An experimental investigation into factors influencing the soil injection of sewage sludge

Injection techniques for applying sewage sludge to grassland were investigated. The results have shown injection to be a viable technique for the application of sewage sludge under UK conditions. The technique is also suitable for the application of agricultural slurry, since the physical characteristics of both sewage sludge and slurry are similar.Research has shown an acceptably uniform grass response can be obtained from 280 mm wide winged times operating at a depth of 150 mm and spacing of 650 mm, when the soil is in the moist friable to plastic consistency state. Immediate rolling of the injected zone improved the crop response in the vicinity of the injector path, provided surface contamination was avoided.Injection on sloping land should be conducted downslope, rather than across, to ensure adequate machine stability, providing that maximum application rates are not exceeded. Sludges with dry solids contents in excess of 6% can be injected at application rates of 140 m³/ha into slopes of 12°, without down-slope seepage occurring. Rates should, however, be reduced for sludges with lower dry solids content, depending upon field slope.Increasing the injector leg rake angle reduced surface disturbance, with little effect on the resulting draught and vertical forces, until rake angles in excess of 100° were reached. Vibration of the injector tine using a rotating eccentric mass reduced the draught force under dry, brittle soil conditions, but not under more plastic field conditions.     

The Influence of Soil Type,Soil Water and Share Sharpness of a Mouldboard Plough on Energy Consumption,Rate of Work and Tillage Quality

The results of field tests to investigate the influence of soil type and soil water on the wear of soil tillage tools are presented. The soil water had a positive effect for loam and clay soils because the wear decreased as the water content increased. For sandy soils however, wear increased with soil water. As the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased, draught force and fuel consumption increased considerably, while rate of work and tillage depth decreased. The quality of the tillage was seriously reduced, that is, the size of the soil clods increased as the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased. Also, the percentage of surface residues was greater as the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased. The best overall performance of the plough was obtained from the sharpest share cutting edge with a thickness of 1 mm.     

Interactions of the Cutting Edge of Tillage Implements with Soil

The effect was studied of the cutting edge geometry of tillage implements on tillaged forces, soil failure and soil movement below the tillage depth. Tests were conducted using 400 mm wide experimental sweeps under the controlled conditions of a tillage test track (large outside continuous soil bin) and in the field. Corresponding tests were also conducted using a glass-sided soil bin to help quantify the interactions between the soil and tillage implements. By changing from a tillage tool with a sharp cutting edge geometry to a blunt one, the results showed that the draught force of a tillage tool with a similar overall geometry could be increased by up to 80% and the direction of the vertical force could be altered from one which acted to pull the tool into the soil to a force which provided tool lift. X-ray transmission, soil pore counts and cone penetrometer measurements, during the experimental sweep tests showed that the blunter cutting edges often formed cracks in the soil below the tillage depth. During the tillage test track tests a small angle of interference (negative clearance between the underside of the tool and the soil) increased the cone penetration resistance of the soil below the depth of tillage. Corresponding tests in the glass-sided soil bin revealed that the tool smeared the soil as the cutting edge passed.     

土壤耕作部件极窄刀齿与土壤作用关系研究

随着保护性耕作技术和低扰动土壤处理技术的发展,新型土壤耕作部件越来越多地采用窄类或极窄类刀齿形式。通过理论分析和室内土槽试验,对矩形齿和三角形齿两种极窄刀齿贯入土壤造成的土壤失效机理、刀齿工作时的主要阻力来源、刀齿形状尺寸参数对贯入阻力的影响以及刀齿贯入阻力预测模型进行了研究。结果发现,极窄刀齿在贯入土壤过程中,土壤与刀齿相互作用产生应力场和速度场,土壤主要受到刀齿的挤压而失效;刀齿所受阻力可以通过相互作用过程中产生的力学分量进行预测,特别是该预测模型能够较好地反映刀齿在不同深度下所受阻力的变化趋势,研究还发现在土壤参数一定的情况下,极窄刀齿所受阻力与刀齿和土壤的接触面积直接相关,极窄刀齿的形状尺寸参数是其受力的重要影响因素。     

Deformation and Failure in Wet Clay Soil: Part 2, Soil Bin Experiments

Tests of soil cutting by wide tines were conducted in wet clay soil. Force-displacement curves were obtained and the soil deformation patterns were observed and analysed with the help of a painted grid. The tine experiment showed that the soil deformation pattern depended on the tool rake angle (the angle between the tine face and the horizontal soil surface). For small rake angles, soil deformed in a narrow zone leading up from the tool tip and there were tensile cracks near the tool tip. For bigger rake angles, soil in front of the tool failed by distortion with small shear lines and big soil-soil slip lines. For rake angles equal to or bigger than 90° an elliptical wedge formed. Passive earth pressure theory did not describe the deformations observed in these wet clay soil conditions.     

Force-Time Behaviour of Flat Tines in Dry Sand

Studies conducted in a laboratory soil bin filled with dry sand indicated that the nature of soil reactions on tines of 90° rake angle were cyclic for tine aspect ratios (width/depth) of 0·6 and greater. For tine aspect ratio of four, soil reactions were observed to be cyclic for all the tine rake angles studied (15-140°), These variations were found to be closely related to the observed soil failure patterns. Wave ratio (wave length/tine depth) for tines with a rake angle of 90° increased with increase in tine aspect ratio up to four. The amplitude of cyclic variations in draught increased with tine width for a rake angle of 90°.     

错位布置深松铲距对土壤扰动和耕作阻力的影响

铲距是深松机的关键布置参数,对深松耕作阻力和土壤扰动效果会产生重要影响。为此,借助田间试验的方法,通过分析错位布置深松铲在不同横向和纵向铲距作业下土壤坑形宽度、土壤垄型高度、土壤扰动面积、耕作阻力及比阻等的差异,研究不同布置铲距对土壤扰动和耕作阻力的影响。试验结果表明:前铲的土壤扰动作用大于后铲,前铲的土壤垄型高度和坑形宽度大于后铲;横向与纵向铲距较小时,土壤易堆积且双铲的土壤扰动作用会发生部分抵消;铲距较大时,双铲协同作用较小且力矩较大;二者均导致土壤的坑形宽度变小,垄形高度和耕作阻力变大,降低耕作效果;当横向铲距和纵向铲距布置分别为35cm和30cm时,垄形高度最低、比阻最小,土壤扰动及耕作阻力的综合效果较好。本研究可为深松铲的优化布局提供一定的参考依据。     

黑土区坡耕地水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响

为探寻黑土区坡耕地不同水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响机理,开展了田间小区试验。设置横坡耕作（TP）、垄向区田（RF）、深松（SF）、横坡耕作+垄向区田（TP-R）、横坡耕作+深松（TP-S）、垄向区田+深松（RF-S）3种水土保持耕作措施及3种组合耕作措施,并以常规顺坡耕作（CK）为对照,分析了土壤孔隙度、土壤机械组成、水稳性土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤养分含量等指标,并采用TOPSIS模型对不同水土保持耕作措施进行了综合评价,筛选了土壤稳定性强且蓄水保肥效果良好的水土保持耕作措施。结果表明：在玉米的全生育期内,深松、垄向区田、横坡耕作均能提高土壤体积含水率。TP-S处理体积含水率最大,0~40cm土层平均体积含水率较CK处理增加29.47%;RF-S处理平均孔隙度最大,TP-S处理次之,平均孔隙度较CK处理分别增大10.68%、9.25%;TP-S处理能够显著提高土壤稳定性,其中平均质量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和大团聚体含量（R0.25）较CK处理分别增加12.30%、19.57%、13.97%;TP-S处理能够改善土壤机械组成,TP-S处理粗砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量较CK处理增加15.40%、26.89%、1.90%,细砂粒含量较CK处理降低31.56%;TP-S处理IN（无机态氮）、AP（有效磷）、AK（速效钾）含量最高,较CK处理IN、AP、AK含量分别增加42.81%~55.32%、39.69%~40.68%、20.41%~25.45%。由TOPSIS模型综合评价结果可知,TP-S处理贴合度最高,土壤结构更稳定,且蓄水保肥效果更好,为适宜该地区的水土保持耕作措施。     

Influence of working depth of a curved rigid tine on the mixture of fragments produced by deep ripping a texture-contrast soil

A curved, rigid tine with a 50 mm wide point was used to deep rip a texture-contrast soil at different depths of working. The soil had a sandy clay loam A horizon, about 90 mm deep, over a dense clay B horizon; both horizons were drier than their lower plastic limit when ripped. The depth of working varied from 100 to 500 mm and the analysis was done on the loose soil from the lower part of the trough formed by the tine, below the lower boundary of the A horizon. The size and horizon-of-origin of the fragments were measured and their volume recorded as a proportion of the total volume at the water content when ripped. The smaller (0·5 to 2 mm) fragments from the A horizon moved more easily towards the bottom of the trough, but their proportion declined as working depth increased. Fragments from the B horizon with diameter less than a tenth of the point width declined with working depth, whereas soil from the same horizon with more than a tenth of the point width increased with working depth. These different size classes of fragments may have been produced by different soil failure processes induced by the tine. Below a depth of 300 mm the mixture had a relatively constant composition; this depth seemed to correspond to the “critical depth” of working of the tine. The amount of mixing of soil from the two horizons was more than was anticipated from initial visual inspection of the contents of the trough.     

黄土高原坡地土壤与旋耕部件互作离散元仿真参数标定

针对黄土高原坡地土壤-旋耕部件互作机理研究以及坡地专用旋耕机具设计缺乏准确可靠离散元仿真参数的问题,以典型坡地粘壤土(含水率13.4％±1％)为研究对象,选取EDEM中Hertz-Mindlin with JKR Cohesion接触模型,对相关仿真参数进行标定.首先,对土壤颗粒间接触参数进行了标定,以土壤颗粒的仿真堆...     

An Investigation into the Soil Mechanics of Land Anchors

Prediction equations are developed and evaluated to estimate the maximum sustainable pull and the form of penetration of landd anchors. The theories for estimating the pattern of penetration and maximum sustainable anchor force compare well with the measured results in five contrasting soil conditions. The maximum and mean error between the predicted and measured maximum anchor force were 13% and 8%, respectively, representing an over-prediction of force in both cases. The correlation coefficient between the maximum anchor force and the mean values of soil shear strength, obtained using the cone index and shear vane were 0·86 and 0·85 respectively indicating that both the cone penetrometer and shear vane are valuable for in-field prediction of maximum anchor forces in both dry frictional and plastic clay soils.     

保护性耕作措施对豌豆和春小麦生长及产量的影响

通过不同覆盖方式(不覆盖,覆草,覆地膜)下保护性耕作试验,对套种春小麦和豌豆的生育期、基本苗数、干物质、土壤水分和产量进行调查和测定,研究春小麦和豌豆的产量及水分利用效率。结果表明,免耕覆膜、传统耕作覆膜条件下水分利用效率、产量明显高于传统耕作不覆盖、传统耕作并将秸秆翻入、免耕覆秸秆和免耕不覆秸秆的处理,而基本苗数和前期的干物质积累量却低于传统耕作不覆盖、传统耕作并将秸秆翻入、免耕覆秸秆和免耕不覆秸秆处理。因此,免耕覆膜、传统耕作覆膜种植是黄土高原西部半干旱区相对较好的保护性耕作措施。     

开沟旋耕机渐变螺旋升角轴向匀土刀辊设计与试验

针对长江中下游农业区开厢沟后旋耕作业地表平整度差、土壤轴向分布不均匀等问题,设计了一种渐变螺旋升角轴向匀土刀辊。分析了旋耕刀轴向运土力学条件,建立了匀土刀辊旋耕刀扰土体积参数方程和旋耕刀渐变螺旋升角排列螺旋线方程,并分析确定了影响匀土刀辊轴向匀土性能的关键因素为刀辊转速、旋耕切土节距、初始螺旋升角。运用离散元法模拟匀土刀辊作业过程,以耕后地表平整度为试验指标,以刀辊转速、旋耕切土节距、初始螺旋升角为试验因素,进行了正交试验,建立地表平整度回归方程。利用Design-Expert分析软件得到最优参数组合为：刀辊转速260r/min、旋耕切土节距8.3cm、初始螺旋升角71°,此时仿真地表平整度为17.35mm。在最优参数组合下进行了田间试验,结果表明,匀土刀辊作业后,地表平整度、土壤轴向分布均匀度、耕深稳定性系数、碎土率的均值分别为14.5mm、8.82%、92.34%、81.66%,整体耕整效果优于常用旋耕刀辊。     

Effects of field length and management practices on dissolved organic carbon export in furrow irrigation

Farming practices, including tillage, cover cropping and residue management can have profound effects on the efficiency of irrigation practices. The effects of three field management practices (FMPs) standard tillage and winter-fallow (ST), standard tillage and winter-cover crop (STCC), and no-till and winter-fallow (NT) and two field lengths (122 and 366 m) on runoff and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in a furrow-irrigated cropping system over two years. The residue cover was 40, 32 and 11% in 2007, and 58, 61 and 11% in 2008 for STCC, NT and ST, respectively. Furrow irrigation experiments were conducted prior to crop planting following the cover crop. The inflow was kept constant across all treatments, and infiltration and runoff were estimated using a volume balance model (VBM). The DOC concentration tended to increase with increasing field length, but did not differ among the FMPs. A threefold increase in field length increased infiltration by 40%, and decreased runoff by 60-90% and DOC export by 65-83%. In both years, infiltration was highest in STCC. In NT, infiltration was lowest in 2007, which was likely due to soil sealing, and intermediate among the three FMPs in 2008 perhaps due to the increase in residue cover in the second year. The DOC budget analysis showed that fields and FMPs acted as DOC sinks exporting less DOC than was applied in the irrigation water. The results suggest that longer furrows and STCC were greater DOC sinks compared to ST and shorter field practices. The VBM, as applied in this study to estimate infiltration and runoff, could be used to predict optimal field length to minimize runoff and promote DOC adsorption to soil within the constraints of water quality and availability and soil conditions.     

基于卡尔曼滤波融合算法的深松耕深检测装置研究

为提高实时检测耕深的准确性,设计了基于超声波传感器和红外传感器以及卡尔曼滤波融合算法的耕深检测装置,采用超声波传感器通过渡越时间法测量耕深,采用红外传感器通过三角测距法测量耕深,通过卡尔曼滤波融合算法滤除两传感器检测数据中的杂波,并进行融合。室内试验表明,在平整地面,红外传感器检测效果优于超声波传感器;在秸秆覆盖地面,超声波传感器检测效果优于红外传感器。经卡尔曼滤波融合后的数据能充分利用两传感器在不同环境中检测的有效数据。在设定耕深为30 cm和40 cm的田间试验中,超声波传感器滤波数据的平均值分别为29.51 cm和38.79 cm,深松深度变异系数分别为2.51%和3.10%;红外传感器滤波数据的平均耕深分别为32.06 cm和41.52 cm,深松深度变异系数分别为2.41%和2.76%;而经卡尔曼滤波融合后的数据平均耕深分别为30.06 cm和39.95 cm,深松深度变异系数分别为1.07%和1.00%,说明采用滤波融合后的检测数据比单个传感器更能准确检测耕深和反映耕深变化趋势。     

保护性耕作下土壤水分变化特征模拟研究

为了对陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施下的土壤含水率进行差异性分析,利用长期定位试验,设置春小麦/豌豆、豌豆/春小麦轮作序列下传统耕作、免耕、传统耕作秸秆覆盖和免耕覆盖4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量作为输入,以0～200 cm 土层土壤含水率作为输出,建立基于长短...     

Effect of tillage and water table control on evapotranspiration,surface runoff,tile drainage and soil water content under maize on a clay loam soil

Two tillage and two water table control treatments under continuous maize cropping were evaluated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) for their effects on evapotranspiration, surface runoff (SR), tile drainage (TD) and soil water content in the root-zone on a clay loam soil in southern Ontario. The tillage treatments included soil saver (SS, reduced tillage) and moldboard plow (MP, conventional tillage). The water table control treatments included controlled drainage-subirrigation (CDS) and regular tile drainage (DR). There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in evapotranspiration estimates between the SS and MP tillage treatments. The SS tillage increased SR compared with MP tillage during the non-cropping periods in 1993 and 1994, but not in 1992. Relative to MP, the SS tillage increased soil profile water content during the cropping period but decreased soil profile water content during the non-cropping period in 1992. The CDS treatment produced significantly higher (P<0.05) evapotranspiration and soil water content than the drainage treatment during the dry 1993 and 1994 years, but not during the wet 1992 year. The CDS treatment also had significantly lower (P<0.05) TD and higher SR than the drainage treatment. For all the treatments, over 65% of SR and TD occurred in the 5 month non-cropping period from November to March. Of the total annual water input (precipitation and/or subirrigation) to the field site, 8% was partitioned to SR, 30% was partitioned to TD, 55% was removed by crop and soil evapotranspiration and 7% was accounted for by changes in soil profile water content.     

以砂鱼蜥头部为原型的仿生深松铲尖设计与离散元仿真

为解决传统深松机具触土部件破土困难、耕作阻力大等问题,以砂鱼蜥头部为仿生原型,采用逆向工程技术对其特殊几何特征进行提取,将量化后的几何结构特征应用于深松铲尖的设计,以期减小深松铲作业阻力和能耗。依据不同特征曲面,设计了3种仿生铲尖试样,并与凿型铲尖试样进行性能对比。建立离散元模型,求解不同铲尖垂直贯入土壤阻力;制备试样,通过万能试验机进行土壤垂直贯入实测试验;将模拟结果和实测试验结果进行对比,结果表明离散元仿真分析和实测试验结果吻合较好,最大贯入阻力的相对误差为2.47%～3.91%。使用离散元法分析仿生铲尖和凿型铲尖（T-S）在土壤分层情况下的相互作用,证实仿生铲尖比凿型铲尖具有更低的所需牵引力,其中仿生铲尖B-S-2减阻效果最好,相对于凿型铲尖,其减阻率为8.34%～19.31%。离散元分析揭示砂鱼蜥头部仿生曲线特殊的曲率变化对破土阻力有显著影响,仿生铲尖改变了土壤颗粒的流动方向,减小了铲尖上方土壤扰动范围,从而降低所需牵引力。在3种作业速度和3种耕作深度下对阻力的仿真结果与土槽试验结果进行对比,误差为10.83%～17.06%。     

对辊挤压式砂姜黑土整地机设计与试验

针对砂姜黑土区土壤易形成坚硬土块,传统翻耕、旋耕作业后地表大土块过多,严重影响小麦播种质量的问题,设计了一种对辊挤压式砂姜黑土整地机,可一次性完成土块捡拾、筛分输送、破碎还田和平地镇压等作业.对整机关键部件进行了设计与分析,确定了入土铲刀、筛分输送装置和破碎装置等部件结构与工作参数,同时分析了土壤在筛分输送装置上的受力...     

Unsteady state drainage in a vertically heterogeneous soil

An analytical model is presented for prediction of transient water table heights between two parallel drains for a vertically heterogeneous soil. The drains lie on a horizontal impervious layer. The model was applied to field conditions for prediction of water table fluctuations in a clay soil whose hydraulic conductivity decreased exponentially with depth. The predicted results compared reasonably correctly with field observations for a given long-term rainfall input.