盆栽研究钢渣用作铁肥对玉米生长和土壤改良的作用

The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag alone or acidified slag was added to two Fe-deficient calcareous soils at different rates. Results showed that moderate rates （10 and 20 g kg^-1） of slag or acidified slag substantially increased corn dry matter yield and Fe uptake. Application of steel slag increased the residual concentration of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid （AB-DTPA） extractable Fe in the soils. The increase of extractable Fe was usually proportional to the application rate, and enhanced by the acidification of slag. Steel slag appeared to be a promising and inexpensive source of Fe to alleviate crop Fe chlorosis in Fe-deficient calcareous soils.     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

长期定位施肥对碱性紫色土磷素迁移与累积的影响

在25年稻麦轮作长期定位施肥试验点上,开展了碱性紫色土水旱轮作种植制不同施肥处理土壤剖面全磷、速效磷迁移和累积以及耕层土壤全磷、速效磷随时间的变化规律研究。结果表明,单施无机磷肥土壤磷可迁移至100 cm土层,Olsen-P可迁移至40 cm土层。有机无机磷肥配施不但使土壤磷可迁移至相同深度,且迁移量更大,Olsen-P可迁移至60 cm土层。耕作25年后,施磷处理土壤耕层磷素随时间的变化显著,MNPK处理耕层土壤全磷含量年增长率为0.033 g/kg,Olsen-P的年增长率为2.56 mg/kg。试验表明,连续数年施用足量磷肥后,作物施磷量可根据具体情况酌减,以节约磷肥资源和提高磷肥利用率;施用有机肥促进了磷素从耕层向底层的迁移,是造成土壤磷素迁移的一个重要因素。     

Effects of long-term fertilizer applications on peanut yield and quality and plant and soil heavy metal accumulation

The status of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in soils and crops can be affected by long-term fertilization practices. This study aimed to investigate changes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and kernel quality, and changes in copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil and peanut kernels after 16 years of continuous cropping with different fertilization treatments. Five fertilization treatments were applied at a red soil site in Southeast China:chemical fertilizer (F) containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, F + trace elements (FT), pig manure (M), M + effective microorganisms (MB), and MB + trace elements (MBT). Properties of soil and pig manure, heavy metal contents in soil and peanut kernels, and the compositions of amino and fatty acids in kernels were determined. Application of pig manure significantly increased peanut biomass, kernel yield, and crude protein and total amino acid contents in kernels, but led to higher amounts of Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil and higher amounts of Zn and Cd in peanut kernels compared with that of chemical fertilizer. There should be greater concern about potential kernel Cd and Zn contaminations resulting from long-term application of pig manure contaminated with potentially toxic metals as an organic fertilizer.     

用15N肥料标记法研究潮土中玉米氮肥的利用率与去向

【目的】特定作物体系中氮肥的去向很难做到定量化。本文以玉米为供试作物,解析潮土上玉米作物氮素肥料利用、 转移规律,探讨肥料氮、 土壤氮与作物氮之间的关系。【方法】采用15N标记和盆栽培养技术,在北京市农林科学院人工控温温室条件下进行模拟研究,设置10个施氮水平(0、 22、 44、 66、 88、 111、 133、 177、 222、 266 mg/kg N),分析植株氮素利用和土壤氮素供应特征,研究潮土种植夏玉米条件下氮素肥料的运移规律及不同氮肥剂量对夏玉米的作用效应。【结果】所有施氮处理均显著提高了玉米生物量和植株吸氮量。氮肥利用效率虽然随施氮量增加有升有降,但处理间差异不显著。夏玉米对15N标记氮肥的回收率为9.01%~67.57%,土体中15N残留率和损失率分别为21.40%~40.54%和11.04%~50.45%,均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。与N1~N3(22、 44、 66 mg/kg)施肥水平处理相比,N4(88 mg/kg)处理条件下15N肥料在土壤中残留率分别减少19.14、 12.38、 13.13个百分点;15N肥料的损失率分别降低39.41、 7.88、 13.88个百分点。氮肥施用量超过88 mg/kg时,各个处理条件下玉米植株生物量和氮肥回收率出现降低趋势,分别降低5.88%~8.0%和9.06%~27.81%;15N肥料在土壤中的残留率和损失率分别减少3.36%~17.30%和1.65%~13.57%。【结论】该试验条件下,玉米的合理施氮量为88 mg/kg时,氮素的利用率最高为67.57%,残留率和损失率最低,分别为21.40%和11.04%,对生态环境的压力较小。     

聚丙烯酸接枝碱木质素基铁肥的制备及其缓释性能

为提高铁元素的累积释放率,以丙烯酸单体接枝无定形高分子碱木质素制备了具有保水、缓释功能的聚丙烯酸接枝碱木质素基铁肥(简写,ALS-G-P(AA)铁肥)。考察了丙烯酸中和度、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、温度、碱木质素接枝率等因素对ALS-G-P(AA)铁肥吸水倍率的影响,研究了ALS-G-P(AA)铁肥在水中的Fe离子的缓释行为。结果表明:最佳制备条件为丙烯酸中和度60%、引发剂用量0.06g、交联剂用量0.03g、温度为60℃、碱木质素接枝率为25%;该产物铁质量分数为7.74mg/g,吸水倍率可达1017g/g。吸水饱和的ALS-G-P(AA)铁肥的肥效期为22d,其在水中铁元素累积溶出特征符合一元二次方程模型,铁元素释放曲线呈"S"形。该研究为高效施用铁肥和碱木质素在农业可降解缓/控释载体领域的应用提供了参考,并有望进一步拓展。     

NH4+-K+ co-loaded clinoptilolite as a binary fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Understanding the potential of clinoptilolite (CLI) for adsorption of NH₄⁺ and K⁺, providing appropriate fertilizer formula, and evaluation of the produced zeolitic nutrient sources (ZNSs) to meet the plant need are the main objectives of this study. Three ZNSs (NH₄⁺-saturated, K⁺-saturated and dual-purpose NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI) were produced, assessed, and compared with commercial N and K fertilizers (CFs) on corn growth in a greenhouse. The results indicated that CLI can potentially adsorb both NH₄⁺ and K⁺ to the maximum values of 25.00 mg-NH₄⁺ g^?1 and 47.61 mg-K g^?1, respectively, and chemisorptions mainly followed the process of adsorption. Saturation of zeolite by NH₄⁺ and K⁺ occurred after 10 and 15 d which lead to ZNSs with 2% and 5% of N and K, respectively. NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI contained 1% N and 1% K. The greenhouse experiment showed no significant difference between ZNSs and CFs on plant growth. However, the application of both N and K in the form of zeolitic sources significantly increased the uptake of N by the plant. The highest uptake of K (2.05 g pot^?1) occurred in plants supplied with both natural zeolite and CFs. The present results may benefit the future utilization of ZNSs in environmental friendly farming practices.     

磷硅肥配施抑制华南地区水稻籽粒砷积累的效果

选取华南地区广泛种植的杂交水稻品种“培杂泰丰”,利用外源添加砷（50 mg·kg-1）的土壤盆栽试验,研究不同施用量的磷硅肥对水稻生长特性和砷积累的影响。结果表明,施用磷硅肥的处理,水稻糙米中砷含量为0.504~0.586 mg·kg-1,低于农业部颁布的粮食中砷限量标准（NY 861—2004）中大米砷限值。相关性分析表明,水稻糙米砷含量与水稻植株的生物量、稻谷千粒重和秸秆中硅/砷摩尔比呈显著负相关,与秸秆中磷/砷摩尔比呈极显著负相关;糙米的砷含量随磷、硅肥的施加而降低。综合分析表明,在华南地区同类中度砷污染土壤中可有效控制砷向水稻籽粒运输累积的磷、硅肥最优施加量及配比为40 mg P·kg-1土、50 mg Si·kg-1土。     

Investigating the uptake and acquisition of potentially toxic elements in plants and health risks associated with the addition of fresh biowaste amendments to industrially contaminated soil

Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, is a serious environmental concern that has been threatening both the sustainability of various agroecosystems and human health. Efforts to investigate the bioavailability, transfer, and accumulation of PTEs in the soil–plant system and their possible health consequences have almost exclusively focused in the past studies. However, there is limited evidence for increased human exposure to PTEs through dietary intake of food crop grown on contaminated soil influenced by fresh biowaste amendments (FBAs). Here, we show that FBAs addition to soil markedly (p  ≤ .01) intensified human exposure to PTEs through impacts on solubility, uptake, and bioaccumulation compared with the control. In general, the risk assessment performed indicated that the hazard index values for FBAs treatments were notably higher than that of control; however, these were shown to be less than the legal limit (<1). In addition, the lifetime risks of developing carcinogenicity from exposure to PTEs were far above the maximum regulatory limits (1.00E‐06), indicating that remarkable (p  ≤ .01) amount of PTEs was transferred to food with the addition of FBAs. Conclusively, these results suggest that the use of FBAs to contaminated soil aggravates health risks of PTEs through wheat consumption. Further studies, which incorporate the in vitro gastrointestinal bioaccessibility, should be conducted to heighten our understanding about PTEs exposure and the risks associated with FBAs addition to contaminated soil.     

树干高压注射铁肥矫正苹果失绿症及其机理

利用N-Fe、邻二氮杂菲铁和.59Fe作为铁源,以3-8年生富士／八棱海棠为试材进行主干强力高压注射试验。结果表明,铁肥树干强力高压注射,主要以二价铁(Fe2+)沿中央木质部的导管运输,大部分向下运输,使铁在根中大量贮存;向上运输较少,运输速度为每小时数百厘米,矫正缺铁失绿症的速度比根系输液慢,但由于根中贮存大量的铁,持效期较长。主干强力高压注射产生肥害的机理是先使吸收根中毒,然后导致叶片枯萎,提高注射部位,提高注射液浓度和减少注射的用药量,可以防止或减轻肥害的产生。     

节水灌溉减施磷肥对黑土稻作产量及土壤磷利用与平衡的影响

为探寻节水灌溉减施磷肥对黑土稻作磷利用及土壤磷平衡的影响,于2020年和2021年开展大田试验,以常规淹灌+常规施磷肥(CK,45 kg/hm2)作对照,节水灌溉模式下设置5个磷肥施用梯度：0（CP0,不施磷肥）、18 kg/hm2（CP1,减磷60%）、27 kg/hm2（CP2,减磷40%）、36 kg/hm2（CP3,减磷20%）、45 kg/hm2（CP4,常规施磷）。分析节水灌溉模式下减施不同程度磷肥对稻田产量、地上部植株吸磷量和土壤剖面各土层有效磷含量的影响,并计算土壤磷素表观平衡量和磷肥利用率。结果表明：2020年水稻收获后节水灌溉减施磷肥各处理表层土壤有效磷含量均显著低于CK处理的土壤有效磷含量（P<0.05）;2021年水稻收获后CP3处理表层土壤有效磷含量显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。CP3处理2020年和2021年的地上部植株磷素积累量显著高于常规施肥CP4处理和CK处理,分别为14.64和15.86 kg/hm2（P<0.05）。地上部植株各器官磷素积累量由大到小为籽粒、茎鞘、叶。与常规施肥相比,2 a年CP3处理均显著提高了磷肥的吸收利用效率、农学利用率,显著降低土壤磷素盈余量（P<0.05）。综合考虑,节水灌溉下减施常规磷肥用量20%为黑土区适宜的磷肥施用量,2 a均提高水稻产量和磷肥利用率,且土壤磷素盈余量低。研究可为黑土区磷肥施用提供理论依据。     

长期不同施肥下潮土磷素演变特征及其对磷盈亏的响应

以"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站"的定位试验为平台,选取试验中的5个处理,即1)NK(不施磷肥);2)NPK(施氮磷钾化肥);3)MNPK(NPK化肥+有机肥);4)1.SMNPK(MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍);5)SNPK(NPK化肥+秸秆还田),分析不同施肥下土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(Olsen-P)的演...     

Complete contact of Brassica roots with phosphorus fertilizer in a phosphorus-deficient soil

The preferential development of Brassica lateral roots for phosphorus (P) to forage for P fertilizer was observed by using alginate gel beads in which powdery dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) was suspended (DCPD gel bead). The DCPD gel beads enabled to detect the characteristic root growth around them because of their larger diameter (1.5 cm) than that of standard fertilizer particles. The thin Brassica lateral roots completely encircled the DCPD gel beads and no soil area remained between the roots and the DCPD gel beads. This morphological plasticity of Brassica roots is highly suitable for improving the P recovery rate because even a few mm of soil with a high P retention capacity between a plant root and P fertilizer reduces the P recovery rate. The P recovery rate in the Brassica shoots exceeded 0.05 and the ratio of the shoot dry weight in the plot treated with DCPD gel beads to that in the control plot exceeded 10. Thus, the Brassica plants showed both a high P recovery rate and satisfactory growth in the P-deficient soil compared with other tested plants due to the complete contact between their roots and the DCPD gel beads. The preferential root proliferation for P was also observed in Fagopyrum esculentum Moench as well as Brassica plants among the 20 tested plants.     

Effect of pH on Potentially Toxic Trace Elements (Cd,Cu, Ni,and Zn) Solubility in Two Native and Spiked Calcareous Soils: Experimental and Modeling

The effect of soil pH on solubility of the potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) [cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)] was assessed using two native and spiked calcareous soils. Multiple PTEs solutions were added to soils and equilibrated (aged) for 40 days. Then, PTEs solubility was measured at different pH level (1–3 units below and above the pH of native soils). In native soils, all PTEs displayed a V-shaped pH-dependent solubility pattern with important releases at pH 4 and 10 (native soil 1) and 5 and 11 (native soil 2). In spiked soils, the general tendency for the pH where solubility started was in the order Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu. Solubility of added trace elements increased with a decrease in pH. Solubility of PTEs occurred at a lower pH in the soil with a higher carbonate content than the other soil (both native and spiked). In order to predict the effect of soil pH on solubility of PTEs, surface complexation and ions exchange models of PHREEQC program were used. The model simulated the PTEs solubility in soils very well. Comparison of experimental and simulated data indicated that ions exchange and surface complexation were the main mechanisms for predicting PTEs solubility in soils. Environmental implications concerning PTEs mobility might be derived from these findings.     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

超微活化条件对磷矿粉磷素形态及肥效的影响

采用化学分析、红外光谱分析以及盆栽试验研究了活化剂添加量及研磨时间对超微活化磷矿粉磷素形态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,与普通磷矿粉相比,磷矿粉经超微活化处理后有效磷提高了45.1％～58.7％,活性磷提高了169.4％～203.6％,水溶性磷含量随活化剂添加量的增加也明显提高;当活化剂添加量达到5％时,3次水溶性磷的累积释放量较相同条件下制得的超微细磷矿粉提高84倍以上.适当延长研磨时间有利于磷矿粉磷素的释放,但效果不显著.红外光谱分析结果表明:超微细活化磷矿粉中与PO3-、HPO2-相关的特征吸收峰强度较普通磷矿粉显著增强,且生成了与PO43-、HPO42-相关的新特征吸收峰,使磷矿粉中的磷向有效状态转变.盆栽试验结果进一步表明,超微活化磷矿粉处理的玉米生物量、磷素利用率均显著高于磷矿粉、普通超微细磷矿粉以及过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵等常规水溶性磷肥,可增强抗固定能力而显著提高土壤有效磷含量.超微活化磷矿粉较高的活性磷总量和水溶性磷持续适度的供磷强度是其生物有效性高的原因.     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

叶面肥中磷含量测定方法的比较研究

采用分光光度法、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和离子色谱法测定叶面肥样品中的全磷和速效磷的含量。通过样品测试数据的比较,分光光度法和ICP-AES测定全磷的结果一致,能很好的吻合,两种方法可以在叶面肥全磷的测定中相互确认,并应用于常规分析;而分光光度法和离子色谱法测定速效磷的结果在部分叶面肥中存在一定的差异,离子色谱法只能作为分光光度法测定叶面肥中速效磷的一种补充方法。本文为磷元素含量影响叶面肥品质的分析提供了选择测定方法的依据。     

应用离子交换树脂膜法评价缓释复合肥料供肥特性的研究

在25℃连续恒温培养条件下,采用离子交换树脂膜(IERM)提取,测定了不同缓释复合肥料(SRCF)在土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分的供肥特性,并与盆栽水稻的养分吸收进行比较。结果表明:56.d内2种SRCF在土壤中NO3--N和NH4+-N养分的日均供应量占普通复合肥(NCF)的3.3%～58.1%,并以NH4+-NNO3--N;2种SRCF的H2PO4-和K+的日均供应量占磷、钾施用量分别为NCF的14.9%、23.2%和92.7%、64.5%。与NCF相比,SRCF氮素和磷素养分在土壤中释放具有明显的缓释作用。Elovich和抛物线扩散方程的b值可分别用来表征SRCF的NO3--N、H2PO4-和NH4+-N、K+养分在土壤中释放后被吸收的日均供肥量。用离子交换树脂膜法提取测定的SRCF养分在土壤中的供肥特性与该法测定的土壤本身养分的供肥特性相似。SRCF氮、磷、钾养分累积释放量与盆栽水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收量呈显著或极显著的正相关(r=0.869～*0.994**)。用离子交换树脂膜提取测定和评价缓释复合肥料在土壤中养分的供肥特性是一种比较理想的方法。