The effect of avoparcin on apparent digestibility, characteristics of rumen fermentation and fattening and slaughter output of growing cattle

Four digestion experiments with 5 wethers each (0, 15, 30 or 60 mg avoparcin per animal and day), three individual feeding experiments (28, 18 or 56 bulls per experiment; 0 and 150/200; 0, 250 and 500 or 0 and 200 mg avoparcin per animal and day in the experiments 1, 2 or 3) and two group feeding experiments (60 bulls and 161 heifers per experiment; salt lick stones without or with 2.5 g avoparcin per kg) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of avoparcin on apparent digestibility, figures of rumen fermentation, fattening and slaughtering results as well as protein, fat and energy retention. Avoparcin supplementation did not significantly influence the apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude nutrients. Concentration of acetate of rumen liquid was decreased (16 or 36) and that of propionate was increased (25 or 50 mmoles per mol) when 200 or 500 mg avoparcin per animal and day were added. Acetate:propionate ratio decreased from 4.2 to 3.5 and 3.1:1. Avoparcin did not influence feed intake, enhanced daily weight gain (37 to 174 g per animal and day) and improved feed efficiency (5 to 26%). Salt lick stones with avoparcin increased weight gain (58 and 96 g per animal and day). Slaughtering results and body composition of bulls were not influenced by avoparcin. Daily retention of protein, fat and energy was significantly increased (16 to 18%; P less than 0.05) when avoparcin was supplemented.     

The effect of salinomycin on apparent digestibility, indices of rumen fermentation and fattening and slaughter yields of cattle

The influence of salinomycin (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg per animal and day) on apparent digestibility of artificially dried grass was investigated in four experiments with five wether each. Three long term individual feeding experiments (210 to 252 days) with 72 growing bulls were carried out. The influence of various salinomycin levels (100 to 300 mg per animal and day) were investigated on parameters of rumen fermentation as well as fattening and slaughtering results. Salinomycin decreased insignificantly (P greater than 0.05) the apparent digestibility of organic matter (71.0; 70.1; 68.7 and 68.4%) and crude carbohydrates (71.8; 70.3; 69.2 and 68.5% resp.). The digestibility of other nutrients was not influenced. Supplementation of salinomycin reduced molar concentration of acetate (49 to 115) and butyrate (22 to 82) and increased propionate (110 to 199 mmoles per mol) in rumen liquid. Dry matter intake of bulls declined (0.8%, 13.5 and 24.6; 4.7% of experiments 1 to 3) when salinomycin was added. Daily weight gain (6.5 and 1.0%) and feed efficiency (6.8 and 6.3%) of bulls supplemented with salinomycin were improved in experiments 1 and 3. Significant decrease of feed intake of bulls of experiment 2 affected decline of weight gain probably as consequence of high salinomycin levels. Slaughtering results (except experiment 2) and body composition of bulls were not significantly influenced by salinomycin. Under consideration of own results and some references 10 to 20 mg per kg dry matter or 50 to 150 mg salinomycin per fattening bull and day are recommended as optimal level.     

The effect of lasalocid on apparent digestibility, characteristics of rumen fermentation and fattening and slaughter output of bulls

Four digestion experiments with 5 wethers each (Feeding: artificially dried grass; 0, 15, 30 or 60 mg lasalocid per animal and day), two short time experiments (Exp. 1: 3 rumen fistulated sheep; feeding; artificially dried grass; 0, 15, 30 or 60 mg lasalocid per animal and day; exp. 2: 20 bulls; feeding; 2 kg concentrates per animal and day; wheat straw ad libitum; 0, 150 or 300 mg lasalocid per animal and day) and one individual feeding experiment (24 bulls per group; duration: 279 days, feeding: 2 kg concentrates per animal and day, corn silage and whole barley-grass silage ad libitum; 0 or 100/200 mg lasalocid per animal and day) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of the ionophore lasalocid on digestibility, figures of rumen fermentation as well as fattening and slaughtering results of bulls. Higher doses of lasalocid (30 and 60 mg per animal and day) decreased significantly digestibility of organic matter (1.8 and 2.8 units) and crude fibre (5.8 and 7.2 units). Relative acetate (22 to 120 mmoles per mol) and butyrate concentration (23 to 58 mmoles per mol) were decreased and molar propionate concentration of rumen liquid (25 to 154 mmoles per mol) was increased depending on level of lasalocid supplementation. Lasalocid did not significantly influence the dry matter intake; daily weight gain and slaughtering results were increased (4.4 and 6.1%), energy efficiency was improved (3.8%). Effects of lasalocid are similar to that of monensin. A dose of 20 to 30 mg lasalocid per kg dry matter is recommended.     

Flavomycin effects on performance of beef bulls and nutrient digestibility in wethers

For 28 weeks a feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary flavomycin on performance of beef bulls. In the first and second half of the trial, 40 animals (average initial weight 352 kg) had free access to corn silage or beet pulp, respectively, both supplemented with an appropriate concentrate containing 0 or 10 mg/kg of the antibiotic. Daily flavomycin intake was 39 to 46 mg when the animals were on the corn silage diet and 51 to 54 mg when they were fed the beet pulp diet. The animals fed the corn silage-based diet supplemented with flavomycin showed a non-significant improvement of daily gain (1.4%) and feed conversion (2.3%). When the beet pulp-based diet was fed, flavomycin significantly increased daily gain (15.2%, P less than 0.002) and feed conversion efficiency (9.1%, P less than 0.03). For the overall feeding experiment the positive effect of flavomycin feeding was 6.7% on body weight gain (P less than 0.09) and 5.2% on feed conversion (P less than 0.13). Flavomycin did not affect carcass yield of beef bulls. Also the effect of flavomycin on diet digestibility was studied in wethers fed a mixture of beet pulp and concentrate, containing 0 or 10 ppm flavomycin. No significant effect from the antibiotic on digestion of dry matter, crude protein, fibre, fat, ash and N-free extract was observed.     

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance,blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Eighteen Chinese Holstein heifers average age 230 ± 14 days were allocated to 1 of 3 dietary crude protein (CP) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratios to examine the effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters with 90‐days experiment. Three different dietary CP:ME ratios were targeted based on the formulation of dietary CP contents of 10.85%, 12.78% and 14.63% on dry matter (DM) basis with similar ME contents (10.42 MJ/kg DM), which were categorized as low, medium and high dietary CP:ME ratios. The actual CP:ME ratios obtained in this study significantly increased from low to high CP:ME ratio groups with a value of 10.59, 11.83 and 13.38 g/MJ respectively. Elevated CP:ME ratios significantly increased CP intake (kg/day) and feed efficiency (FE) which was defined as dry matter intake as a proportion of average daily gain (ADG), whereas little difference was observed in body weight (kg), ADG (kg/day), DM intake (kg/day) and ME intake (MJ/day) among the three different CP:ME ratio groups. Increasing dietary CP to ME ratios significantly increased CP digestibility, whereas digestibility of DM and gross energy remained constant in the current experiment. Blood urea nitrogen and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 linearly increased with increasing dietary CP:ME ratios. There was significantly dietary treatment effect on rumen fermentation parameters including acetate, propionate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids. Therefore, this study indicated that increasing dietary CP levels with similar energy content contributed to increased protein intake and its digestibility, as well as FE. Holstein heifers between 200 and 341 kg subjected to 13.38 dietary CP:ME ratio showed improved feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, some blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics for 0.90 kg/day rate of gain.     

乳酸杆菌、抗生素及其合用对断奶仔猪生长和消化的影响

选择(杜×大×长)三元杂交28日龄健康断奶仔猪72头,分成3个处理,每处理4个重复。研究了基础日粮中添加黄霉素(10 mg/kg)、复合乳酸杆菌(0.25%)及两者合用(10 mg/kg黄霉素+0.25%复合乳酸杆菌)对断奶仔猪生长和养分消化率的影响。结果显示,3个处理组仔猪日均耗料无显著差异(P>0.05)。乳酸杆菌组仔猪平均日增重极显著高于其他2组(P<0.01),黄霉素组和合用组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。乳酸杆菌组料重比极显著低于黄霉素组(P<0.01),与合用组无显著差异(P>0.05);3个处理组仔猪在粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、钙和总磷表观消化率方面均无显著差异(P>0.05),其中以乳酸杆菌组最高。结果表明,日粮中添加复合乳酸杆菌能显著提高断奶仔猪日增重和饲料转化效率,具有改善养分表观消化率的趋势,复合乳酸杆菌和黄霉素联合使用,降低了单独使用复合乳酸杆菌的效果。     

日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响.试验选择平均初始体重(296±32.33)kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛48头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头.对照组肉牛饲喂不含油脂的日粮,处理组肉牛分别饲喂含有5％棕榈油、亚麻油和包被脂肪的日粮.在为期10周的饲养试验后测定相关指标....     

Feeding poultry litter to grazing Boran Zebu bulls and Ogaden sheep in Ethiopia

The objective of these studies were to investigate the digestibility of poultry litter of layers and to add poultry litter to grazing Boran Zebu bulls and Ogaden sheep in East Ethiopia. Two feeding experiments (132 and 102 days) with Boran Zebu bulls (10 and 16 bulls per trial) and one feeding experiment with female Ogaden sheep (30 ewes) were carried out. All animals were grazing all day long. During the night the animals of all trials were divided into two groups each. The animals of one group of each experiment obtained poultry litter ad libitum without any other feedstuffs. Apart from feeding trials digestion experiments were carried out in order to determine the digestibility of poultry litter in 4 Ogaden sheep. The apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein of poultry litter amounted to 69.8 and 82.8%, the net energy content was indicated with 474 EFUc per kg of dry matter. The daily weight gain of Boran Zebu bulls fed on poultry litter was by 40 and 91 g (6.5 and 13.6% in exp. 1 and 2) higher than that of control groups. Especially during the dry season (Feb./March 1982) bulls supplemented with poultry litter were highly superior in daily weight gain (84 and 310 g per day more in exp. 1 and 2) to unsupplemented groups. The daily weight gain of Ogaden sheep fed on poultry litter in a short-term experiment (56 days) under improved grazing conditions (April-June 1982) was by 13 g per day higher than that of control animals (weight gain: 18 and 31 g per animal and day).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为小黑麦干草在畜牧业中的合理使用提供数据参考。【方法】在相同的饲养条件下,选取10月龄、平均体重为（325.0±20.0） kg、健康、生理状态良好的荷斯坦育成牛30头,随机分为3组：对照组、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组10头牛,每头为一个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆＝1：1）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别以全株小黑麦干草替代饲粮中50％（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆：全株小黑麦干草＝0.5：0.5：1）和100％干草（100%全株小黑麦干草）,试验预饲期7 d,正试期66天。于正试期前后对每头牛称重,并每天记录采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比;正试期最后4 d采集粪便和饲粮样品,测定各营养物质表观消化率;正试期第66天晨饲前采集血液,晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液,测定血清生化和瘤胃发酵指标。【结果】①各组育成牛体重、日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组料重比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。②Ⅰ组育成牛干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗蛋白质（CP）表观消化率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,且极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。③育成牛血清中葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总蛋白（TP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛血清白蛋白（ALB）浓度极显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛血清尿素氮（UN）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但与Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）。④育成牛瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙酸/丙酸（A/P）在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。【结论】将育成牛粗饲料中50％的干草替换为全株小黑麦干草,对其血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵均具有一定的改善作用,且显著提高了饲粮中营养物质表观消化率。     

Effects of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and of a detoxifying agent on performance of growing bulls, on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on the carry over of zearalenone.

Experiments were carried out to examine the effects of a Fusarium contaminated wheat (10 mg deoxynivalenol and 0.76 mg zearalenone, ZON, per kg dry matter) and of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) on the growing performance of bulls, carry-over of ZON and its metabolites into body fluids and tissues, and on nutrient digestibility in wethers. The experiments were designed according to a complete two by two factorial approach which meant that both the uncontaminated control wheat and the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat were tested both in the absence and presence of Mycofix Plus. The growing experiment with bulls (n = 14 per treatment) covered the live weight range between 244 kg and 460 kg. The respective wheat batches were included in the concentrate portion at 65%. Concentrates were fed according to plan whereas maize silage was offered for ad libitum consumption. Daily dry matter intake and live weight gain [kg per animal and day] were 7.40, 7.52, 7.51 and 7.49 and 1.367, 1.296, 1.380 and 1.307 for bulls fed the unsupplemented control wheat, the supplemented control wheat, the unsupplemented and Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and the supplemented Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat, respectively. ZON and its metabolites were not detected in edible tissues. The most striking effects of feeding the Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat on carcass characteristics were a reduced dressing percentage, an increased weight of the emptied gastro-intestinal tract and a reduced weight of the testicles. No effect of the detoxifying agent was seen for these parameters whereas heart weight increased independently of Fusarium toxin contamination of the concentrates. Nutrient digestibility of the two wheat batches, unsupplemented or supplemented with Mycofix Plus was evaluated according to the difference method using wethers. Presence of Fusarium toxins in wheat did not influence its feeding value. The effects of the addition of the detoxifying agent were mycotoxin unspecific and resulted in an increase in apparent digestibility of crude protein and a decrease in crude fiber digestibility. It is concluded that feeding of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat did not adversely affect performance of growing bulls (approximately 2.2 mg DON and 0.1 mg ZON per kg complete ration at a reference dry matter content of 88%) or nutrient digestibility in wethers. The effects of the detoxifying agent Mycofix Plus on growing performance and on nutrient digestibility were rather Fusarium toxin unspecific. The slightly negative effects on growing performance needs to be examined further.     

Effects of wood kraft pulp feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black steer in the middle fattening stage

We investigated the effects of wood kraft pulp (KP) feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black (JB) steer in the middle fattening stage. The feeding experiment was carried out a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design using six JB steers (16.2 ± 0.8 months of age). Steers were fed rice straw and three concentrated feeds: commercial formula feed (control), formula feed containing 7.5% KP on a dry matter (DM) basis (7.5% KP), and formula feed containing 15% KP on a DM basis (15% KP). Feed digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded for 3 days during the measurement period, after an adaptation phase of 11 days. There was no significant difference in DM intake per day among diets. A slightly higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was observed in steers fed 15% KP, compared with those fed other diets (P = 0.059). The butyric acid ratio in rumen fluid was higher in steers fed KP diets than in steers fed control (P = 0.083). The average ruminal pH was unaffected by KP diets. This study suggests that replacing 15% of concentrated feed with KP has little effect on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation in JB fattening steer.     

Yeast mixture of liquid beer and cassava pulp with rice straw for the growth of dairy heifers

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mixtures of liquid brewer’s yeast (LBY) and cassava pulp (CVP) with rice straw (RS) on feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and growth of dairy heifers. Sixteen Holstein crossbred heifers (13.8?±?1.6 months old, 210?±?23 kg body weight (BW)) were randomly allocated to four feeding treatments with four replications, which were 0:0:100 (RS), 0:70:30 (0%LBY), 20:50:30 (20%LBY), and 50:20:30 (50%LBY), respectively, for LBY/CVP/RS on a fresh matter basis. The heifers were offered conventional concentrate at 1.5% initial body weight daily and fed the treatment diets ad libitum. Average daily gain and feed intake were not significantly different among the treatments. The heifers fed 50%LBY had the highest crude protein (CP) intake and DM, OM, and CP digestibility (P?<?0.05). The ruminal pH did not differ significantly among treatments, while NH₃-N was the highest (P?<?0.05) in 50%LBY. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and the molar proportion of each VFA were not significantly different among the treatments. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations of 50%LBY were the highest among the treatments (P?<?0.05). The results indicated that 50%LBY improved CP digestibility.     

The vitamin A requirement and the vitamin A status of growing cattle. 2. Studies of fattening cattle

Three long time individual feeding experiments (greater than 258 days) with 48 beef cattle each (dairy breed and beef breed, 50% each) were carried out in order to measure the influence of various vitamin A supply (0, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg body weight and day) on fattening and slaughtering performance, vitamin A concentration of liver and serum as well as carotene concentration of serum. The bulls consumed corn silage (experiments 1 and 2; 9.4 and 18.3 mg carotene per kg dry matter) or NaOH-treated and pelleted straw (experiment 3; no carotene). The roughages were supplemented with 2 (exp. 1 and 2) and 3 kg (exp. 3) concentrate per day. The vitamin A supply of corn silage diet did not significantly influence the dry matter intake (exp. 1: means: 6.95; 6.91 to 7.05; exp. 2: means: 6.54; 6.53 to 6.54 kg dry matter per animal and day) and the daily weight gain of bulls (exp. 1: means: 1076; 1028 to 1157; exp. 2: means: 1058; 1041 to 1057 g per animal). The bulls consumed 8.87 kg dry matter per day, the daily weight gain amounted to 1030 g per animal and day in experiment 3. The bulls of unsupplemented group reduced feed intake and weight gain after 150 days, an additional vitamin A supply was necessary. At the end of experiments 1 and 2 the liver vitamin A concentration of unsupplemented groups amounted to 38.8 and 65.9 mumol/kg, it increased after vitamin A supply (up to 153.4 mumol/kg). Feeding of pelleted straw effected a liver vitamin A concentration lower than 10 mumol/kg except the group supplemented with 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg body weight and day (35.7 mumol per kg fresh matter of liver). The vitamin A concentration of blood is unsuitable for evaluation of vitamin A status of cattle. The carotene content of feeds and level of vitamin A supply determined the carotene concentration of blood. Recommendations for a suitable vitamin A supply of ration of growing cattle were given depending on body weight and type of diet.     

刈割时期和加工方式对柠条锦鸡儿饲用价值的影响

选用4头装有瘤胃瘘管的西门答尔牛,用常规全收粪法测定柠条锦鸡儿(Caraganakorshinskii)的消化率,用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定瘤胃降解率;选用荷斯坦育成母牛54头,分别饲喂当年生花期、结实期和2年生结实期切碎、揉碎及粉碎柠条锦鸡儿,测定饲喂效果。结果表明:干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃降解率以开花期最高(P<0.05),当年生结实期显著高于2年生结实期老枝(P<0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和瘤胃降解率,当年生开花期与结实期差异不显著,但皆显著高于2年生老枝(P<0.05);OM消化率以花期揉碎处理最高(P<0.05),结实期揉碎和花期切碎间差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理;CP、NDF和ADF消化率均以花期揉碎最高,与结实期揉碎差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理;每千克代谢体重柠条锦鸡儿和日粮干物质采食量均以结实期较高;加工方式以粉碎采食量高;结实期揉碎处理的采食率、日增重最高(P<0.05),每千克增重消耗精料最少,增重成本最低。     

Effect of the polyether antibiotic "monensin" on fattening and slaughtering performance as well as protein and energy retention in bulls

In an individual feeding experiment (150-500 kg live weight) the influence of the polyether antibiotic Monensin on the fattening, slaughtering and retention performances of crossbreeding dairy bulls (genotype 31) and fattening hybrids (genotype 61) was ascertained. The supplementation of the polyether antibiotic on average resulted in a decrease by approximately equal to 11% of the dry matter and energy expenditure per kg weight gain due to a lower feed intake and a higher live weight gain. The slaughtering parameter investigated and the chemical composition of the empty body remained uninfluenced. The daily nutrient retention values were positively influenced by the Monensin supplementation since the fattening bulls of the test group required 30 days less to achieve the attempted fattening weight. The additional retention of protein, fat and energy per animal and day in the dairy bulls approximately equal to 10.9; 13.5 and 16.4% and in the fattening hybrids 1.9; 3.2 and 2.6%. Due to a higher energy retention at a lower level of feed and energy intake after Monensin supplementation an average of approximately equal to 11.3 and 15.4% resp. more of the consumed digestible protein and the digestible energy resp. were retained in the empty bodies. One can conclude that Monensin improved the utilisation of feed energy; obviously the effect of the polyether antibiotic is due to its influence on processes in the rumen or directly or indirectly on metabolism.     

The rearing of female twin cattle using only feed pellets in comparison with straw pellets plus a concentrate mixture. 2. Weight gain and feed consumption as well as rumen fermentation in the 1st half of the 2d year of life

In investigations with 30 young cows (twin cattle) the applicability of straw materials as sole roughage was tested during the first half of their second year of life (183 feeding days). In the course of the experiment sole feed pellets (I) and partly pelleted rations of dried feed (straw pellets plus loose wheat and loose wheat straw resp.; II) were used. Approximately 72% of the dry matter intake was provided from straw materials in both groups and on an average of the test period. Weight gain and feed expenditure were ascertained and at the end of the test period also the parameters of rumen fermentation and of the concentration of some metabolism parameters in the blood serum. With feed supply being restrictive (2.2 kg dry matter/100 kg live weight), a high dry matter intake from straw (1.6 kg/100 kg live weight or 4.8 kg/animal and day resp.) and average weight gains of between 574 (I) and 582 g (II) were achieved. The standard expenditure of energy (kEFUcattle) and protein stated in the GDR feed evaluation system for this period of development was undercut by 27 (II) and 29 (I)% and 12 (II) and 18 (I)% resp. On average the expenditure of kEFUcattle/kg weight gain was 4.75 (I) and 4.98 (II) and that of digestible crude protein/kg weight gain 679 (I) and 733 g (II). Compared to standard values the expenditure of energy and feed expenditure from concentrates was 80%. Rumen fermentation conditions corresponded to those of a high cellulolytic activity (C2: C3 ratio of greater than 4: 1). The only significant differences between the groups at the time of sampling were to be observed in the total concentration of volatile fatty acids and in the pH-value in the rumen. The absolute (1/animal) and relative (1/kg dry matter intake) volume of rumen fluid varied between 65 and 70 and between 10.5 and 12.5 1. The ascertained concentration of selected metabolism parameters were within the physiologic standard range.     

The effect of a monensin-containing bolus on the live weight increase and characteristics of rumen fermentation of growing cattle

Eight feeding experiments (4 on pasture and indoors each) with 401 growing cattle were carried out in order to measure the influence of a monensin device on daily weight gain. The monensin device effected on the average 7 g (1.4%) and 37 g (4.3%) higher daily weight gain on pasture and indoors resp. (P greater than 0.05). The weight gain of animals varied between 92.5 and 112.5% compared with the unsupplemented groups. The monensin device caused a higher weight gain of easier cattle than of heavier ones (greater than 300 kg body weight). The device has had no significant effect on figures of rumen fermentation. Probably the monensin level delivered from the device (100 +/- 50 mg per animal and day) is to low for heavier cattle.     

黄霉素对异育银鲫生长和粗蛋白质消化率影响

试验一采用平均体重为6.5g的异育银鲫鱼种315尾,在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加4、8m g/kg黄霉素,经饲养21d后,各组异育银鲫增重率分别为49.4%、53.1%、56.9%,其中添加8m g/kg黄霉素显著提高了增重率(P<0.05);试验二采用平均体重为100g的鲫鱼45尾,以三氧化二铬作指示剂进行消化试验,各组干物质消化率分别为64.4%、66.8%、66.5%,粗蛋白质消化率分别为79.5%、82.5%、83.3%,添加4、8m g/kg黄霉素均显著提高了粗蛋白质消化率(P<0.05),有提高干物质消化率的趋势(P<0.10)。     

The effect of different levels of soybean extract meal on the apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and amino acids in colostomized laying hens

Four colostomized laying hens per group were given a ration of barley and soya bean oil meal (SBM) with 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% SBM resp. The crude protein intakes were 14.0, 17.7 and 21.4 g per animal and day. The lysine intake raised from 681 mg (group 1) to 1275 mg (group 3) per animal and day. The digestibility of dry matter and of the N-free extracts of the ration decreased with the rising SBM portion in the ration. The digestibility of crude protein remained constant. The investigated amino acids (Lys, His, Arg, Cys, Met) were higher digested in the 37.5% SBM ration than in the 12.5% SBM ration. The following digestibility values for SBM were found by means of the difference method: Dry matter 52.5%, crude protein 83.1%, crude fat 51.7%, crude fibre 5.5%, N-free extracts 50.6%. The level of the SBM did not influence the digestibility of the crude nutrients. The apparent digestibility of lysine from SBM depended on the level of intake and was found to be 82.3, 83.4 and 89.0%, resp. There were no differences in the digestibility of other amino acids.     

Investigations concerning the use of the rumen fermentation regulator monensin in feeding fattening bulls

In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.