Equatorial undercurrent disappears during 1982-1983 el nino

The equatorial undercurrent at 159 degrees W decayed during August 1982, partially reversed during September, and rapidly reappeared in January 1983. The virtual disappearance is consistent with the basin-wide adjustment of sea surface slope to the strong westerly winds in the western and central Pacific that caused the 1982-1983 El Ni?o event.     

El nino-southern oscillation displacements of the Western equatorial pacific warm pool

The western equatorial Pacific warm pool (sea-surface temperatures >29 degrees C) was observed to migrate eastward across the date line during the 1986-1987 El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation event. Direct velocity measurements made in the upper ocean from 1986 to 1988 indicate that this migration was associated with a prolonged reversal in the South Equatorial Current forced by a large-scale relaxation ofthe trade winds. The data suggest that wind-forced zonal advection plays an important role in the thermodynamics of the western Pacific warm pool on interannual time scales.     

Equatorial currents in the Western Indian ocean

Measurements were made in the equatorial Indian Ocean during spring and summer 1979 from the Somali coast to 62 degrees E in the interior of the western basin. The detailed vertical profiles of horizontal current show that the energetic dominance throughout the region of variability was on vertical scales of several hundreds of meters, confined to within a few degrees of the equator, as observed in 1976. The near-surface equatorial circulation responded directly to variations in the wind field, and satellite-tracked drifter buoys showed the equatorial surface jet extending across the width of the ocean. This eastward flow is generated by the eastward winds that appear in the interval between the northeast and southwest monsoons. The zonal velocity fluctuations extended in a consistent pattern over the observation region. The time and meridional scales of the variability were similar to those observed in 1976, suggesting that the velocity field is dominated by long-term, equatorially trapped motions with long zonal scales.     

El nino-southern oscillation events recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical quelccaya ice cap, peru

Snow accumulation measured during 1982-1983 on the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, was 70 percent of the average from 1975 through 1983. Inspection of 19 years (1964 through 1983) of accumulation measured near the summit of Quelccaya reveals a substantial decrease ( approximately 30 percent) in association with the last five El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences in the equatorial Pacific. The ENSO phenomenon is now recognized as a global event arising from large-scale interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. Understanding this extreme event, with the goal of prediction, requires a record of past occurrences. The Quelccaya ice cap, which contains 1500 years of annually accumulated ice layers, may provide a long and detailed record of the most extreme ENSO events.     

Biological consequences of the 1975 el nino

The weak El Ni?o event of 1975 had a clearly defined effect on the biological productivity of the southeastern tropical Pacific. During February and March 1975, warm (27 degrees C) water of low salinity (33.5 parts per thousand) and low nutrient content extended south across the equator east of the Galápagos Islands, replacing the nutrient-rich water normally supplied by equatorial upwelling. Equatorial primary production was less than 0.2 gram of carbon per square meter per day, one-fifth of the normal value. At the maximum development of the 1975 event, the coastal region of Peru continued to have strong nearshore upwelling with primary production values greater than 2.5 grams of carbon per square meter per day, although the zone of high production was confined to a 250-kilometer-wide band, one-half its normal width. The biological effects of the 1975 event were short-lived; in April and May 1975 the equatorial region had begun to reestablish its normal levels of primary production.     

Cosmic ray and solar particle investigations over the South polar regions of the sun

Observations of galactic cosmic radiation and anomalous component nuclei with charged particle sensors on the Ulysses spacecraft showed that heliospheric magnetic field structure over the south solar pole does not permit substantially more direct access to the local interstellar cosmic ray spectrum than is possible in the equatorial zone. Fluxes of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component increased as a result of latitude gradients by less than 50% from the equator to -80 degrees . Thus, the modulated cosmic ray nucleon, electron, and anomalous component fluxes are nearly spherically symmetric in the inner solar system. The cosmic rays and the anomalous nuclear component underwent a continuous, -26 day recurrent modulation to -80.2 degrees , whereas all recurring magnetic field compressions and recurring streams in the solar wind disappeared above approximately 55 degrees S latitude.     

A quasi-biennial oscillation signal in general circulation model simulations

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a free atmospheric mode that affects the equatorial lower stratosphere. With a quasi-regular frequency, the mean equatorial zonal wind alternates from easterly to westerly regimes. This oscillation is zonally symmetric about the equator, has its largest amplitude in the latitudinal band from 20 degrees S to 20 degrees N, and has a mean period of about 27 months. The QBO appears to originate in the momentum deposition produced by the damping in the stratosphere of equatorial waves excited by diabatic thermal processes in the troposphere. The results of three 10-year simulations obtained with three general circulation models are reported, all of which show the development in the stratosphere of a QBO signal with a period and a spatial propagating structure that are in good agreement with observations without any ad hoc parameterization of equatorial wave forcing. Although the amplitude of the oscillation in the simulations is still less than the observed value, the result is promising for the development of global climate models.     

Oceanographic observations of the 1982 warming of the tropical eastern pacific

Moored current meter, sea level, hydrographic, and surface drifter measurements show the large changes that took place in the eastern tropical Pacific during the onset of the warm episode of 1982. In August the near-surface flow at 0 degrees , 110 degrees W reversed direction to eastward. By October the sea surface temperature in the equatorial zone increased by 5 degrees Celsius above the long-term monthly mean value, sea level rose by 22 centimeters at the Galápagos Islands, and the thermocline was displaced downward by 50 to 70 meters along the equator and the South American coast.     

Fission Product Gamma Activity with Northerly Winds and with Southerly Winds

The gamma ray activity of particulate matter filtered from air samples of northerly winds and of southerly winds has been studied during the period October 1961 to May 1963 with a scintillation spectrometer. It was found that the gamma activity at 0.75, 0.49, and 0.145 Mev was greater when the wind was southerly than when the wind was northerly during the months December through May; the opposite was true from June through September. The gamma ray activity was least during the summer of 1962, the decrease being more pronounced for southerly winds than for northerly winds. These results can be accounted for by modifying the Brewer-Dobson theory of stratospheric circulation so that during most of the year stratospheric debris first reaches the ground south of latitude 40 degrees N. No diurnal effect on the gamma ray activity of the samples could be detected.     

Interdecadal Climate Fluctuations That Depend on Exchanges Between the Tropics and Extratropics

The unexpected and prolonged persistence of warm conditions over the tropical Pacific during the early 1990s can be attributed to an interdecadal climate fluctuation that involves changes in the properties of the equatorial thermocline arising as a result of an influx of water with anomalous temperatures from higher latitudes. The influx affects equatorial sea-surface temperatures and hence the tropical and extratropical winds that in turn affect the influx. A simple model demonstrates that these processes can give rise to continual interdecadal oscillations.     

Zonal winds in the central equatorial pacific and el nino

Easterly trade winds from near-equatorial islands in the central Pacific weakened before each El Ni?o between 1950 and 1978, except for the 1963 El Ni?o. The weakening of the easterlies and their later collapse did not occur uniformly over several months, but rather through a series of strong westerly wind bursts lasting 1 to 3 weeks. The bursts may force equatorial Kelvin waves in the ocean that can both initiate and sustain the sea surface warming characteristics of El Ni?o events.     

Sighting of el chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer

The eruptions of El Chichón volcano on 28 March and 3 and 4 April 1982 were observed by the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer due to strong absorption by volcanic gases at the shortest wavelengths of the spectrometer (312.5 and 317.5 nanometers). These ultraviolet pictures permit a measurement of the volume, dispersion, and drift of volcanic gas clouds. The tropospheric clouds were rapidly dispersed in westerly winds while persistent stratospheric clouds drifted in easterly winds at speeds up to 13 meters per second. The spectral reflectance is consistent with sulfur dioxide absorption and rules out carbon disulfide as a major constituent. A preliminary estimate of the mass of sulfur dioxide deposited in the stratosphere by the large eruptions on 3 and 4 April is 3.3 x 10(6) tons. Prior estimates of volcanic cloud volume were based on extrapolation of locally measured sulfur dioxide concentrations.     

Cool La Niña during the warmth of the Pliocene?

The role of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in greenhouse warming and climate change remains controversial. During the warmth of the early-mid Pliocene, we find evidence for enhanced thermocline tilt and cold upwelling in the equatorial Pacific, consistent with the prevalence of a La Ni?a-like state, rather than the proposed persistent warm El Ni?o-like conditions. Our Pliocene paleothermometer supports the idea of a dynamic "ocean thermostat" in which heating of the tropical Pacific leads to a cooling of the east equatorial Pacific and a La Ni?a-like state, analogous to observations of a transient increasing east-west sea surface temperature gradient in the 20th-century tropical Pacific.     

Radiolarian evidence consistent with spreading of the pacific floor

In sediments west of the East Pacific Rise between the equator and 20 degrees N, Eocene microfossils are recorded no farther east than 134 degrees W; Oligocene, no farther east than 125 degrees W; while Miocene and Pliocene occurrences extend closer to the crest of the rise. This distribution may result from post-Eocene spreading of the sea floor here averaging about 8 centimeters per year.     

湘西北2009年夏秋严重干旱灾害天气分析

[目的]分析2009年湘西北夏秋严重干旱灾害天气。[方法]根据2009年6～9月湘西北张家界干旱期间的气象资料,对这次夏秋连旱的灾害特点进行了分析;并利用NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,采用气候诊断方法,从中高纬环流特征、西太平洋副热带高压及赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常特征、热带系统活动等方面,对这次严重干旱的成因进行初步分析。[结果]2009年湘西北夏秋严重干旱的特点是发展速度快、影响范围广、持续时间长、受灾损失大、高温酷暑时间长,其影响范围、持续时间及危害程度历史上罕见。干旱期间（6～9月）的大气环流异常,北半球极涡偏弱,中心偏北,欧亚中高纬为两槽一脊型,巴湖附近和鄂霍次克海到我国东部沿海各有一长波槽,而贝加尔湖至中亚地区有长波脊维持;长波脊稳定在90°～110°E中亚地区。6月中旬～9月中旬,西风指数向高指数调整,欧亚中高纬以纬向环流为主,在高纬度锋区上的冷空气是沿纬圈方向以小振幅波动形式向东传播,很难越过45°N附近这一西风屏障到达较低纬度;与此同时,西太平洋副热带高压北跳长期控制江南和华南地区,盛行下沉气流,酷热少雨,导致干旱迅速发展。6月开始赤道中东太平洋海温升高进入厄尔尼诺状态,凡是在春、夏季开始出现明显增温的厄尔尼诺事件,在厄尔尼诺爆发的当年或次年长江中下游梅雨量一般以偏少为主,偏少概率80%。厄尔尼诺年台风生成个数偏少,再加上受强大的西太平洋副热带高压影响,台风登陆的路径偏东或偏南,此类台风对缓解湘西北的干旱作用不大。[结论]该研究为短期气候预测水平和极端气候事件认识的提高提供理论依据。     

The Impact of Solar Variability on Climate

A general circulation model that simulated changes in solar irradiance and stratospheric ozone was used to investigate the response of the atmosphere to the 11-year solar activity cycle. At solar maximum, a warming of the summer stratosphere was found to strengthen easterly winds, which penetrated into the equatorial upper troposphere, causing poleward shifts in the positions of the subtropical westerly jets, broadening of the tropical Hadley circulations, and poleward shifts of the storm tracks. These effects are similar to, although generally smaller in magnitude than, those observed in nature. A simulation in which only solar irradiance was changed showed a much weaker response.     

Viking: Mars atmospheric water vapor mapping experiment--preliminary report of results

Observations made from the Viking I orbiter show very little water vapor in the Mars atmosphere in the southern hemisphere (0 to 3 precipitable micrometers) with a gradual increase across the equator to northern latitudes. Maximum amounts between 20 and 30 micrometers have been observed in the short period covered by the observations to date. The season, northern midsummer, corresponds to the beginning of the water vapor cycle in that hemisphere. A strong repetitive diurnal cycling between the solid and vapor phases is observed at a site to the east of the Tharsis Ridge at 10 degrees north latitude; the vapor lies close to the martian surface and is most probably in saturation equilibrium with a surface haze or fog throughout much of the day.     

Biological consequences of el nino

Observations of the 1982-1983 El Ni?o make it possible to relate the anomalous ocean conditions to specific biological responses. In October 1982 upwelling ecosystems in the eastern equatorial Pacific began a series of transitions from the normal highly productive condition to greatly reduced productivity. The highly productive condition had returned by July 1983. Nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity are clearly regulated by the physical changes of El Ni?o. Evidence from 1982 and 1983 also suggests effects on higher organisms such as fish, seabirds, and marine mammals, but several more years of observation are required to accurately determine the magnitude of the consequences on these higher trophic levels.     

营口海陆风对比分析

利用2010年4~11月份营口市海上灯船自动站、团山岸基自动站和西炮台自动站的逐时平均最大风速资料,从风向、季节和天气系统等方面,对营口海陆风进行分析。结果表明,营口地区多南到西南风和东北到北风,陆地风力一般在5级以下,出现7级大风,海面风力大多在6级以下,出现9级大风。一般来说,春、夏、秋季海陆东风风力均较小;春季海陆风力相当或大1级;夏季多偏南风,偏北风偏小,海面风力比陆地大1~2级;秋季海面风力比陆地大1~2级。不同影响系统下海面大风,主要考虑偏南大风和偏北大风。偏南大风有海上高压后部低压前部类和东北地形槽类;偏北大风有冷锋类和南来气旋类。海面大风多出现在夜间尤其是后半夜。陆地大风多出现在白天,大多在午后出现最大风力。