metals are accumulated in the minespoils.The slow-reacting fractions other than water-soulble and readily exchangeable fractions may pose little environmental hazards.This is particularly true for Pb,As and Ni.     

Heavy metal studies of crops and soils in Noua Scotia

Abstract

The analysis of Nova Scotia podzol soils and vegetable tissue grown on these soils showed considerable variation in heavy metal content. The lead, copper, molybdenum and zinc contents in soil ranged from 8–352; 3.0–81.1;<0.05–12.1; and 104–984 p.p.m. respectively, while vegetation showed the following range of contents for these elements, 0.8–185.0; 1.0–40.4; <0.02–1.27 and 2.6–240.0 p.p.m. The lead, copper and molybdenum in soils from roadside, intensively farmed and anomaly areas showed substantial increases in content over the lightly farmed areas. Zinc did not follow this pattern. Vegetable tissue followed the same general trend with above ground plant portions having higher metal contents than those below ground. Overall results indicated that above normal heavy metal contents in soils and plants are due to certain geologic formations and contributory man made factors.     

Nitrate leaching losses and their control in a mixed farm system in the Cotswold Hills, England

Abstract. Nitrate leaching was measured for four years at the Royal Agricultural College 's Coates Farm in the Cotswolds, England. Coates is a typical Cotswold mixed farm with thin, well-drained calcareous soils especially prone to leaching. Over the duration of this study there were dairy, sheep and arable enterprises on the farm. A 'Farm Gate' nitrogen (N) budget was constructed. Small 120 m × 20 m 'farmlets' were sited in ten fields across the farm, covering all parts of the rotation, as the sites for detailed measurements. Each farmlet received the same management as the rest of the field in which they were situated. Using ceramic probes inserted to 60 cm, soil water was sampled every two weeks throughout the winter drainage season. The annual drainage varied from 135 mm under grassland in 1996/7 to 600 mm under cereals in 1998/9. Average N losses by leaching were determined mostly by rainfall and were 65 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, accounting for 25% of the N inputs. Especially leaky parts of the rotation were the ploughing out of a lucerne ley and the grazing of stubble turnips with sheep, both typical Cotswold farm practices. The research highlights some of the difficulties in developing practicable, profitable management practices to decrease nitrate losses.     

Adsorption density,mobility and limit values of Cd,Zn, Cu and Pb in acid forest soils

To investigate Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb adsorption in acidified forest soils, six soil samples of the aluminium buffer range were selected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. Determination of the specific surface area using ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) adsorption yielded a characteristic value of the solid phases, which can parameterize the major properties of the various soil constituents with sufficient accuracy.

Traditional adsorption isotherms reveal the relation between the amount of a heavy metal adsorbed and the heavy metal concentration in the soil solution only for the soil under study and can therefore not be applied to other soils. To meet the aim of modelling heavy metal adsorption and mobility also for soils differing greatly in their properties, it was attempted to establish a generalizing adsorption isotherm for soils of entirely different composition of the solid phase. The generalizing adsorption density isotherms introduced in the following provide a useful mathematical model for the quantity/intensity relation of heavy metals in soils that differ greatly in their specific surface area and their composition.

It is also shown that limit values which take into account the major quantities influencing heavy metal adsorption and mobility in acid soils can be established from the regression equation between the adsorption density of a heavy metal (ions/m² specific surface area) and its concentration in the soil solution. In particular in view of the groundwater contamination to be expected if acid rain and, as a result, soil acidification continues, these limit values seem to provide considerably more information than the European limit values, given in mg heavy metal /kg soil, which are presently valid for any soil condition and property.     

长期施用有机肥对稻田土壤重金属含量及其有效性的影响

以湖南省7个稻田长期定位试验为基础,分析了无肥对照(CK)、化肥(NPK)、中量有机肥 化肥(MOM)和高量有机肥 化肥(HOM)4个处理下0~20 cm土壤重金属Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量及其有效态含量的变化。结果表明:长期施用有机肥加大了稻田土壤受重金属污染的风险。仅施化肥对土壤Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量、有效态含量及活化率的影响均较小,而中、高量有机肥处理明显提高了土壤Zn,Cu,Cd的全量、有效态含量及活化率,只对土壤Pb的影响较小。且高量有机肥处理下其增幅最大,土壤Zn,Cu,Cd全量分别比对照增加了6.1%,18.7%和8.3%,有效态含量分别比对照增加了87.3%,65.8%和41.4%,活化率分别比对照增加了77.5%,32.0%和29.8%。有机肥的"激活"效应是导致土壤有效态重金属含量大幅提高的主要机制。各试验点土壤全Cd含量均大大超出了土壤环境质量二级标准(0.30 mg/kg),表明各试验点稻田土壤都存在着不同程度的Cd污染问题。     

施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布

污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。     

长期施用有机肥对稻田土壤重金属含量及其有效性的影响

以湖南省7个稻田长期定位试验为基础,分析了无肥对照（CK）、化肥（NPK）、中量有机肥＋化肥（MOM）和高量有机肥＋化肥（HOM）4个处理下0～20cm土壤重金属Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量及其有效态含量的变化。结果表明：长期施用有机肥加大了稻田土壤受重金属污染的风险。仅施化肥对土壤Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb全量、有效态含量及活化率的影响均较小,而中、高量有机肥处理明显提高了土壤Zn,Cu,Cd的全量、有效态含量及活化率,只对土壤Pb的影响较小。且高量有机肥处理下其增幅最大,土壤Zn,Cu,CA全量分别比对照增加了6．1％,18．7％和8．3％,有效态含量分别比对照增加了87．3％,65．8％和41．4％,活化率分别比对照增加了77．5％,32．0％和29．8oA。有机肥的“激活”效应是导致土壤有效态重金属含量大幅提高的主要机制。各试验点土壤全Cd含量均大大超出了土壤环境质量二级标准（0．30mg／kg）,表明各试验点稻田土壤都存在着不同程度的Cd污染问题。     

Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol

Our aim was to establish the long-term effects of repeated applications after 20 y of organic amendments (farmyard manure at 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, and urban sewage sludge at two different rates, 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and 100 t ha⁻¹ every 2 y) on the quality of a sandy and poorly buffered soil (Fluvisol, pH 6). Chemical characteristics and biodegradability of the labile organic matter, which is mainly derived from microbial biomass and biodegradation products of organic residues, were chosen as indicators for soil quality. The organic C content had reached a maximal value (30.6 g C kg⁻¹ in the 100 t sludge-treated soil), i.e. about 2.5 times that in the control. Six years after the last application, the organic C content and the microbial biomass content remained higher in sludge-treated soils than in the control. In contrast, the proportion of labile organic matter was significantly lower in sludge-treated soils than in manure-treated and control soils. The labile organic matter of sludge extracts appeared less humified than that of manure-treated and control soils.     

Nitrate leaching loss following application of organic manures to sandy soils in arable cropping.

Abstract. Experiments were set up at two sites to measure nitrogen (N) leaching loss from applications of separated pig/cattle slurry and cattle farmyard manure(FYM), during winters 1990/91–1993/94 (site A) and from broiler litter and FYM, during winters 1990/91–1992/93 (site B). The manures were applied at a target rate of 200 kg ha^-1 total N during the autumn and winter to overwinter fallow or top dressed onto winter rye. The total N in leachate was calculated from leachate N concentrations, in samples collected using ceramic cups buried at 90 cm, and an estimate of drainage volume. Nitrogen losses were greatest following manure applications in September, October and November but losses following applications in December or January were not significantly elevated above those from untreated controls. Losses were consistently lower from FYM than from broiler litter or separated slurry. The presence of a cover crop (winter rye) significantly reduced overall N leaching compared with the fallow, but only reduced the manure N leaching losses at one site during one winter when a high proportion of drainage occurred late. The incorporation of a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) with manures applied in October did not significantly reduce the manure N leaching.     

不同pH值和离子强度下土壤Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的运移特征

为探究锌、镉及铵态氮在土壤中的运移特征,该文通过室内土柱混合置换试验,分析了不同 pH 值和离子强度对锌、镉、铵态氮（Zn2+、Cd2+、NH4+）在土壤中运移的影响;获得了示踪剂Br和Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的穿透曲线（breakthrough curves,BTCs）,并对试验结果进行了模拟。研究表明：Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中运移时,运移速度：NH4+＞Zn2+＞Cd2+,pH 值越高,Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的出流时间越晚,峰值越低;离子强度越大,出流时间越早,峰值越高。描述溶质运移的非平衡两点模型（two-site model,TSM）能够较好地模拟 Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中的运移,pH值越高,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值越大（以Zn2+为例,由3.853增大到4.386）,f值越小（以Zn2+为例,由0.231减小到0.006）,分形系数β值很小且无明显变化规律;离子强度越大,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值越小（以Zn2+为例,由4.023减小到到3.381）,f值及分形系数β值均很小且无明显变化规律。该研究对深入了解Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中的运移机理、提出污染土壤修复措施提供科学依据。     

Use of long-term monitoring data to derive a relationship between nitrogen surplus and nitrate leaching for grassland and arable land on well-drained sandy soils in the Netherlands

The decrease in nitrogen (N) use in agriculture led to improvement of upper groundwater quality in the Sand region of the Netherlands in the 1991–2009 period. However, still half of the farms exceeded the European nitrate standard for groundwater of 50 mg/l in the 2008–2011 period. To assure that farms will comply with the quality standard, an empirical model is used to derive environmentally sound N use standards for sandy soils for different crops and soil drainage conditions. Key parameters in this model are the nitrate-N leaching fractions (NLFs) for arable land and grassland on deep, well-drained sandy soils. NLFs quantify the fraction of the N surplus on the soil balance that leaches from the root zone to groundwater and this fraction represents N available for leaching and denitrification. The aim of this study was to develop a method for calculating these NLFs by using data from a random sample of commercial arable farms and dairy farms that were monitored in the 1991–2009 period. Only mean data per farm were available, which blocked a direct derivation of NLFs for unique combinations of crop type, soil type and natural soil drainage conditions. Results showed that N surplus leached almost completely from the root zone of arable land on the most vulnerable soils, that is, deep, well-drained sandy soils (95% confidence interval of NLF 0.80–0.99), while for grassland only half of the N surplus leached from the root zone of grassland (0.39–0.49). The NLF for grassland decreased with 0.015 units/year, which is postulated to be due to a decreased grazing and increased year-round housing of dairy cows. NLFs are positively correlated with precipitation surplus (0.05 units/100 mm for dairy farms and 0.10 units/100 mm for arable farms). Therefore, an increase in precipitation due to climate change may lead to an increase in leaching of nitrate.     

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of sewage sludge compost in soils with a different initial pH

Soil properties may affect the decomposition of added organic materials and inorganic nitrogen (N) production in agricultural soils. Three soils, Potu (Pu), Sankengtzu (Sk) and Erhlin (Eh) soils, mixed with sewage sludge compost (SSC) at application rates of 0 (control), 25, 75 and 150 Mg ha⁻¹ were selected from Taiwan for incubation for 112 days. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of SSC application rates on the carbon decomposition rate, N transformation and pH changes in three soils with different initial soil pH values (4.8–7.7). The results indicated that the highest peaks of the CO₂ evolution rate occurred after 3 days of incubation, for all treatments. The Pu soil (pH 4.8) had a relatively low rate of CO₂ evolution, total amounts of CO₂ evolution and percentage of added organic C loss, all of which resulted from inhibition of microbial activity under low pH. For the Pu and Sk soils, the concentration of NH₄⁺-N reached its peak after 7–14 days of incubation, which indicated that ammonification might have occurred in the two soils with low initial pH values. NO₃⁻-N rapidly accumulated in the first 7 days of incubation in the Eh soil (pH 7.7). The direction and extent of the soil pH changes were influenced by the N in the SSC and the initial soil pH. Ammonification of organic N in the SSC caused the soil pH to increase, whereas nitrification of mineralized N caused the soil pH to decline. Consequently, the initial soil pH greatly affected the rate of carbon decomposition, ammonification and nitrification of SSC.     

Effects of Sesbania rostrata and Azolla microphylla incorporation on transformation of applied zinc and copper in lateritic rice soils with different flooding regimes

Fixation of Zn and Cu applied to tropical rice-growing lateritic soils rich in Fe-oxides may be reduced if the soils are kept flooded for a few days before their application. There may be a further reduction if such flooding is combined with incorporation of green manures. To investigate this effect, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of different periods (0 and 15 days) of preflooding combined with (0 and 0.50% of soil weight) Sesbania rostrata and Azolla microphylla incorporation as green manures on the transformation of applied Zn and Cu in two lateritic rice-growing soils. Recovery of added Zn/Cu in DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetate)-extractable form was always found to be higher when they were applied after the soils were maintained in a flooded state for 15 days than when applied immediately after flooding; this effect was more prominent in respect of Cu. Contrary to expectations, green manure incorporation along with preflooding caused a significant decrease in recovery of Zn/Cu; the effect, however, showed a decreasing trend as incubation progressed. The effect was more marked with A. microphylla than with S. rostrata, particularly with Cu. Possible causes of such changes and their implications on the Zn/Cu nutrition of rice are discussed. Received: 7 August 1995     

Investigation of heavy metal concentrations on urban soils,dust and vegetables nearby a former smelter site in Mortagne du Nord,Northern France

Environmental situations near former industrial sites like Mortagne du Nord (Northern France) in which the soil, dust and homegrown vegetables have been contaminated by heavy metals can represent a sanitary risk to the surrounding population. In order to evaluate the contamination level in different exposition media in this site, 26 urban topsoils, 17 dust and 38 vegetable samples were taken near the former zinc smelter site. All the observed levels on urban soil samples (except one) are over regional agricultural reference values for Cd and Pb. 45 % of the vegetable samples are over the European foodstuff limits and one dust sample taken in the school playground outdoor tarmac area exceeds the French limit in dust set up at 1,000 μg m^?2 for Pb. The Cd and Pb levels fluctuate depending on the use of the ground (kitchen garden, lawn, courtyard) and its location. The lack of simple correlations between the distance from the former smelter site and the Pb concentrations on sampled soils let us think that human activities contributed in the local urban contamination. In this context, who is now responsible for the soil contamination and the human exposure?     

Humic Acids Increase the Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb to Wheat Plants Cultivated in Freshly Spiked, Contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Humic acids (HAs) are the most important humified component of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in sewage water used for irrigation. It is well known that HAs affect the toxicity and availability of heavy metals (HMs) in soil-plant systems, and may increase the human exposure to HMs in contaminated soil through plant uptake. This study was conducted to assess the effects of HAs on HM availability, plant growth and HM uptake. Materials and Methods: With wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a test plant, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of HAs in irrigation water on the phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil. Cd and Pb were added to the soil at concentrations of 1.5 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat seedlings grown in Cd and Pb-contaminated soil were watered with 4 levels of HA solution (0, 140, 280 and 560 mg/kg of HAs, respectively). Results: In control and Pb treatments, both plant biomass and plant HM concentrations increased with increasing concentrations of HAs in the solution. Plant biomass was markedly decreased when metal concentrations in plants increased, particularly in Cd and Cd/Pb treatments. In the soil, extractable metals, and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and its fractions significantly increased with increasing HA concentrations. Discussion: The results suggested that the application of HAs in barren soils may improve plant nutrition by mobilizing soil nutrients and providing plants with carbon sources. On the other hand, HAs present in sewage water may increase both the availability and transfer of HMs in the soil-plant continuum and subsequently increase human exposure to HMs in polluted soil. Conclusions. Conclusions: HA solution as irrigation water significantly increased HM availability to plants cultivated in the HM-amended soil and may increase the environmental risk of sewage irrigation. Recommendations and Perspectives: These results suggested that, when assessing the effect of sewage irrigation on soil quality, HAs contained in sewage water should be taken into consideration.     

An ecological dose-response model approach to short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on arylsulphatase activity in soil

Summary The aim of this study was to provide data to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on arylsulphatase activity in five soils. The effects are fitted on a logistic dose-response model and are presented graphically as the ecological dose (heavy metal concentration corresponding to 50% inhibition; ED₅₀) and ecological dose range (heavy metal concentration range corresponding to 10–90% inhibition; EDR). In 7 out of 22 comparable soil-metal combinations the ED₅₀ decreased significantly over 6 weeks to 18 months of incubation and in two cases the ED₅₀ increased. Toxicity (defined as ED₅₀) was highest in sand and sandy loam and lowest in sandy peat. Cd toxicity in sand, silty loam, and clay varied from 1.08 to 9.04 mmol kg^-1. Both Cr and Ni toxicity varied strongly and decreased with time in some soils while increasing in others. The Cu toxicity ranged from 4.51 to 2 mmol kg^-1 in sand and silty loam, respectively, but remained fairly constant over time. Pb was the least toxic element (14.5 to 59.9 mmol kg^-1). The toxicity of Zn ranged from 5.73 to 148 mmol kg^-1 in sand and sandy peat, respectively. At critical concentrations set by the Dutch Soil Protection Act, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn inhibited arylsulphatase by 53, 35, 48 and 97%, respectively.     

Microbial biomass,N mineralization,and the activities of various enzymes in relation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurry-amended grassland

High rates of cattle slurry application induce NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching from grassland soils. Therefore, field and lysimeter trials were conducted at Gumpenstein (Austria) to determine the residual effect of various rates of cattle slurry on microbial biomass, N mineralization, activities of soil enzymes, root densities, and N leaching in a grassland soil profile (Orthic Luvisol, sandy silt, pH 6.6). The cattle slurry applications corresponded to rates of 0, 96, 240, and 480 kg N ha^-1. N leaching was estimated in the lysimeter trial from 1981 to 1991. At a depth of 0.50 m, N leaching was elevated in the plot with the highest slurry application. In October 1991, deeper soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) from control and slurry-amended plots (480 kg N ha^-1) were investigated. Soil biological properties decreased with soil depth. N mineralization, nitrification, and enzymes involved in N cycling (protease, deaminase, and urease) were enhanced significantly (P<0.05) at all soil depths of the slurry-amended grassland. High rates of cattle slurry application reduced the weight of root dry matter and changed the root distribution in the different soil layers. In the slurry-amended plots the roots were mainly located in the topsoil (0–10 cm). As a result of this study, low root densities and high N mineralization rates are held to be the main reasons for NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching after heavy slurry applications on grassland.