Individual tree growth differences in a clonal eucalypt blanking trial at four years

Achieving a well-stocked stand at time of planting is important to compartment productivity and yield in clonal eucalypt stands for pulpwood production. The window period in which individuals that replace those that died after initial planting (blanks) still contribute meaningfully to final yield is set by the competition dynamics between individuals within the stand. The longer the period between planting and blanking, the greater the advantage achieved by original plantings in dominating site resources (light, water and nutrients) and suppressing blanks. A blanking trial was established to determine growth differences of blanked and original individuals and productivity per unit area. Factorial combinations of blanking period after planting, mortality pattern and extent of mortality were tested. Analysis of measurements at four years showed that the period before blanking is the only factor that significantly accounts for the variation in plot volume between treatments, although the percent mortality and pattern of mortality by percent mortality together also have influence on plot volume. Late blanking results in a higher proportion of suppressed trees that contribute little to total volume. Asymmetric competition is more pronounced where late blanking is carried out and where mortality is spread, rather than clumped.     

桉树人工林与天然林土壤养分的对比研究

在野外调查取样和室内实验分析的基础上,对人工林与天然林的土壤养分进行比较分析,结果表明人工林土壤表层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都明显低于天然林,反映了人工林对养分的旺盛需求和消耗,并且人工林还会造成土壤阳离子交换量的降低和土壤容重的增大。提出变炼山全垦为块状整地、轮栽并适当休闲养地、提高人工林生物多样性、建立复杂的人工林群落等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环。     

Assessment of the toxicity of ash-loaded runoff from a recently burnt eucalypt plantation

Although wildfires are identified as an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAHs are well-known for their pernicious properties, the toxicity of runoff from recently burnt areas has received little research attention. This knowledge gap was addressed here through laboratory assays in which four aquatic species from distinct trophic levels were exposed to different dilutions of ash-loaded runoff. The runoff was collected in a recently burnt eucalypt stand in north-central Portugal on two occasions, immediately after the wildfire and about 1?year later. The total PAH load was about four times higher at the first than second sampling occasion (1194 vs. 352?ng?l^?1) but even the latter value was considerably higher than those reported by prior studies on burnt areas. In addition, the two runoff samples differed noticeably in PAH composition, with a clear predominance of naphthalene in the second sample. Both runoff samples produced significant inhibitory effects on the three species representing the lower trophic levels, that is, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the macrophyte Lemna minor. The invertebrate Daphnia magna was not significantly affected but chronic tests are needed to discard the probable propagation of toxic effects from the lower trophic levels. Surprisingly, the runoff collected 1?year after the wildfire was the most toxic to V. fischeri, P. subcapitata and L. minor. Possibly, this was due to predominance of naphthalene in this sample. Surely, however, this demonstrated that detrimental off-site effects of wildfires are not necessarily limited to the immediate post-fire situation.     

Litter removal impacts on soil biodiversity and eucalypt plantation development in the seasonal tropics

The little layer of tree plantations provides primary nutrients for uptake,buffers changes in soil moisture,and provides habitat and substrate to soil epigeic fauna.However,this layer in eucalypt plantations is often removed to reduce fuel load during the fire season in the Brazilian savanna(Cerrado).Therefore,it is necessary to quantify the effects of changes in litter dynamics on the function of these plantations,on key nutrient cycling processes and on epigeic fauna diversity and abundance.In...     

胶南沿海幼龄人工混交林环境效益及评价

对胶南沿海黑松等幼龄人工混交林带的气候和土壤生态因子进行了测定，与空旷地相比较，结果表明：混交林带具有明显的调节气温和地温，减弱风速，增加空气相对湿度的作用；具有良好的改善土壤结构作用，能增大土壤孔隙，减少土壤容重，增大土壤的饱和持水量和强化入渗的功效。采用特尔斐法对其效益进行定量化评价，得出该混交林带的气候效益指数为-0．2975，改良土壤效益指数为-0．093，综合环境效益指数为-0．39。     

桤木丰产栽培效益分析

介绍了桤木在金洞林区相同立地条件、营林措施下栽培的对比试验。通过生长量、生物量调查和市场木材价格比较，桤木林生长速度比马尾松快105％，比柏木快75l％，比杉木快56％。枯落物比杉木多45％，经济效益、生态效益都十分显著。通过与杉木进行投入产出分析，综合效益是杉木的2.3倍。     

甘南县人工林复合经营技术

甘南县人工林复合经营经过几十年的发展,基本上形成了这样几种类型:林粮间作型,农田林网型,林菌开发型,果园间作型。每种类型适应于不同的类型区,对甘南县人工林的发展都产生了积极的促进作用,并产生了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。     

Process-based modelling of the severity and impact of foliar pest attack on eucalypt plantation productivity under current and future climates

We examined the impacts of a defoliating pest, Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD), on rotation-length Eucalyptus globulus plantation productivity under current and future climates by using the ecoclimatic species niche model CLIMEX to generate severity, frequency and seasonality scenarios for MLD for specific E. globulus sites. These scenarios were used as inputs to the process-based forest productivity model CABALA. Climate projections from two global climate models were used to drive CABALA with either no or full acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated atmospheric CO₂ assumed. In addition we varied water and nitrogen availability to examine the impacts of different severities of MLD on plantation productivity across environmental gradients. We predicted that, under current climatic conditions, rotation-length reductions in V associated with MLD damage would be no greater than 12%, with an across-site average of 6%. There was considerable between-site variation in predictions that reflected variation in site productivity. Under future climates, we predicted that MLD may reduce rotation length V by as much as 42%, although the reduction averaged across all sites was 11%. The predicted impact of MLD on V was greatest at lower productivity sites. The importance of N and water availability in recovery following MLD attack was highlighted. Uncertainty in model predictions revolved around the climate models used and assumptions of degree of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO₂. Large differences in predicted impact of MLD were associated with this uncertainty. Our results suggest that the effects of defoliation due to pests on plantation productivity should not be ignored when considering future management of forest plantations. The approach developed here provides managers with a tool to appraise risk and examine possible impacts of management interventions designed to reduce or manage risk.     

油茶幼林养殖蛋鸡技术与效益分析

介绍油茶幼林养殖蛋鸡技术方法,并对养殖蛋鸡产生的生态效益和经济效益进行分析,分析表明养殖蛋鸡能明显提高林地土壤肥力和产出经济效益,建议在湖南、江西等油茶产区大面积推广该养殖技术.     

Eucalypt plantation management in regions with water stress

Most eucalypt plantations are managed in short rotations (6–8 years) and are established in regions with water and nutritional stresses of varying degrees. The mean annual increment in these regions ranges from 20 to 45 m³ ha^?1 y^?1 depending on the level of environmental stress. Improving natural resource use efficiency by breeding and matching genotypes to sites and using appropriate site management practices is a key challenge to sustain or increase productivity. Climate change is emerging as a driving force behind many of the current issues facing natural resources, and is likely to intensify the water constraint. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted significant increases in surface air temperatures and decreases in rainfall (with more erratic rainfall patterns) over the tropics and subtropics, affecting drier regions in particular. To be truly sustainable, forest management practices must be environmentally friendly, prevent or reduce land degradation, improve biodiversity and increase resilience to climate variation and change. The main efforts should address the problems of water scarcity, low soil fertility and reduced biodiversity. Forest growers should take into account the inherent risks of different forest management systems on the regional water availability and consider reducing forest productivity in order to maintain both ecological and social equilibrium. The design and implementation of management techniques should be adapted to the specific production and protection objectives, which depend on the regional and local edaphoclimatic circumstances, water resources management, protection against soil erosion, diseases, pests, bushfires, strong winds and alien species. This paper addresses the basic requirements for integrating genetic and silvicultural strategies to minimise the water constraints in eucalypt plantations and surrounding water and native vegetation resources. We show several examples of effective forest management actions on the scale of forest stand and watershed in use in Brazil.     

木荷人工林经营效果分析

对木荷人工林经营效果的研究结果表明:木荷适应性强,对立地条件要求不严,但应优先选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ级立地的中下坡造林较好。木荷适宜营造混交林,纯林生长缓慢,难以培育大径级用材林。人工林经营应严格控制经营密度,适时间伐,20年生后木荷经营密度不宜大于975株.hm-2。在一定的密度范围内,木荷的胸径、树高、材积生长随混交比例的增大而下降,树种组成以4荷6杉较为合理。在同一立地营造的荷杉混交林的蓄积量和土壤肥力均大于木荷纯林。     

Effects of eucalypt residue management on nutrient leaching and soil properties

Effects of harvest residues on nutrient leaching and soil chemical properties were studied in a lysimeter experiment. Treatments were: (A) forest floor litter and harvest residues, other than branches, incorporated into the soil, (B) as A, but with branches cut in 20 cm long bits and placed on the soil surface, (C) as B, but with bits incorporated into the soil, (D) as B, but with branches chopped into chips, (E) as C, but with branches chopped into chips, (F) forest floor litter and harvest residues on the soil surface, with branches cut in 20 cm long bits, (G) as F, but with branches chopped into chips, and (H) absence of harvest residues (control). Treatments were applied in zero-tension lysimeters containing 25 kg of soil. Leachates were collected for a 6-year period. At the end of the experiment, lysimeters were dismantled and soil was divided in four layers. Residues, other than branches, increased N leaching, as compared with the control. Branches on the soil surface reduced N leaching when cut in chips. Branches incorporated into the soil reduced leaching independently of their size. Organic residues on the soil surface showed similar effect to those incorporated into the soil. However, harvest residues on the soil surface increased leachate volume, and reduced Ca and P losses. Such a placement of residues led to high contents of Ca and P in the 0–5 cm top soil layer. Contents of organic C, total N and base cations were not affected by the treatments.     

红皮云杉人工林经营密度的确定

本文通过对红皮云杉人工林密度调查，分析了密度对人工林生长的影响，根据密度效应理论，计算出平胸径与冠幅的相关模型。编制了红皮云杉人工林经营密度表。     

Developing and evaluating a multisite and multispecies NIR calibration for the prediction of Kraft pulp yield in eucalypts

Over recent years the application of near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopy to the prediction of wood properties has been demonstrated in many proof-of-concept studies. Previous work has demonstrated that NIR measurements can be used to predict basic density from woodmeal, chainsaw dust and solid wood, as well as microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity in solid samples. For over a decade, the prediction of Kraft pulp yield (KPY) has been a constant research focus, and numerous small studies have demonstrated this potential. However, because of the cost of obtaining calibration samples with known KPY, sample numbers are typically less than 100. While the potential for NIR prediction of KPY is well recognised, the shift to routine commercial use has not occurred. There still remains considerable scepticism in the research and industry communities about the use of NIR. Concern is typically expressed in two areas: (1) the consistency, accuracy and precision of predictions and (2) the need to prepare a separate calibration for each site and/or species group. To elevate NIR from proof-of-concept to a pilot scale, a large multisite, multispecies calibration was developed over iterative cycles to: (1) determine whether KPY in eucalypts can be predicted from a single calibration independent of site and species, and (2) identify the potential limits of accuracy and precision. This paper reports the results of the first seven testing cycles. The NIR calibration was expanded from an initial sample set of 104 mixed eucalypt samples to over 720 samples covering more than 40 species from predominantly temperate sites across Australia. The performance of the final calibration using two independent and contrasting data sets showed that a multisite and multispecies calibration is feasible. The expected potential accuracy and precision that can be expected from NIR predictions is discussed.     

锦州地区刺槐人工林经营问题探析

刺槐是锦州地区的用材林和防护林树种,为了提高刺槐人工林的经营管理水平,该文介绍了刺槐特点、生长环境和经营现状,分析了锦州地区刺槐人工林的经营问题,并提出了经营策略和建议。在锦州地区进行刺槐人工林的栽植时,应根据地区具体情况来选择合适的刺槐优良品种和林种,建议以栽植刺槐蜜源林为主,在春季或秋季,采用埋根造林或者容器大杯育苗造林。     

Cutting technic forPinus elliottii plantation of the multi-benefit management pattern

The cutting technic for thePinus elliottii plantation of the multi-benefit management pattern in the hilly region of Jiangxi Province was studied by establishing the model of growth progress according to Richards function and simulating the tending cutting on computer by use of dynamic programming. The results showed that the best time for the initial thinning was at tree age of 8–10 and final cutting was at tree age of 25. The optimal thinning project was 3 times of thinning cutting including the first thinning, and the thinning time was at tree ages of 8, 12 and 16, respectively. Their thinning intensities were separately 950, 700 and 300 trunks per hectare, and the preserved density was 550 trunks per hectare until the final cutting Foundation item: This study was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (A grant 0330023) Biography: WANG Qing-chun (1970-), male, Ph. Doctor, Senior Engineer in Academy of Forest Inventory & Planning, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330046, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

徐州人工侧柏林适宜经营密度的研究

根据测定的不同密度侧柏林的每木胸径，绘制不同密度侧柏林的径阶分布曲线。结果表明，密度为10335株／hm^2的侧柏林需要尽快进行间伐，以减少林木之间的竞争。根据侧柏人工林胸径和冠幅的相关关系，编制了适宜的经营密度表，为徐州人工侧柏林的经营管理提供了理论依据。     

Effects of management techniques on the establishment of eucalypt seedlings on farmland: a review

Research into the effects of seven management techniques on survival and growth of eucalypt seedlings planted on farmland is reviewed. The techniques include: pre- and post-planting weed control; soil cultivation; fertiliser; mulch; tree guards/shelters; and irrigation. The initial and ongoing effects of each technique are discussed—including the effects of timing, type and quantity. Consideration is given to site, species and climatic influences. A statistical analysis of the published survival rates is then presented, to provide information on the relative importance of, and interactions between, practices. The analysis shows that maximum survival may be achieved by using one or two management techniques. Combining this result with the insights gained from the review suggests that the use of soil cultivation and post-planting weed control are likely to achieve the greatest improvements in early eucalypt survival and growth.

湿地松多效益经营模式林分采伐技术研究

在利用Richards函数对湿地松生长进行拟合和利用动态规划方法在计算机上直接模拟抚育间伐的基础上，初步确定了江西省丘陵区湿地松多效益经营模式林分的采伐技术。研究结果表明：湿地松多效益经营模式林分始伐年龄为8．10年，主伐年龄为25年，最优抚育间伐方案为间伐3次(含始伐)，时间分别为第8、12及16年，间伐强度分别为每公顷950、700、300株，最后保留株数为每公顷550株。表2参7。     

果用叶用银杏高效栽培模式研究

深入研究了银杏的栽培历史和模式,将栽培模式分为观赏性栽培和产业性栽培。产业性栽培包括庭院四旁和道路栽培、复合型农林栽培、果用密植栽培、叶用丰产栽培、材用丰产栽培以及果材兼用型栽培。