龙胆草及其提取物体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用的研究

为研究龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的作用,本试验建立Marc-145细胞模型,在研究其对Marc-145细胞最大安全浓度的基础上,结合细胞病变形态观察和MTT法,设立药物组、利巴韦林阳性对照组、病毒对照组和细胞对照组,对病毒进行阻断、抑制和直接灭活3种作用方式的测定。结果显示,龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷和利巴韦林的最大安全浓度分别为6.250、0.020、0.630和0.016 mg/mL。在体外抗PRRSV作用的试验中,龙胆草水提取物对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为43.1%、57.4%和56.4%,均低于阳性对照利巴韦林,且各作用方式下细胞均发生了明显病变。龙胆草总黄酮对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为66.1%、41.1%和42.7%,其抑制作用和直接灭活作用的抑制率均低于阳性对照利巴韦林,阻断作用下细胞轻微病变。龙胆草总苷对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为33.4%、78.2%和81.9%,其抑制和直接灭活作用较强,远高于阳性对照利巴韦林,且在这两种作用方式下细胞基本保持单层完好。综合3种作用方式,3种龙胆草提取物中龙胆草总苷抗PRRSV的效果最好,其次是龙胆草水提取物和龙胆草总黄酮。     

龙胆草及其提取物体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用的研究

为研究龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的作用，本试验建立Marc-145细胞模型，在研究其对Marc-145细胞最大安全浓度的基础上，结合细胞病变形态观察和MTT法，设立药物组、利巴韦林阳性对照组、病毒对照组和细胞对照组，对病毒进行阻断、抑制和直接灭活3种作用方式的测定。结果显示，龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷和利巴韦林的最大安全浓度分别为6.250、0.020、0.630和0.016 mg/mL。在体外抗PRRSV作用的试验中，龙胆草水提取物对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为43.1%、57.4%和56.4%，均低于阳性对照利巴韦林，且各作用方式下细胞均发生了明显病变。龙胆草总黄酮对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为66.1%、41.1%和42.7%，其抑制作用和直接灭活作用的抑制率均低于阳性对照利巴韦林，阻断作用下细胞轻微病变。龙胆草总苷对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为33.4%、78.2%和81.9%，其抑制和直接灭活作用较强，远高于阳性对照利巴韦林，且在这两种作用方式下细胞基本保持单层完好。综合3种作用方式，3种龙胆草提取物中龙胆草总苷抗PRRSV的效果最好，其次是龙胆草水提取物和龙胆草总黄酮。     

体外抗鸭坦布苏病毒的药物筛选试验

为了探讨抗病毒药物对鸭坦布苏病毒的作用,选用5种常用的抗病毒药物(金刚乙胺、脱氧若卡素钠、病毒灵、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦)进行体外抗鸭坦布苏病毒的药物筛选试验。结果表明,利巴韦林药物浓度为0.156 mg/m L~0.625 mg/m L时,在DF-1细胞中能抑制鸭坦布苏病毒的增殖、利巴韦林在体外对鸭坦布苏病毒具有抗病毒作用;而阿昔洛韦、金刚乙胺、脱氧若卡素钠、病毒灵等4种药物对鸭坦布苏病毒无明显抗病毒作用。     

体外抗鸭坦布苏病毒的药物筛选

为了探讨抗病毒药物对鸭坦布苏病毒（Duck Tembusu, virus, DTMUV）的作用,作者对5种常见的抗病毒药金刚乙胺、脱氧若卡素钠、病毒灵、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦进行抗鸭坦布苏病毒体外筛选试验。结果表明利巴韦林药物浓度为0.156~0.625 mg/mL时在DF-1细胞中能抑制鸭坦布苏病毒的增殖,利巴韦林在体外对鸭坦布苏病毒具有抗病毒作用。     

猪精液中繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒的抗性药物筛选研究

猪蓝耳病毒等在感染的猪的精液中可检测到相关病毒,能过精液导致疫病爆发已有报道,筛选在体外精液中抗病毒药物组方意义重大.应用细胞培养和病毒滴度试验,比对筛选不同类型抗病毒中药、化药及组合配方抗猪精液中蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）的作用效果.结果表明黄芩、利巴韦林、银黄与利巴韦林组合制剂3种配方具有抗猪精液中蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）的作用,其中银黄和利巴韦林组合配方对蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）抑制率达到78％,抗猪精液中蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）效果显著.为人工授精和冷冻精液制贮备中预防疫病发生提供了基础.     

柴胡解毒注射液体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒试验

为筛选抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的中药,制备柴胡解毒注射液,并以其为试验药物,同时以利巴韦林注射液作为对照药物,观察在细胞上对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的作用效果.结果表明,自最大安全浓度作倍比稀释后,对PRRSV均具有一定的抑制、杀灭和阻断作用.其中,柴胡解毒注射液抑制和杀灭作用均较为突出,利巴韦林注射液杀灭和抑制作用均较为显著.     

板蓝根、黄芪等中药活性提取物对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒体外作用的研究

本试验利用Marc-145细胞体外培养系统，通过观察细胞病变效应（CPE）来评价板蓝根、黄芪等中药活性提取物成分体外抑制猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）对细胞的感染作用，并通过改变加药方式（先加药物后接种病毒、先接种病毒后加药物、病毒和药物感作后同时加入），初步探讨中药活性提取物的抗病毒机制。结果表明。在安全浓度范围内，板蓝根水提物体外对PRRSV具有显著的直接杀灭作用；连翘、黄芪水提物和黄芪多糖体外对PRRSV均具有明显的阻断和抑制作用，为筛选抗PRRSV中药制剂提供了理论依据。     

采用实时定量PCR技术评价三种药物体外抗鸭瘟病毒效果

采用实时定量PCR技术,对阿昔洛韦、利巴韦林及禽重组干扰素等三种药物体外抗鸭瘟病毒的作用进行了评价。结果显示,阿昔洛韦能有效抑制鸭瘟病毒在鸭胚成纤维细胞中的增殖。研究结果为抗鸭瘟病毒药物筛选提供了一种有效的技术平台,同时提示阿昔洛韦制剂有可能作为一种有效的抗鸭瘟病毒药物用于其感染的防治。     

利巴韦林、病毒灵、黄芪多糖体外抗ALV-J的活性试验

为寻求抗ALV—J感染雏鸡用药物,通过CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力以确定利巴韦林、病毒灵和黄芪多糖对DFl细胞的最大安全浓度,用ELISA试剂盒检测ALV—JP27抗原表达量,以确定上述抗病毒药物体外抗ALV—J活性。结果显示,利巴韦林、病毒灵和黄芪多糖对DFl细胞的最大安全浓度分别为0．0391、0．0625和0．0625mg／mL。在安全范围内,利巴韦林对P27的表达量具有明显的抑制作用,黄芪多糖在0．0039～O．0625mg／mL安全浓度范围内明显抑制P27的表达,病毒灵在安全范围内对P27的表达基本上没有抑制作用。试验表明,利巴韦林和黄芪多糖对ALV-J的增殖有明显的抑制作用,有望作为该病净化的辅助性防制药物。     

九种药物对新城疫病毒的体外敏感性试验

利巴韦林、盐酸吗啉双胍(病毒灵)、聚肌胞、干扰素、黄芪多糖、双黄连、阿昔洛韦、胸腺肽、三黄植物血凝素这9种药物是临床上常用的抗病毒药物,它们对新城疫病毒的作用效果不一,试验测定了9种药物对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)的安全浓度,并进一步对药物阻止病毒侵入CEF、抑制病毒在CEF内复制进行了测定,同时还筛选出有效的抗新城疫病毒的药物,为临床使用抗病毒药物提供了科学的理论依据.     

3种中药及其提取物体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用的研究

为研究板蓝根、黄芪和青蒿及其提取物体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的作用,本试验在研究板蓝根、黄芪和青蒿及其提取物对Marc-145细胞最大安全浓度的基础上,研究3种中药提取物体外抗PRRSV的作用。结果显示,板蓝根多糖、黄芪多糖和青蒿素3种中药提取物对Marc-145细胞安全浓度分别为为0.03、0.03和0.06 mg/mL,板蓝根、黄芪和青蒿3种中药单方的安全浓度分别为6.25、6.25和3.13 mg/mL。在体外抗PRRSV作用的试验中,3种中药单方中黄芪的阻断作用最强,能达到100%的保护率,中药提取物中板蓝根多糖对PRRSV的阻断作用最强,在浓度为0.031 mg/mL时对细胞保护率能达到48.03%,青蒿素最差,在0.16 mg/mL时就已不具有阻断作用。板蓝根多糖对病毒不具有直接杀灭作用,黄芪多糖和青蒿素在浓度为0.32 mg/mL时,保护率都是20%左右;黄芪的直接杀灭作用保护率为100%,且非常稳定,青蒿在浓度较高时还有促进细胞生长的作用,但稳定性差,随浓度降低其保护率迅速下降。在对病毒的抑制作用试验中,3种中药提取物的作用相当,浓度为0.01 mg/mL时,板蓝根多糖、黄芪多糖和青蒿素多糖对细胞的保护率分别为24.57%、24.30%和26.20%;而3种中药单方的细胞保护率都能达到100%甚至以上。综合3种作用方式可知,3种中药提取物中,黄芪多糖的抗PRRSV作用最好,青蒿素次之,板蓝根多糖最差;3种中药单方中黄芪的效果最好,青蒿最差。因此,可知黄芪及其提取物具有非常强的抗PRRSV作用,可对其进行进一步研究,以供临床上使用。     

Antiviral Effects of Three Chinese Herbal Medicine and Their Polysaccharides on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) in vitro

In order to figure out the antiviral effects of Radix Isatidis,Astragalus herb,Artemisia annua and their polysaccharides on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in vitro,the antiviral activity of the three Chinese herbal medicine and their polysaccharides,Isatis root polysaccharide (IRPS),Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and artemisinin maximum were evaluated by adding to Marc-145 cell cultured with PRRSV respectively.The results showed that the safety concentrations of IRPS,APS and artemisinin to Marc-145 cells were 0.03,0.03 and 0.06 mg/mL;The safety concentrations of Radix Isatidis,Astragalus herb,Artemisia annua to Marc-145 cells were 6.25,6.25 and 3.13 mg/mL.Almost all the cells (about 100%) were protected from PRRSV when Astragalus herb were added early to PRRSV,while IRPS had the same effect on PRRSV among three extracts with 48.03% cells were protect and artemisinin could not protect cells when the concentration was lower than 0.16 mg/mL.IRPS had no effect on PRRSV while APS and artemisinin got a protection rate for cells at about 20% when simultaneously added with PRRSV,under the concentration of 0.32 mg/mL.In terms of simultaneously added with PRRSV,Chinese herb Astragalus could exterminate the virus directly with its protect cells coming to 100% and more.Artemisia annua could promote the growth of cells but its stability was weak.Its protection rate decreased as its concentration reducing.In the experiment of exploring the antivirus effect of infected cells,polysaccharides of these three herbs had nearly the same effect.When in a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL,IRPS,APS and artemisinin respectively protected 24.57%,24.30% and 26.20% cells.However,the protection rate to cells of the three herbs themselves was respectively up to 100% or more.In conclusion,in the extracts of the three herbs,APS had the best antiviral effect,followed by artemisinin and IRPS,and in the single herbal medicines,Astragalus was the best and Artemisia annua was worst.Therefore,Astragalus and APS had the best antiviral effect on PRRSV.It needed more research on Astragalus and APS,and try to use them as antiviral drug in clinical application.     

35℃高温对家蚕微孢子虫在BmN细胞中发育、增殖的抑制

研究了 35℃高温处理对家蚕微孢子虫体外发育、增殖的影响时期和时间。结果表明 :35℃高温对家蚕微孢子虫体外发育、增殖具有明显的抑制作用 ,其最为敏感的时期是微孢子虫的裂殖体增殖阶段 (接种后 2 4～ 72h) ,进入孢子形成期 (接种 72h以后 )抑制作用则明显降低。     

Suppression of immune responses in pigs by nonstructural protein 1 of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. The viral nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) of the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is able to suppress the type I interferon (IFN) response in vitro. In this study, recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) expressing NSP1 (rAd-NSP1), glycoprotein 5 (GP5) (rAd-GP5), and the NSP1-GP5 fusion protein (rAd-NSP1-GP5) were constructed, and the effect of NSP1 on immune responses was investigated in pigs. Pigs inoculated with rAd-NSP1 or rAd-NSP1-GP5 had significantly lower levels of IFN-γ and higher levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 than pigs inoculated with rAd-GP5, wild-type adenovirus, or cell culture medium alone. The antibody response to vaccination against classic swine fever virus (CSFV) was significantly decreased by inoculation of NSP1 7 d after CSFV vaccination in pigs. Thus, NSP1-mediated immune suppression may play an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis.     

N-acetylpenicillamine inhibits the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro

Nitric oxide (NO) was proposed to be an important molecule against some microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of NO on the infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in vitro and the role of NO in the defense against PRRSV. Our results indicated that exogenous NO did not inhibit PRRSV infection. Unexpectedly, N-acetylpenicillamine (NAP), a commonly used compound as negative control for NO-producing reagents, inhibited PRRSV replication. Thus, the inhibition effect of NAP on PRRSV replication was further explored. We found that the maximal inhibition effect of NAP on PRRSV replication was achieved upon treatment 1 h after virus infection and the virus yield was reduced by approximately 50 fold in the presence of 400 μM NAP. An obvious inhibitory effect on viral RNA and protein synthesis was also observed. However, the inhibitory effect was only achieved at early phase of virus infection. The normal virus yield could be restored upon the removal of NAP treatment. The inhibitory effect might be caused by sulfhydryl-reducing capacity and metal chelating properties of NAP. These studies suggested that (i) NO production or NO synthase (NOS) expression profiling may not be a reliable index for the immune response to PRRSV; (ii) NAP could inhibit the replication of PRRSV.     

The activation of the IFNβ induction/signaling pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is variable

Background

It has been recognized that the expression of type I interferon (IFNα/β) may be suppressed during infection with porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). This causes profound negative effects on both the innate and adaptive immunity of the host resulting in persistence of infection.

Objective

Test the effects of PRRSV infection of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the main target cell, on the expression of interferon beta (IFNβ) and downstream signaling events.

Methods

In order to examine those effects, PAMs harvested from lungs of healthy PRRSV-free animals were infected with virulent, attenuated, infectious clone-derived chimeric viruses, or field PRRS virus strains. Culture supernatants from the infected PAMs were tested for IFNβ protein expression by means of indirect ELISA and for bioactivity by a vesicular stomatitis virus plaque reduction assay. The expression of the Mx protein was assayed to ascertain signaling events.

Results

These experiments demonstrated that PRRSV does induce variably, the expression of bioactive IFNβ protein in the natural host cell. To further elucidate the effects of PRRSV infection on IFNβ signaling, Mx-1 an interferon stimulated gene (ISG), was also tested for expression. Interestingly, Mx-1 expression by infected PAMs generally correlated with IFNβ production.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that the induction of IFNβ and signaling in PAMs after PRRSV infection is variable.

     

Comparative evaluation of PRRS virus infection in vaccinated and naïve pigs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-course of the immune response to a field Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain in PRRS-naïve, untreated pigs, as well as in four groups of age and breed-matched pigs injected with a live attenuated PRRS vaccine, its adjuvant, an inactivated PRRS vaccine and an irrelevant, inactivated Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine, respectively. PRRSV infection was confirmed in all groups by PCR and antibody assays. The antibody response measured by ELISA took place earlier in pigs injected with the live attenuated vaccine, which also developed a much stronger serum-neutralizing antibody response to the vaccine strain. Yet, no clear protection was evidenced in terms of viremia against the field virus strain, which showed 11.1% nucleotide divergence in ORF7 from the vaccine strain. In vitro, the interferon (IFN)-γ response to PRRSV was almost absent on PVD 60 in all groups under study, whereas the prevalence of interleukin (IL)-10 responses to PRRSV was fairly high in PCV2-vaccinated animals, only. Results indicate that distinct patterns of immune response to a field PRRSV strain can be recognized in PRRS-vaccinated and naïve pigs, which probably underlies fundamental differences in the development and differentiation of PRRSV-specific immune effector cells.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白在酿酒酵母中的定位研究

为研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)gp5基因在酿酒酵母中表达后蛋白的定位位置,以此揭示PRRSV在感染细胞中获取囊膜的位置信息,本研究首先将gp5基因克隆到酿酒酵母表达载体pUG35的gfp基因上游,构建重组质粒pUG-gp5-gfp,电击导入酿酒酵母CEN.PK2中,经尿嘧啶缺陷型营养筛选,获得重组酵母pUG-gp5-gfp/CEN.PK2,在甲硫氨酸营养缺陷培养基诱导表达后,荧光显微镜观察显示,gp5-gfp融合基因在酿酒酵母中获得表达,所表达的融合荧光蛋白主要聚积位置与内质网和质膜的定位模式一致,表明GP5蛋白信号肽在酵母中起到了导向作用,揭示了PRRSV在宿主细胞中获得囊膜的可能位置。该研究为其他病毒在宿主细胞中的组装位置研究提供新的思路。