Obtaining and Cytological Identification of a Set of Primary Trisomics in Cabbage

Selection of primary trisomics of the cabbage （Brassica oleracea var.capitata L） forms an important basis for gene chromosome mapping and for other genetic studies. The cabbage self-fertilization line - 9601 was used as material, using the root-tip cell chromosome number and pollen mother cell chromosome number identification and karyotype analysis to select the primary trisomics from the progenies of 3x x 2x in the cabbage. Many aneuploid plants with one or two extra chromosomes were obtained and a set of primary trisomics （Tri-1, Tri-2, Tri-3, Tri-4, Tri-5, Tri-6, Tri-7, Tri-8, and Tri-9, in which the Tri-1 and Tri-4 were from 2n＋2 plants and others from 2n＋ 1 plants） was acquired from these plants. Each trisomic exhibited some unique features, such as plant height, plant type, leaf type, size of flower bud, and inflorescence. The triploid crossing by the diploid is a convenient and effective way to select trisomics in the cabbage.     

结球甘蓝不同初级三体n+1配子的形成及传递率研究

 【目的】n+1配子传递率是进行三体遗传分析的重要参数。测定结球甘蓝“初级三体系”不同三体的n+1配子传递率为利用该“初级三体系”进行基因定位等遗传研究创造条件。【方法】结球甘蓝各初级三体分别与其二倍体亲本-9601进行相互杂交,杂交种子接种到MS培养基上培养繁殖成单株无性系;根尖染色体计数法鉴定杂交子代植株的染色体数目,用鉴定出的三体（2n+1=19）株数占鉴定植株总数的百分比表示n+1配子的传递率。【结果】各初级三体的n+1雌配子的传递率分别为15.28%（Tri-1）、12.68%（Tri-2）、12.31%（Tri-3）、30.51%（Tri-4）、22.81%（Tri-5）、7.46%（Tri-6）、5.36%（Tri-7）、42.37%（Tri-8）、9.23%（Tri-9）;n+1雄配子的传递率分别为12.12%（Tri-1）、12.33%（Tri-2）、7.81%（Tri-3）、4.76%（Tri-4）、8.93%（Tri-5）、10.94%（Tri-6）、1.54%（Tri-7）、2.94%（Tri-8）、13.04%（Tri-9）。影响n+1雄配子形成和传递的因素主要有减数分裂前期Ⅰ三价体形成的频率、后期Ⅱ9/9/10/10分离的频率和花粉的生活力等。【结论】结球甘蓝各初级三体的额外染色体通过雌、雄配子均能传递给子代。     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner （Bt） have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper （WBPH）, Sogatella furcifera （Horváth）, is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps rice （G6H1） with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and ifeld conditions. The laboratory results showed that no signiifcant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline （XS110）. However, the development duration of nymphs was signiifcantly shorter and female longevity signiifcantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr ifeld trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not signiifcantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and ifeld, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term ifeld experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to conifrm the present conclusions in future.     

菜薹部分初级三体的选育与细胞学鉴定

 将菜薹同源三倍体与二倍体相互杂交 ,获得了大量杂交种子。其中 3x× 2x的结籽率为 34.78% ,2x× 3x的结籽率为 2 6 .17%。经染色体数目检查 ,杂交子代植株绝大多数为非整倍体 ,其中三体植株占 33.3% (3x× 2x)和4 0 .70 % (2x× 3x)。经细胞学鉴定和核型分析 ,从三体植株中初步鉴定出三体 3、三体 7、三体 8和三体 9等 4种初级三体。     

菜薹-芥蓝单体异附加系n+1配子传递及两个二体异附加系的获得

【目的】研究菜薹-芥蓝单体异附加系n+1配子传递,为其在基因定位和遗传改良上的应用奠定基础。【方法】通过观察和统计各单体异附加系减数分裂后期Ⅱ10/10/11/11分离的PMCs,估算n+1配子的形成频率;通过鉴定回交子代植株的染色体数目,测定各单体异附加系n+1配子的传递率;从单体异附加系的自交子代中筛选二体异附加系。【结果】依据减数分裂后期Ⅱ10/10/11/11分离的PMCs比率估算,各单体异附加系n+1雄配子的形成频率在36.85%—45.15%;基于染色体数目鉴定,各单体异附加系n+1雄配子的传递率在7.14%—14.81%,雌配子在19.70%—36.51%;在一定范围内,n+1配子传递率与n+1配子形成频率、染色体大小、花粉量和花粉生活力没有显著的相关性;从自交子代中获得了两个不同的二体异附加系。【结论】菜薹-芥蓝各单体异附加系的额外染色体通过雌、雄配子均能进行传递,但传递率因不同的附加系而异;从单体异附加系的自交子代中可以分离出遗传性稳定的二体异附加系。     

结球甘蓝叶色（紫/绿）的遗传分析和基因定位

 【目的】明确结球甘蓝叶色（紫/绿）的遗传方式及其基因所位于的染色体。【方法】以普通结球甘蓝‘9601’及其系列初级三体为母本分别与紫甘蓝‘紫阳’杂交;结合形态学观察和染色体数目鉴定从各F1群体中选出三体（2n+1）植株进行测交;采用双体和三体遗传分析及χ2测验法对叶色基因进行染色体定位。【结果】双体遗传分析表明,结球甘蓝‘9601’和‘紫阳’的叶色（紫/绿）受2对独立遗传基因控制,紫红色对绿色为显性并表现加性效应;三体遗传分析显示,控制其叶色的两对基因分别位于3号和8号染色体上。【结论】结球甘蓝‘9601’和‘紫阳’的叶色（紫/绿）受2对独立遗传的基因控制并表现加性效应,两基因分别位于3和8号染色体。     

东方百合2n配子杂交后代多倍体诱导研究初报

 以东方百合栽培种为材料,诱导2n配子,通过杂交受粉,采用胚培养成功培育出73株2n配子后代。在离体培养下利用秋水仙素诱导多倍体,突变率50%. 结果突变后代不但出现四倍体而且出现一定数量的三倍体和不稳定的非整倍体。经过诱变产生的多倍体与正常二倍体比较,多倍体叶片变厚,叶色变深,叶片变大,气孔显著增大,而单位面积气孔数减少,有些材料表现出不同程度的畸变,有些表现一定的熟生性。多倍体染色体数目2n=4x=48为四倍体,2n=3x=36为三倍体,二倍体为2n=2x=24.     

甘蓝×白菜种间花粉-柱头相互作用的研究

以甘蓝为母本与白菜杂交,授粉后采不同时期的子房用苯胺兰法染色,在荧光显微镜下观察花粉在柱头上粘合、萌发及花粉管在柱头表面和花柱中的生长情况。试验结果表明:甘蓝×白菜杂交的主要障碍在于白菜萌发的花粉管难以伸进柱头,并与柱头表面发生严重的胼胝质反应,使花粉管扭曲,尖端膨大,难以生长。     

分子标记在月季2n配子育种中的运用

通过介绍月季2n配子育种,概述目前常用的分子标记技术如AFLP,RAPD的原理、方法和各自的优缺点及在月季育种中发挥的作用和存在的问题,进一步用分子生物学的观点阐述月季育种,通过新的育种方法和新的检验方法创造出新的月季品种。     

提高大白菜小孢子胚胎发生及植株获得率的几个因素研究

春季生长在露地条件下的大白菜供体植株,在适宜开花期采集花蕾进行小孢子培养可显提高小孢子胚胎发生率。连续除即将开花花蕾,也可提高适宜花蕾内小孢子胚胎发生率。ＮＬＮ培养基添加０．０５～０．１ｍｇ·ｍＬ＾－１活性炭可使小孢子胚胎发生率提高１位以上,并使子叶型胚率提高２７．５％～６９．０％。小孢子培养２周后进行摇部养１周,可促进原胚迅速发育成子叶型胚,并提高胚发育同步性。培养３周的小孢子子叶型胚再生植     

植物三体n+1雄配子传递率降低的原因分析

从减数分裂、花粉生活力及花粉败育三个方面对植物三体额外染色体通过雄配子传递率降低问题进行了分析。