河西走廊中段边缘绿洲农田土壤性状与团聚体特征

 【目的】土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性与土壤质量、土壤侵蚀和农业可持续性有着密切联系。【方法】在甘肃河西走廊中段近几十年来开垦的边缘绿洲区4种土类中（砂质新成土、正常干旱土、旱耕人为土和干润雏形土）采集49个农田表层土样（0～10 cm），用干筛和湿筛法分析土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性，并分析了与土壤团聚体形成有关的土壤物理、化学性状。【结果】除干润雏形土外，大部分土壤粒级组成以沙粒为主；土壤有机碳含量低，平均为（5.88±2.52）g•kg-1，4种土类中有机碳平均含量平均为4.75～10.51 g•kg-1，以砂质新成土最低，干润雏形土最高；碳酸钙含量普遍较高，平均含量为84.7～164.8 g•kg-1，随土壤粘粉粒和有机碳含量的增加而增加；不同土类＞0.25 mm的干团聚体平均变动在65.2%～94.6%，干团聚体组成以>5 mm的大块状团聚体（土块）为主，平均重量粒径（DMWD）变动在3.2～5.5 mm；>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体变动在23.8%～45.4%，团聚体破坏率（PAD）为52.4%～66.8%，团聚体组成和特征有利于抵抗土壤风蚀，但稳定性差，灌溉后易于分散、沉实板结、通透性差。土壤粘粉粒、有机碳、碳酸钙及铁铝氧化物均对团聚体的形成有显著作用，以土壤粘粒和细粉粒作用最大，有机碳和碳酸钙作用次之；但有机碳和碳酸钙对团聚体的稳定性较粘粉粒的影响更为明显。退耕种植多年生苜蓿后，土壤有机碳、团聚体数量及其稳定性显著增加。【结论】对生态脆弱的边缘绿洲区新垦土地，退耕还草或推行草粮轮作，是改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、减轻土壤风蚀的可持续土地利用的有效途径。     

玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化分析

[目的]对玛纳斯河流域不同恢复模式下盐渍化弃耕地土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化特征进行分析.[方法]以玛纳斯河流域为背景,选取典型的重度盐渍化弃耕地为试验区.随着弃耕地变成棉田年限的增加,土壤有机碳（SOC）含量增加,开垦2、5和10年的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（LOC）的含量以及土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和土壤热水溶性有机碳（HWSOC）的含量较弃耕地高.连续人工开垦后SOC和大团聚体（＞1 mm）含量增加,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,其中开垦10年0～5、5～10 cm土层＞1mm团聚体分别占56.9％和56.7％,团粒指数下降至43.9％.[结论]水稳性团聚体的含量与SOC和土壤HWSOC达到0.05水平显著正相关.玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对绿洲农田土壤HWSOC对维持土壤团聚体稳定性的贡献明显.     

Changes in organic C stability within soil aggregates under different fertilization patterns in a greenhouse vegetable field

Knowledge of the stability of soil organic C(SOC) is vital for assessing SOC dynamics and cycling in agroecosystems. Studies have documented the regulatory effect of fertilization on SOC stability in bulk soils. However, how fertilization alters organic C stability at the aggregate scale in agroecosystems remains largely unclear. This study aimed to appraise the changes of organic C stability within soil aggregates after eight years of fertilization(chemical vs. organic fertilization) in a greenhouse vegetable field in Tianjin, China. Changes in the stability of organic C in soil aggregates were evaluated by four methods, i.e., the modified Walkley-Black method(chemical method), ~(13)C NMR spectroscopy(spectroscopic method), extracellular enzyme assay(biological method), and thermogravimetric analysis(thermogravimetric method). The aggregates were isolated and separated by a wet-sieving method into four fractions: large macroaggregates(2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2 mm), microaggregates(0.053–0.25 mm), and silt/clay fractions(0.053 mm). The results showed that organic amendments increased the organic C content and reduced the chemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability of organic C within soil aggregates relative to chemical fertilization alone. Within soil aggregates, the content of organic C was the highest in microaggregates and decreased in the order microaggregatesmacroaggregatessilt/clay fractions. Meanwhile, organic C spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability were the highest in silt/clay fractions, followed by macroaggregates and microaggregates. Moreover, the modified Walkley-Black method was not suitable for interpreting organic C stability at the aggregate scale due to the weak correlation between organic C chemical properties and other stability characteristics within the soil aggregates. These findings provide scientific insights at the aggregate scale into the changes of organic C properties under fertilization in greenhouse vegetable fields in China.     

Losses of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Mechanisms in the Desertification Process of Sandy Farmlands in Horqin Sandy Land

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations from bulk soils and soil particle size fractions in the different extent of desertified farmlands (potential, light, medium, severe, and most severe desertified farmlands) were examined to quantitatively elucidate losses of carbon and nitrogen and its mechanisms in the desertification process. Particle size fractions (2-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.05 mm, <0.05 mm) were obtained by granulometric wet sieving from 30 sandy soils (0-15cm depth) of different desertified extent. It was shown that soil physical stability index (St) in most severe desertified farmlands was 5-7% and St in other farmlands was less than 5%, which contributed to very low soil organic matter content. This was the intrinsic cause that sandy farmlands in Horqin sandy land was subject to risk of desertification. Desertification resulted in considerable losses of SOC and N. Regression analysis indicated that SOC and N content reduced 0.169 g kg-1 and 0.0215 g kg-1 respectively with one percent loss of soil silt and clay content. Losses of SOC and N were mostly the removal of fine particle size fractions (silt and clay, and a less extent very fine sand) from the farmlands by wind erosion, which were rich in organic matter and nutrients, as well as the depletion of organic C and N associated with coarse particles (>0.05 mm) in desertification process. The concentrations of C and N associated with sand (2-0.1 mm and 0.1-0.05 mm) significantly decreased with increase of desertified extent. Silt and clay associated C and N concentrations, however, were less changed, and in contrast, were higher in soils under most severe desertified extent than in soils under potential and severe desertified extent. The percentage of distribution in sand (>0.05 mm) associated C and N significantly increased with increase of desertified extent, suggesting that stability of SOC decreased in the desertification process.     

免耕覆盖下土壤水分、团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布对小麦产量的协同效应

[目的]基于山西运城8年(2008—2015)长期定位试验,研究免耕覆盖下土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体活性有机碳分布特征、冬小麦水分利用效率和产量变化特征,分析土壤水分、土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳组分对小麦籽粒产量的协同关系,为选择适宜黄土高原旱作农业区最佳耕作模式提供理论依据.[方法]选取传统耕作秸秆翻耕还田(CT-SP...     

免耕对东北黑土水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的短期效应

 【目的】探讨免耕措施下黑土总有机碳和水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的动态变化,以及免耕对团聚体结合碳和总有机碳之间相关关系的影响,为筛选出免耕对黑土结构和质量影响的评价指标提供科学依据。【方法】以在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了5年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕（NT）、秋翻（MP）和垄作（RT）3种耕作处理下耕层（0～30 cm）黑土有机碳和团聚体结合碳的动态变化及其相互关系进行分析。【结果】5年的NT处理并没有增加耕层有机碳（SOC）平均含量,但显著增加了表层（0～5 cm）的SOC含量,增加量为2001年的9.9%。NT试验前后,黑土总有机碳和＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳变化趋势一致,总有机碳除在表层（0～5 cm）变化显著外,其它土层变化均不明显,但＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳各层均有显著变化,说明＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳对耕作方式的响应较总有机碳更为敏感。相关分析表明,NT处理下黑土总有机碳与＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳之间存在显著的正相关关系。【结论】黑土＞1 000 μm级团聚体可以用于评价免耕对黑土结构和肥力的短期影响。     

渝东北中山区典型土壤的系统分类

以渝东北中山区(海拔>800 m)为研究区域,选取该区域8个典型土壤样点,通过剖面挖掘、野外观测和分层样品分析等方法,明确供试剖面的形态特征和理化性质,检索出上述典型土壤的诊断层与诊断特性,探讨其在中国土壤系统分类(CST)中的归属,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明,在8个供试土壤剖面中,除旱地外,林地及牧草地土壤具有淡薄表层,在坡度较小和土壤侵蚀较弱的情况下土壤大都可以形成黏化层,碳酸盐岩风化物发育的土壤均符合碳酸盐岩岩性特征,海拔800 m以上土壤符合常湿润土壤水分状况。8个供试土壤剖面分别被划归3个土纲(淋溶土、雏形土、新成土),3个亚纲(常湿淋溶土、常湿雏形土、正常新成土),3个土类(钙质常湿淋溶土、钙质常湿雏形土、湿润正常新成土),5个亚类(腐殖钙质常湿淋溶土、普通钙质常湿淋溶土、腐殖钙质常湿雏形土、普通钙质常湿雏形土、石质湿润正常新成土),其中,被划归为淋溶土土纲的剖面数量最多(共4个剖面),说明该区域土壤淋溶作用明显。黄棕壤、棕壤、黄色石灰土和黑色石灰土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿淋溶土土类,黄棕壤性土和山地灌丛草甸土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿雏形土土类,棕壤性土亚类参比到了CST的湿润正常新成土土类。按照土族和土系的划分标准,8个供试土壤剖面建立了8个土族,划分出8个土系。     

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin, China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, con     

长期免耕和深松提高了土壤团聚体颗粒态有机碳及全氮含量

【目的】耕作措施对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)具有重要影响。本研究利用团聚体和密度联合分级方法,旨在揭示长期耕作对表层土壤团聚体内密度颗粒组分SOC及TN的影响,为深入理解黄土高原农田土壤碳氮提升机理提供依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原东部边缘地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理:少耕无覆盖(RT)、免耕覆盖(NT)、深松覆盖(SM)和传统翻耕(CT)。于2013年7月采集0—10 cm土层样品,首先通过干筛法筛分>2、1—2、0.25—1和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体,之后利用颗粒密度分组,将团聚体有机质分为轻组有机质(LF)、粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)、细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和矿质结合有机质(m-SOM)。【结果】(1)15年保护性耕作(包括NT和SM处理)显著提高了0—10 cm土层的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,NT和SM处理的SOC含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,TN含量分别提高了35.2%和42.3%。不进行秸秆覆盖的少耕处理(RT)对SOC和TN无显著影响。(2)不同耕作措施改变了团聚体质量组成及其内部SOC和TN含量。NT和SM处理显著提高了1—...     

长期施肥下黑垆土有机碳变化特征及碳库组分差异

【目的】阐明长期施肥下土壤有机碳演变规律及碳库组分变化,揭示黄土旱塬土壤固碳效应及培肥模式。【方法】利用32年作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）数据分析土壤碳投入、固定及演变特征,采集2010年土样样品,通过物理分组方法得到砂粒、粗粉粒、细粉粒、粗黏粒、细黏粒及大团聚体和微团聚体,分析施肥对碳库组分的影响。【结果】试验中总碳投入从不施肥（CK）的8.10 t C?hm-2增加到秸秆还田（SNP）的69.40 t C?hm-2,耕层土壤SOC贮量施肥之间相差1.82倍,增施有机肥（M、MNP）SOC为21.76—24.04 t C?hm-2,SNP为16.01 t C?hm-2;土壤SOC贮量随碳输入量的增加而提高,有机碳固定率25.80%—36.05%,而秸秆还田只有8.20%;除长期不施肥处理仅靠根茬投入维持稳定的SOC水平外,其余所有肥料处理SOC均随试验年限延长而增加,SNP、M、MNP处理固碳速率依次为0.246、0.326、0.361 t C?hm-2?a-1。MNP和SNP处理砂粒SOC是CK的3.85和2.94倍、N处理的2.41和1.84倍,MNP处理较CK、NP处理SOC总量只增加了32.50%、18.10%,而砂粒中SOC却提高了285.12%、105.74%,砂粒级有机碳对施肥最敏感。施肥提高了活性有机碳（POC）与矿物结合态有机碳（MOC）的比率（W）,MNP、M、SNP处理的W值达18.62%、16.24%、14.41%,单施氮肥（N）和氮磷配施（NP）仅9.11%、9.99%,施肥提高了有机碳活性,改善了土壤有机碳质量。不施肥大团聚体（＞250 µm）SOC是微团聚体（＜53 µm)的9.14倍,施肥提高了15.83—23.84倍,并提高了大团聚体中土壤C/N比,而对微团聚体C/N影响不大。尽管团聚体含碳量随团聚体粒径增加而增加,但微团聚体有机碳含量增加对土壤固碳速率的作用显著高于大团聚体,对土壤碳的固定与物理保护起着重要作用。【结论】长期增施有机肥、秸秆还田提高了黄土旱塬黑垆土的碳固定与积累,且固碳增量主要分布在砂粒和大团聚体中。因此增施有机肥、秸秆还田是环境友好型土壤培肥措施。     

长期有机无机肥配施改变了土团聚体及其有机和无机碳分布

【目的】研究小麦-玉米轮作体系长期有机无机肥配施对土土壤水稳性团聚体分布及其有机碳、无机碳含量的影响,以了解土碳固存机制对施肥的响应。【方法】依托21年长期肥料定位试验,采集不施肥（CK）和施用有机无机肥（MNPK）处理0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层土样,利用湿筛法分析不同大小水稳性团聚体的质量百分比、原土和团聚体中有机碳和无机碳含量。【结果】长期有机无机肥配施显著降低各个土层＞1 mm团聚体百分含量,显著增加0—20 cm土层0.25—1 mm团聚体百分含量。长期有机无机肥配施较对照显著降低了所有土层平均重量直径（MWD）,3个土层分别降低26.6%、38.3%和62.4%。显著降低了20—30 cm土层几何平均直径（GMD）,但对0—20 cm土层GMD值没有影响。有机无机肥配施较不施肥显著增加原土所有土层有机碳含量,3个土层有机碳含量分别增加150%、97%和42%;也增加了0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层所有级别团聚体有机碳的含量,其中0—10 cm土层＞2、1—2、0.5—1、0.25—0.5以及＜0.25 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量增加幅度分别为163%、160%、111%、86%和61%,10—20 cm的增加幅度分别为97%、109%、118%、39%和45%,团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体增大而增加。长期有机无机肥配施显著增加20—30 cm土层无机碳含量,增加幅度为28.2%。另外,0—10 cm土层有机无机肥配施土壤大团聚体无机碳含量较对照有降低的趋势,其中＞2 mm和0.25—0.5 mm团聚体无机碳含量显著降低;10—20 cm土层影响不显著;而20—30 cm土层有机无机肥配施均显著增加了各团聚体无机碳含量,增幅为22.1%—36.6%。土大于50%的有机碳储存在＜0.25 mm的微团聚体中,1—2 mm团聚体储存最少（＜10%）。长期有机无机肥配施降低了＞2 mm和＜0.25 mm团聚体有机碳分配比例,其中0—10 cm土层分别降低了4.33%和13.78%,10—20 cm土层分别降低10.24%和7.81%。显著增加了0.5—1 mm和0.25—0.5 mm团聚体的有机碳分配比例,0—10 cm土层分别增加13.8%和5.66%,10—20 cm土层分别增加13.46%和5.41%。长期有机无机肥配施增加0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层0.5—1 mm和0.25—0.5 mm团聚体的无机碳分配比例,0—10 cm和10—20 cm增加量分别为9.03%、4.59%和9.28%、6.96%;显著降低了＞2 mm团聚体无机碳所占比例,分别降低6.95%和12.53%;对于20—30 cm土层,长期有机无机肥配施显著增加＜0.25 mm团聚体的无机碳分配比例,增加量为18.89%;显著降低了＞2 mm和1—2 mm团聚体无机碳分配比例,分别降低16.67%和5.28%。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施通过影响土团聚体分布以及碳在团聚体中的分配比例而增加有机碳固定。另外,GMD作为衡量土团聚体稳定性的指标较MWD更合理。     

不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征

【目的】在已有团聚体碳氮分布研究的基础上,进一步研究不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征,并分析有机碳矿化的影响因素,为揭示施肥对土壤肥力的影响及土壤有机碳矿化作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥红壤性水稻土为研究对象,包括9个处理:不施肥(CK)、有机质循环(C)、氮肥(N)、氮肥+有机质循环(NC)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾肥+有机质循环(NPKC)、氮钾肥(NK)和氮磷钾肥+1/2秸秆回田(NPKS)。运用湿筛法得到2 mm、1—2 mm、0.25—1 mm、0.053—0.25 mm和0.053 mm 5个粒级团聚体,观测团聚体和全土有机碳矿化动态变化,测定团聚体中微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性。【结果】全土和1 mm团聚体有机碳矿化速率在培养前期快速下降,之后逐渐降低至稳定状态,而1 mm粒级尤其是0.053—0.25 mm团聚体,有机碳矿化速率在培养前期降低幅度减小并更早达到稳定状态。有机碳累积矿化量在2 mm和1—2 mm团聚体中最高,在0.053—0.25 mm团聚体中最低。与对照相比,施磷肥处理(NP和NPK)各粒级团聚体有机碳累积矿化量平均提高17.0%—62.1%,施有机肥处理(C、NC和NPKC)则平均提高25.0%—80.5%。2 mm和0.25—1 mm团聚体对全土有机碳矿化的贡献最大,分别为21.0%—42.5%和20.6%—32.7%。0.25 mm大团聚体微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性均高于0.25 mm微团聚体。施磷肥处理各粒级团聚体微生物生物量碳含量较对照平均高73.4%—92.0%,施有机肥处理平均高60.8%—99.6%。磷肥和有机肥的施用显著提高0.25 mm大团聚体转化酶活性,其中NC处理大团聚体转化酶活性最高,较对照提高46.0%—135.0%。团聚体有机碳累积矿化量与有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳含量及转化酶活性均呈极显著正相关,但与有机碳的相关性最大。【结论】大团聚体在土壤有机碳矿化中发挥主导作用;有机碳含量是影响团聚体有机碳矿化的最主要因素;磷肥和有机肥的施用促进了土壤团聚体有机碳的矿化,是提高红壤性水稻土供肥能力的有效措施。     

The effects of co-utilizing green manure and rice straw on soil aggregates and soil carbon stability in a paddy soil in southern China

The co-utilization of green manure (GM) and rice straw (RS) in paddy fields has been widely applied as an effective practice in southern China. However, its effects on soil aggregate and soil organic carbon (SOC) stability remain unclear. In the present study, the effect of GM, RS, and co-utilization of GM and RS on particle size distribution of soil aggregates and SOC density fractions were measured in a field experiment. The experiment included six treatments, i.e., winter fallow (WF) without RS return (Ctrl), WF with 50% RS return (1/2RS), WF with 100% RS return (RS), GM without RS return (GM), GM with 50% RS return (GM1/2RS) and GM with 100% RS return (GMRS). The results showed that the proportion of small macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates in the GMRS treatment was greater (by 18.9 and 3.41%, respectively) than in the RS treatment, while the proportion of silt+clay particles (<0.053 mm) was lower (by 14.4%). The concentration of SOC in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) and silt+clay particles was higher in the GMRS treatment than in GM and RS treatments individually. The concentration and proportion of free light organic carbon (fLOC) in aggregates of various particle sizes and bulk soil was greater in the GMRS treatment than the RS treatment, whereas the concentration and proportion of mineral-associated organic carbon in small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and bulk was lower in the GMRS treatment than in the RS treatment. The proportion of intra-aggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) was greater in the GMRS treatment than in GM treatment. The GMRS treatment had strong positive effects on iPOC in small macroaggregates, suggesting that SOC was transferred from fLOC to iPOC. In conclusion, co-utilizing green manure and rice straw cultivated the SOC pool by increasing the concentration of fLOC and improved soil carbon stability by promoting the sequestration of organic carbon in iPOC as a form of physical protection.     

广西紫色土系统分类研究

采用中国土壤系统分类的理论、方法和标准,结合广西第二次土壤普查资料数据,研究了广西紫色土剖面形态特征、理化特性及系统分类。结果表明,广西紫色土是强烈的物理、化学风化及侵蚀作用于紫色砂岩、砾岩、泥岩和页岩的结果,其剖面层次分异不明显,多属块状结构,质地以砂壤为主;其自然土壤的有机质、全氮、全钾含量均处于中上水平,但在植被遭到破坏及经开垦后,表层土壤的有机质、全氮及速效磷含量均明显下降,pH值变幅较大,呈强酸至弱碱性;广西紫色土可划分为雏形土和新成土2个土纲、湿润雏形土和正常新成土2个亚纲、紫色湿润雏形土和紫色正常新成土2个土类以及表蚀紫色湿润雏形土、耕淀紫色湿润雏形土、酸性紫色正常新成土等9个亚类。     

施肥对坡地土壤团聚体与磷素赋存形态的影响

紫色土为长江上游农耕区主要土壤,多分布在山地丘陵区,其耕层较薄(30～80 cm),土壤养分质量分数普遍偏低,作物养分利用率低,但目前国内外关于团聚体尺度耕作土壤的磷素分异与循环规律的研究较少.为深入了解紫色土坡耕地长期施肥过程中的磷素养分库容和供应机制,本研究基于2002年开始的长期施肥定位试验,分析研究了西南紫色土区玉米/小麦轮作制度不同施肥方式下土壤团聚体发育特征,并结合碳、氮转化过程探讨紫色土培肥过程中磷素赋存形态及转化规律.结果表明:长期有机无机配合施肥促进大团聚体的形成,不同施肥平均重量直径(MWD)依次为:OMNPKRSDNPKNPKCK;长期施肥均不同程度提高了各粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷及各形态无机磷(Ex-P, Al-P, Ca-P, Or-P)质量分数,其中主要提高了较大团聚体(2,0.25～2 mm)中养分质量分数.无机肥配施粪肥处理提升有机碳和全氮的效果优于无机肥配施秸秆,而对全磷和速效磷提升效果则相反.长期有机无机配合施用可有效提高各粒径团聚体中Ex-P,Al-P,Ca-P和Or-P质量分数,并促进Al-P,Ca-P向大团聚体转移,提高了土壤对有效磷素的保持能力.有机质添加处理在提高土壤有机碳和有机磷质量分数的同时,也对土壤磷素转化、提高磷素有效性具有重要影响.     

浙西丘陵区水田改旱后土壤团聚体组成与稳定性的变化

选择浙西低丘地区的黄筋泥田和红紫砂田2类土壤的水田与相应改旱不同年限的旱地、果园和茶园,比较研究了水田改旱后土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的变化.结果表明,水田改旱后,土壤中＞5.00 mm和＞0.25 mm非水稳定性团聚体和水稳定性团聚体数量均呈现下降,土壤团聚体的水稳定性减弱,其中,水稳定性团聚体的下降比非水稳定性团聚体更为明显.水田改旱种植旱粮,土壤中＞5.00 mm和＞0.25 mm非稳定团聚体、水稳定性团聚体及团聚体的稳定呈持续下降;而当水田改旱种植果树和茶树时,初期土壤中＞5.00 mm和＞0.25 mm非稳定团聚体、水稳定性团聚体和团聚体的稳定呈明显下降,但随着时间的增加,其大团聚体逐渐恢复.改旱后土壤团聚体的变化与其有机碳和无定形氧化铁数量发生变化有关.     

不同利用方式对紫色土团聚体形成的影响

通过对不同利用方式下紫色土团粒结构、肥力状况及相互关系进行初步研究,结果表明:>5 mm水稳定性团聚体含量顺序为:林草地>林地>耕地>菜地>草地>柑桔园地>梨园地;>0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量为:林草地>林地>耕地>梨园地>菜地>草地>柑桔园地,>5 mm水稳定性团聚体数量及团聚体的水稳定性均与有机质的含量成正相关;粘粒除了与>5 mm的团聚体成负相关之外,与其余的粒级团聚体成正相关,团聚体与结构破坏率的关系较密切,结构破坏率与>5 mm和>0.25 mm团聚体均成正相关,而和水稳性团聚体成显著负相关,与有机质和粘粒的含量成负相关;分析结果同时也说明了有机质对团聚体的作用大于粘粒对团聚体的影响,而且团聚体含量主要与有机物的数量有关,受粘粒的影响较小。     

秸秆还田量对黑土区土壤及团聚体有机碳变化特征和固碳效率的影响

【目的】探讨不同秸秆还田量下土壤及团聚体有机碳的变化特征,阐明土壤及团聚体有机碳储量变化对外源有机碳累积投入的响应关系,揭示黑钙土土壤及团聚体固碳效应和土壤有机碳定量提升机理。【方法】于2012年4月在吉林省农安县玉米主产区设置了玉米秸秆还田量田间定位试验,共设计4个处理:秸秆还田量0(SA0)、秸秆还田量4 500 kg·hm^-2(SA300)、秸秆还田量9 000 kg·hm^-2(SA600)、秸秆还田量13 500 kg·hm^-2(SA900)。利用多年试验土壤有机碳储量与外源有机碳投入的数据分析其量化关系和固碳效率。通过湿筛法筛分>2 mm、2—0.25 mm、0.25—0.053 mm和<0.053 mm粒级团聚体,分析不同粒级团聚体有机碳储量变化特征及固碳效应。【结果】长期秸秆还田能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,秸秆还田SA600和SA900两处理土壤有机碳含量均显著高于秸秆不还田(SAO)、低量秸秆还田(SA300)(P<0.05),并且后3年SA900和SA600两处理土壤有机碳含量差异达显著...     

退耕植被演替过程中土壤团聚体与胶结物质的协同响应

以陕西王茂沟流域为研究区,进行野外调查取样和测定,采用方差分析和相关性分析,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕植被演替过程中土壤团聚体稳定性与团聚体胶结物质间的协同响应关系。结果表明：退耕植被演替显著提高了>5 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量,降低了0.25~2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量,显著增大了团聚体MWD。不同粒级团聚体SOC、EE-GRSP和T-GRSP含量均随植被演替呈现不同程度增加趋势,其稳定性的改善主要取决于>5 mm粒径团聚体SOC和5< mm各粒径团聚体T-GRSP含量的提高。黄土丘陵区退耕植被演替过程中,SOC和GRSP含量的提高协同改善了土壤团聚体稳定性。     

紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体稳定性特征对侵蚀过程的影响

 【目的】研究紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体稳定性特征及其对侵蚀过程的影响。【方法】利用野外人工模拟降雨与土壤团聚体特征分析的研究方法,对4种紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体稳定性特征及其对侵蚀过程影响进行研究。【结果】（1）快速湿润使大部分团聚体崩解为细小的团聚体,慢速湿润和湿润振荡2种处理对5—2 mm大团聚体的影响最大,崩解后集中分布在2—0.5 mm范围内。（2）4种土地利用类型团聚体稳定性大小为桑园地＞苜蓿地＞荒草地＞菜地,快速湿润作用下4种土地利用类型团聚体的平均质量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）都较小,慢速湿润处理的MWD和GMD总体较大,紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体崩解机制主要是快速湿润时孔隙内封闭的空气压力作用,而黏粒膨胀对团聚体破坏的作用最小。（3）在持续模拟降雨下,4种旱坡地产流产沙量大小为：菜地＞荒草地＞苜蓿地＞桑园地,产流产沙过程与不同土地利用土壤团聚体稳定性特征相耦合;团聚体稳定性指标与产流率和产沙率在第1小时降雨历时相关系数大于第2 小时,快速湿润下MWD值分别和径流总量与侵蚀泥沙总量呈显著负相关,降雨侵蚀产沙过程中土壤团聚体孔隙内部空气压力对土壤团聚体的破碎是侵蚀产沙的主要形式。【结论】土壤团聚体稳定性越差,紫色土旱坡地侵蚀产沙量和径流量越大,降雨前期土壤团聚体稳定性特征与侵蚀产流产沙相关性最高,MWD能更好反映紫色土土壤团聚体与侵蚀产沙和产流间的关系,紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体内部空气压力破坏是土壤团聚体破碎侵蚀产沙的主要形式。